Urology Cheat Sheets
Optimise your understanding of the EAU Guidelines with the Urology Cheat Sheets. These offer a simple and quick way to get an overview of the latest EAU Guidelines.
Urology Cheat Sheets summarises the main content regarding epidemiology, diagnosis, management and evaluation in a handy one-sheet synopsis per guideline. The Urology Cheat Sheets will be regularly updated and completed in the coming months.
Neuro-Urology
Epidemiology, diagnosis and disease management
Neuro-urological symptoms may be caused by a variety of diseases and events affecting the nervous system controlling the lower urinary tract (LUT). The resulting symptoms depend predominantly on the location and extent of the neurological lesion.
Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
Epidemiology, staging and diagnosis
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 7th most commonly diagnosed cancer in males, with tobacco smoking as the main risk factor, accounting for approximately 50% of cases. Approximately 75% of patients with BC are non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinomas (NMIBC): disease confined to the urothelium (stage Ta), carcinoma in situ or lamina propria (stage T1).
Chronic Pelvic Pain
Epidemiology, pathophysiology and diagnosis
Chronic primary pelvic pain syndrome (CPPPS) is the occurrence of chronic pelvic pain when there is no proven infection or other obvious local pathology that may account for the pain. It is often associated with negative cognitive, behavioural, sexual or emotional consequences, and with symptoms suggestive of lower urinary tract, sexual, bowel or gynaecological dysfunction.
Prostate Cancer: Part II
Diagnostic evaluation II
Prostate cancer (PCa) is estimated as the 4th most common cancer in Europe, and is the most frequent cancer and 3rd predicted cause of all cancer deaths among males. Review the EAU Guidelines on diagnosis, imaging and clinical staging for establishing a best-practice treatment path.
Non-Neurogenic Female LUTS
Epidemiology, classification and diagnosis
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a common occurrence for women and cause a great deal of distress. The average estimated prevalence is 66.6%. LUTS are often classified into clinical syndromes such as overactive bladder (OAB), underactive bladder (UAB), UI, nocturia or dysfunctional voiding.
Prostate Cancer: Part I
Epidemiology, aetiology, classification and diagnosis
Prostate cancer (PCa) is estimated as the 4th most common cancer in Europe, and is the most frequent cancer and 3rd predicted cause of all cancer deaths among males. Incidence and disease stage distribution patterns follow biological, genetic, and/or lifestyle factors, but are also influenced by (inter)national organisations' recommendations on the use of PSA testing.
Primary Urethral Carcinoma
Epidemiology, aetiology, classification and diagnosis
Primary urethral carcinoma (PUC) is classified as a rare cancer, accounting for <1% of all genitourinary malignancies. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the predominant histological type, followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). Review the staging, classification, and diagnostic evaluation techniques for PUC in this sheet.
Non-Neurogenic Male LUTS
Epidemiology, aetiology and diagnosis
LUTS have traditionally been related to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO). Increasing numbers of studies show that LUTS are often unrelated to the prostate. Bladder dysfunction may also cause LUTS, as well as other structural or functional abnormalities.
Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer
Epidemiology, pathology and diagnosis
Bladder cancer (BC) is the 7th most commonly diagnosed cancer in males. Incidence and mortality rates vary across countries. For about 35% of patients, bladder cancer is either muscle-invasive or metastatic at disease presentation. Non-muscle invasive disease can progress to become muscle-invasive bladder cancer later on in the disease course.
Urolithiasis
Epidemiology, aetiology, classification and diagnosis
Urinary stones can be classified according to aetiology of stone formation, stone composition (mineralogy), stone size, stone location, and X-ray characteristics of the stone. Stone incidence depends on geographical, climatic, ethnic, dietary and genetic factors. The recurrence risk is determined by the disease or disorder causing the stone formation. Prevalence rates vary from 1% to 20%. Emerging evidence links nephrolithiasis to the risk of chronic kidney disease.
Urethral Strictures
Definition, epidemiology, aetiology, classification and diagnostic evaluation
In males, urethral stricture is defined as a narrowed segment of the urethra due to a process of fibrosis and cicatrisation of the mucosa and surrounding tissue. Meatal stenosis is generally accepted as a short distal narrowing at the meatus, without involvement of the fossa navicularis. Female urethral stricture is defined as a ‘fixed anatomical narrowing’ causing reduced urethral calibre. Majority of series define a urethral calibre < 14 Fr as diagnostic for female stricture.
Sexual and Reproductive Health
Male hypogonadism: epidemiology and prevalence
Male hypogonadism is characterized by decreased production of androgens and/or impaired sperm production caused by poor testicular function or as a result of inadequate stimulation of the testes by the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The prevalence increases with age and the major causes are central obesity, co-morbidity and overall poor health.
Testicular Cancer
Epidemiology, staging and diagnosis
1% of adult neoplasms and 5% of urological tumours. Its incidence has increased particularly in industrialised countries. Find out the epidemiology, staging and diagnosis here.
Paediatric Urology
Phimosis and undescended testes
Phimosis and undescended testes are two common conditions in paediatric patients. It is important to know their epidemiology, diagnosis and management.
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
Epidemiology, classification, diagnosis and prognosis
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma accounts for 5–10% of urothelial carcinomas, but is invasive in two out of three patients at diagnosis. In this sheet you can find the epidemiology, diagnosis and prognosis of this cancer.
Urological Trauma
Overview and renal trauma
Renal trauma occurs in up to 5% of all trauma cases and can be mostly managed non-operatively. Find out the management algorithm here.
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Epidemiology, histology and staging
Renal Cell Carcinoma is the most common solid lesion within the kidney, accounting for approximately 90% of all kidney malignancies. In this sheet you can find the epidemiology, histology and staging of this cancer.
Urological Infections
Classification, Asymptomatic bacteriuria, and uncomplicated cystitis
Urinary growth of bacteria in an asymptomatic individual is common and corresponds to a commensal colonisation. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are classified as Uncomplicated, Complicated, Recurrent, Catheter-associated, and Urosepsis. Find out more on their classification, the role of asymptomatic bacteriuria, and uncomplicated cystitis.