Guidelines

Renal Cell Carcinoma

9. REFERENCES

1.Phillips, B. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009. 1998.

https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/oxford-centre-for-evidence-based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009

2.Guyatt, G.H., et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. Bmj, 2008. 336: 1049.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467413

3.Ferlay, J., et al. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: Estimates for 40 countries and 25 major cancers in 2018. Eur J Cancer, 2018. 103: 356.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30100160

4.Capitanio, U., et al. Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 74.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30243799

5.Bukavina, L., et al. Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma: 2022 Update. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 529.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36100483

6.Tahbaz, R., et al. Prevention of kidney cancer incidence and recurrence: lifestyle, medication and nutrition. Curr Opin Urol, 2018. 28: 62.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29059103

7.Huang, J., et al. A Global Trend Analysis of Kidney Cancer Incidence and Mortality and Their Associations with Smoking, Alcohol Consumption, and Metabolic Syndrome. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 200.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33495133

8.Du, W., et al. Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Risk of Renal Cell Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol, 2022. 12: 928619.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35832547

9.Alcala, K., et al. The relationship between blood pressure and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Int J Epidemiol, 2022. 51: 1317.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35312764

10.Graff, R.E., et al. Obesity in Relation to Renal Cell Carcinoma Incidence and Survival in Three Prospective Studies. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 247.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35715363

11.Gansler, T., et al. Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking among Patients with Different Histologic Types of Kidney Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2020. 29: 1406.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32357956

12.Al-Bayati, O., et al. Systematic review of modifiable risk factors for kidney cancer. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 359.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30685335

13.Lee, S.W., et al. Familial Risk of Renal Cell Cancer and Interaction with Obesity and Hyperglycemia: A Population-Based Study. J Urol, 2022. 208: 251.

14.Wozniak, M.B., et al. Alcohol consumption and the risk of renal cancers in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer, 2015. 137: 1953.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28159493

15.Antwi, S.O., et al. Alcohol consumption, variability in alcohol dehydrogenase genes and risk of renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer, 2018. 142: 747.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29023769

16.Liao, Z., et al. The role of diet in renal cell carcinoma incidence: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. BMC Med, 2022. 20: 39.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35109847

17.Rai, B.P., et al. Systematic Review of the Incidence of and Risk Factors for Urothelial Cancers and Renal Cell Carcinoma Among Patients with Haematuria. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 182.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35393159

18.Diana, P., et al. Screening programs for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review by the EAU young academic urologists renal cancer working group. World J Urol, 2023. 41: 929.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35362747

19.Rossi, S.H., et al. Epidemiology and screening for renal cancer. World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1341.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29610964

20.Usher-Smith, J.A., et al. The Yorkshire Kidney Screening Trial (YKST): protocol for a feasibility study of adding non-contrast abdominal CT scanning to screen for kidney cancer and other abdominal pathology within a trial of community-based CT screening for lung cancer. BMJ Open, 2022. 12: e063018.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127097

21.Akerlund, J., et al. Increased risk for renal cell carcinoma in end stage renal disease - a population-based case-control study. Scand J Urol, 2021. 55: 209.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33769206

22.Board., W.C.o.T.E. Urinary and Male Genital Tumours WHO Classification of Tumours, 5th Edition, Volume 8. 2022. ISBN 978-92-832-4512-4.

https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Urinary-And-Male-Genital-Tumours-2022

23.Moch, H., et al. The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 458.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35853783

24.Hora, M., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel on Renal Cell Carcinoma Update on the New World Health Organization Classification of Kidney Tumours 2022: The Urologist’s Point of View. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 97.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36435661

25.Moch, H., et al. The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 93.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26935559

26.Moch H, H.P., Ulbright TM, Reuter VE, WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs, ed. WHO. 2016, Lyon.

27.An, J., et al. Patient Characteristics and Survival Outcomes of Non-Metastatic, Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol, 2021. 11: 786307.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35083144

28.Trpkov, K., et al. New developments in existing WHO entities and evolving molecular concepts: The Genitourinary Pathology Society (GUPS) update on renal neoplasia. Mod Pathol, 2021. 34: 1392.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33664427

29.Hora, M. Re: Philip S. Macklin, Mark E. Sullivan, Charles R. Tapping, et al. Tumour Seeding in the Tract of Percutaneous Renal Tumour Biopsy: A Report on Seven Cases from a UK Tertiary Referral Centre. Eur Urol 2019;75:861-7. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: e96.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31255420

30.Neves, J.B., et al. Pattern, timing and predictors of recurrence after surgical resection of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 3823.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33851271

31.Frank, I., et al. Solid renal tumors: an analysis of pathological features related to tumor size. J Urol, 2003. 170: 2217.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14634382

32.Amin, M.B., et al. Collecting duct carcinoma versus renal medullary carcinoma: an appeal for nosologic and biological clarity. Am J Surg Pathol, 2014. 38: 871.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24805860

33.Shah, A.Y., et al. Management and outcomes of patients with renal medullary carcinoma: a multicentre collaborative study. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 782.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27860149

34.Iacovelli, R., et al. Clinical outcome and prognostic factors in renal medullary carcinoma: A pooled analysis from 18 years of medical literature. Can Urol Assoc J, 2015. 9: E172.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26085875

35.Alvarez, O., et al. Renal medullary carcinoma and sickle cell trait: A systematic review. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2015. 62: 1694.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26053587

36.Breda, A., et al. Clinical and pathological outcomes of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in native kidneys of patients with end-stage renal disease: a long-term comparative retrospective study with RCC diagnosed in the general population. World J Urol, 2015. 33: 1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24504760

37.Neves, J.B., et al. Growth and renal function dynamics of renal oncocytomas in patients on active surveillance. BJU Int, 2021. 128: 722.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34046981

38.Wilson, M.P., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-sestamibi SPECT/CT for detecting renal oncocytomas and other benign renal lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2020. 45: 2532.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32193593

39.Basile, G., et al. The Role of (99m)Tc-Sestamibi Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography in the Diagnostic Pathway for Renal Masses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2023.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37673752

40.Schober, J.P., et al. Clinical Performance of Technetium-99m-Sestamibi SPECT/CT Imaging in Differentiating Oncocytic Tumors From Renal Cell Carcinoma in Routine Clinical Practice. J Urol, 2023. 210: 438.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37378576

41.Tzortzakakis, A., et al. (99m)Tc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT and histopathological features of oncocytic renal neoplasia. Scand J Urol, 2022. 56: 375.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36065481

42.Patel, H.D., et al. Surgical histopathology for suspected oncocytoma on renal mass biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2017. 119: 661.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28058773

43.Branger, N., et al. Oncocytoma on renal mass biopsy: is it still the same histology when surgery is performed? Results from UroCCR-104 study. World J Urol, 2023. 41: 483.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36633650

44.Abdessater, M., et al. Renal Oncocytoma: An Algorithm for Diagnosis and Management. Urology, 2020. 143: 173.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32512107

45.Meagher, M.F., et al. Comparison of renal functional outcomes of active surveillance and partial nephrectomy in the management of oncocytoma. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 1195.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32556559

46.Shuch, B., et al. Defining early-onset kidney cancer: implications for germline and somatic mutation testing and clinical management. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 431.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24378414

47.Moch, H., et al. Morphological clues to the appropriate recognition of hereditary renal neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol, 2018. 35: 184.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29454577

48.Eble JN, S.G., Epstein JI, et al Pathology and genetics of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs . World Health Organization Classification of Tumours.

https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Pathology-And-Genetics-Of-Tumours-Of-The-Urinary-System-And-Male-Genital-Organs-2004

49.Srigley, J.R., et al. The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Vancouver Classification of Renal Neoplasia. Am J Surg Pathol, 2013. 37: 1469.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24025519

50.Pignot, G., et al. Survival analysis of 130 patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma: prognostic utility of type 1 and type 2 subclassification. Urology, 2007. 69: 230.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17275070

51.Przybycin, C.G., et al. Hereditary syndromes with associated renal neoplasia: a practical guide to histologic recognition in renal tumor resection specimens. Adv Anat Pathol, 2013. 20: 245.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23752087

52.Shuch, B., et al. The surgical approach to multifocal renal cancers: hereditary syndromes, ipsilateral multifocality, and bilateral tumors. Urol Clin North Am, 2012. 39: 133.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22487757

53.Bratslavsky, G., et al. Salvage partial nephrectomy for hereditary renal cancer: feasibility and outcomes. J Urol, 2008. 179: 67.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17997447

54.Chahoud, J., et al. Evaluation, diagnosis and surveillance of renal masses in the setting of VHL disease. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 2409.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32936333

55.Aliance, V. VHLA Suggested Active Surveillance Guidelines. 2020. 2022.

https://www.vhl.org/wp-content/uploads/forms/vhla-active-surveillance-guidelines.pdf

56.Nielsen, S.M., et al. Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Genetics and Role of Genetic Counseling in a Multiple Neoplasia Syndrome. J Clin Oncol, 2016. 34: 2172.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27114602

57.Forde, C., et al. Hereditary Leiomyomatosis and Renal Cell Cancer: Clinical, Molecular, and Screening Features in a Cohort of 185 Affected Individuals. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 764.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31831373

58.Kauffman, E.C., et al. Molecular genetics and cellular features of TFE3 and TFEB fusion kidney cancers. Nat Rev Urol, 2014. 11: 465.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25048860

59.Jonasch, E., et al. Belzutifan for Renal Cell Carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau Disease. N Engl J Med, 2021. 385: 2036.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34818478

60.Bhatt, J.R., et al. Natural History of Renal Angiomyolipoma (AML): Most Patients with Large AMLs >4cm Can Be Offered Active Surveillance as an Initial Management Strategy. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 85.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26873836

61.Fittschen, A., et al. Prevalence of sporadic renal angiomyolipoma: a retrospective analysis of 61,389 in- and out-patients. Abdom Imaging, 2014. 39: 1009.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24705668

62.Nese, N., et al. Pure epithelioid PEComas (so-called epithelioid angiomyolipoma) of the kidney: A clinicopathologic study of 41 cases: detailed assessment of morphology and risk stratification. Am J Surg Pathol, 2011. 35: 161.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21263237

63.Tsai, H.Y., et al. Clinicopathologic analysis of renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma: Consecutively excised 23 cases. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 2019. 35: 33.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844148

64.Fernandez-Pello, S., et al. Management of Sporadic Renal Angiomyolipomas: A Systematic Review of Available Evidence to Guide Recommendations from the European Association of Urology Renal Cell Carcinoma Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 57.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31171501

65.Bissler, J.J., et al. Everolimus for renal angiomyolipoma in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex or sporadic lymphangioleiomyomatosis: extension of a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2016. 31: 111.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26156073

66.Bissler, J.J., et al. Everolimus long-term use in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: Four-year update of the EXIST-2 study. PLoS One, 2017. 12: e0180939.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28792952

67.Geynisman, D.M., et al. Sporadic Angiomyolipomas Growth Kinetics While on Everolimus: Results of a Phase II Trial. J Urol, 2020. 204: 531.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32250730

68.Keegan, K.A., et al. Histopathology of surgically treated renal cell carcinoma: survival differences by subtype and stage. J Urol, 2012. 188: 391.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22698625

69.Abern, M.R., et al. Characteristics and outcomes of tumors arising from the distal nephron. Urology, 2012. 80: 140.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22626576

70.Qian, X., et al. Impact of Treatment Modalities on Prognosis in Patients With Renal Collecting Duct Carcinoma: A Population-Based Study. Front Oncol, 2022. 12: 810096.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35530344

71.Cimadamore, A., et al. Towards a new WHO classification of renal cell tumor: what the clinician needs to know-a narrative review. Transl Androl Urol, 2021. 10: 1506.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33850785

72.Schoots, I.G., et al. Bosniak Classification for Complex Renal Cysts Reevaluated: A Systematic Review. J Urol, 2017. 198: 12.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28286071

73.Tse, J.R., et al. Prevalence of Malignancy and Histopathological Association of Bosniak Classification, Version 2019 Class III and IV Cystic Renal Masses. J Urol, 2021. 205: 1031.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33085925

74.Defortescu, G., et al. Diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of complex renal cysts: A prospective study. Int J Urol, 2017. 24: 184.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28147450

75.Silverman, S.G., et al. Bosniak Classification of Cystic Renal Masses, Version 2019: An Update Proposal and Needs Assessment. Radiology, 2019. 292: 475.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31210616

76.Cantisani, V., et al. EFSUMB 2020 Proposal for a Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound-Adapted Bosniak Cyst Categorization - Position Statement. Ultraschall Med, 2021. 42: 154.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33307594

77.Donin, N.M., et al. Clinicopathologic outcomes of cystic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2015. 13: 67.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25088469

78.Park, J.J., et al. Postoperative Outcome of Cystic Renal Cell Carcinoma Defined on Preoperative Imaging: A Retrospective Study. J Urol, 2017. 197: 991.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27765694

79.Chandrasekar, T., et al. Natural History of Complex Renal Cysts: Clinical Evidence Supporting Active Surveillance. J Urol, 2018. 199: 633.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28941915

80.Nouhaud, F.X., et al. Contemporary assessment of the correlation between Bosniak classification and histological characteristics of surgically removed atypical renal cysts (UroCCR-12 study). World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1643.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29730837

81.Brierley, J.D., et al. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours 8th Edition. 2016. 8th Edition.

https://www.wiley.com/en-gb/TNM+Classification+of+Malignant+Tumours%2C+8th+Edition-p-9781119263579

82.Kim, S.P., et al. Independent validation of the 2010 American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM classification for renal cell carcinoma: results from a large, single institution cohort. J Urol, 2011. 185: 2035.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21496854

83.Novara, G., et al. Validation of the 2009 TNM version in a large multi-institutional cohort of patients treated for renal cell carcinoma: are further improvements needed? Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 588.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20674150

84.Capitanio, U., et al. A Renewal of the TNM Staging System for Patients with Renal Cancer To Comply with Current Decision-making: Proposal from the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 3.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36253306

85.Waalkes, S., et al. Is there a need to further subclassify pT2 renal cell cancers as implemented by the revised 7th TNM version? Eur Urol, 2011. 59: 258.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030143

86.Bertini, R., et al. Renal sinus fat invasion in pT3a clear cell renal cell carcinoma affects outcomes of patients without nodal involvement or distant metastases. J Urol, 2009. 181: 2027.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19286201

87.Poon, S.A., et al. Invasion of renal sinus fat is not an independent predictor of survival in pT3a renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2009. 103: 1622.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19154464

88.Bedke, J., et al. Perinephric and renal sinus fat infiltration in pT3a renal cell carcinoma: possible prognostic differences. BJU Int, 2009. 103: 1349.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19076147

89.Izumi, K., et al. Contact with renal sinus is associated with poor prognosis in surgically treated pT1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Int J Urol, 2020. 27: 657.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32458519

90.Heidenreich, A., et al. Preoperative imaging in renal cell cancer. World J Urol, 2004. 22: 307.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15290202

91.Sheth, S., et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma: role of multidetector ct and three-dimensional CT. Radiographics, 2001. 21 Spec No: S237.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11598260

92.Xu, P., et al. Predictive value of renal tumor contour irregularity score in pathological T3a upstaging of clinical T1 renal cell carcinoma: A multi-institutional study. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 199 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35365414

93.Sobin LH., G.M., Wittekind C. (eds). TNM classification of malignant tumors. 2009. 7th edn.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/101511218

94.Amin, M.B., et al. The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more “personalized” approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin, 2017. 67:

93.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28094848

95.Klatte, T., et al. A Literature Review of Renal Surgical Anatomy and Surgical Strategies for Partial Nephrectomy. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 980.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25911061

96.Spaliviero, M., et al. An Arterial Based Complexity (ABC) Scoring System to Assess the Morbidity Profile of Partial Nephrectomy. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 72.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26298208

97.Hakky, T.S., et al. Zonal NePhRO scoring system: a superior renal tumor complexity classification model. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2014. 12: e13.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24120084

98.Jayson, M., et al. Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma. Urology, 1998. 51: 203.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9495698

99.Vasudev, N.S., et al. Challenges of early renal cancer detection: symptom patterns and incidental diagnosis rate in a multicentre prospective UK cohort of patients presenting with suspected renal cancer. BMJ Open, 2020. 10: e035938.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32398335

100.Patard, J.J., et al. Correlation between symptom graduation, tumor characteristics and survival in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2003. 44: 226.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12875943

101.Lee, C.T., et al. Mode of presentation of renal cell carcinoma provides prognostic information. Urol Oncol, 2002. 7: 135.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12474528

102.Sacco, E., et al. Paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with urological malignancies. Urol Int, 2009. 83: 1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19641351

103.Kim, H.L., et al. Paraneoplastic signs and symptoms of renal cell carcinoma: implications for prognosis. J Urol, 2003. 170: 1742.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14532767

104.Magera, J.S., Jr., et al. Association of abnormal preoperative laboratory values with survival after radical nephrectomy for clinically confined clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urology, 2008. 71: 278.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18308103

105.Uzzo, R.G., et al. Nephron sparing surgery for renal tumors: indications, techniques and outcomes. J Urol, 2001. 166: 6.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11435813

106.Huang, W.C., et al. Chronic kidney disease after nephrectomy in patients with renal cortical tumours: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Oncol, 2006. 7: 735.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16945768

107.Israel, G.M., et al. How I do it: evaluating renal masses. Radiology, 2005. 236: 441.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16040900

108.Israel, G.M., et al. Pitfalls in renal mass evaluation and how to avoid them. Radiographics, 2008. 28: 1325.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18794310

109.Choudhary, S., et al. Renal oncocytoma: CT features cannot reliably distinguish oncocytoma from other renal neoplasms. Clin Radiol, 2009. 64: 517.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19348848

110.Rosenkrantz, A.B., et al. MRI features of renal oncocytoma and chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2010. 195: W421.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21098174

111.Hindman, N., et al. Angiomyolipoma with minimal fat: can it be differentiated from clear cell renal cell carcinoma by using standard MR techniques? Radiology, 2012. 265: 468.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23012463

112.Pedrosa, I., et al. MR imaging of renal masses: correlation with findings at surgery and pathologic analysis. Radiographics, 2008. 28: 985.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18635625

113.Yamashita Y AA, S.K. The therapeutic value of lymph node dissection for renal cell carcinoma. Nishinihon J Urol, 1989: 777.

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/oncology/articles/10.3389/fonc.2021.790381/full

114.Gong, I.H., et al. Relationship among total kidney volume, renal function and age. J Urol, 2012. 187: 344.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22099987

115.Ferda, J., et al. Assessment of the kidney tumor vascular supply by two-phase MDCT-angiography. Eur J Radiol, 2007. 62: 295.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17324548

116.Shao, P., et al. Precise segmental renal artery clamping under the guidance of dual-source computed tomography angiography during laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 1001.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22695243

117.Vogel, C., et al. Imaging in Suspected Renal-Cell Carcinoma: Systematic Review. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: e345.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30528378

118.Fan, L., et al. Diagnostic efficacy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in solid renal parenchymal lesions with maximum diameters of 5 cm. J Ultrasound Med, 2008. 27: 875.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18499847

119.Correas, J.M., et al. [Guidelines for contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)--update 2008]. J Radiol, 2009. 90: 123.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19212280

120.Mitterberger, M., et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for diagnosis of prostate cancer and kidney lesions. Eur J Radiol, 2007. 64: 231.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17881175

121.Janus, C.L., et al. Comparison of MRI and CT for study of renal and perirenal masses. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging, 1991. 32: 69.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1863349

122.Mueller-Lisse, U.G., et al. Imaging of advanced renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol, 2010. 28: 253.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20458484

123.Kabala, J.E., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the staging of renal cell carcinoma. Br J Radiol, 1991. 64: 683.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1884119

124.Hallscheidt, P.J., et al. Preoperative staging of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus using multidetector CT and MRI: prospective study with histopathological correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr, 2005. 29: 64.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665685

125.Putra, L.G., et al. Improved assessment of renal lesions in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging. Urology, 2009. 74: 535.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19604560

126.Giannarini, G., et al. Potential and limitations of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer including pelvic lymph node staging: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 326.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22000497

127.Johnson, B.A., et al. Diagnostic performance of prospectively assigned clear cell Likelihood scores (ccLS) in small renal masses at multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 941.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540830

128.Steinberg, R.L., et al. Prospective performance of clear cell likelihood scores (ccLS) in renal masses evaluated with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol, 2021. 31: 314.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32770377

129.Capogrosso, P., et al. Follow-up After Treatment for Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Evidence Beyond the Guidelines. Eur Urol Focus, 2016. 1: 272.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28723399

130.Furrer, M.A., et al. Comparison of the Diagnostic Performance of Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound with That of Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography and Contrast-enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Renal Masses: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 464.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31570270

131.Park, J.W., et al. Significance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography/computed tomography for the postoperative surveillance of advanced renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2009. 103: 615.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19007371

132.Rizzo, A., et al. The Emerging Role of PET/CT with PSMA-Targeting Radiopharmaceuticals in Clear Cell Renal Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review. Cancers (Basel), 2023. 15.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36672305

133.Shuch, B.M., et al. Results from phase 3 study of 89Zr-DFO-girentuximab for PET/CT imaging of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ZIRCON). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2023. 41: LBA602.

https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.6_suppl.LBA602

134.Bechtold, R.E., et al. Imaging approach to staging of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Clin North Am, 1997. 24: 507.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9275976

135.Miles, K.A., et al. CT staging of renal carcinoma: a prospective comparison of three dynamic computed tomography techniques. Eur J Radiol, 1991. 13: 37.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1889427

136.Lim, D.J., et al. Computerized tomography in the preoperative staging for pulmonary metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 1993. 150: 1112.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8371366

137.Larcher, A., et al. When to perform preoperative chest computed tomography for renal cancer staging. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 490.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27684653

138.Voss, J., et al. Chest computed tomography for staging renal tumours: validation and simplification of a risk prediction model from a large contemporary retrospective cohort. BJU Int, 2020. 125: 561.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31955483

139.Marshall, M.E., et al. Low incidence of asymptomatic brain metastases in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urology, 1990. 36: 300.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2219605

140.Koga, S., et al. The diagnostic value of bone scan in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2001. 166: 2126.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11696720

141.Henriksson, C., et al. Skeletal metastases in 102 patients evaluated before surgery for renal cell carcinoma. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1992. 26: 363.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1292074

142.Seaman, E., et al. Association of radionuclide bone scan and serum alkaline phosphatase in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urology, 1996. 48: 692.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8911510

143.Beuselinck, B., et al. Whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of bone metastases and their prognostic impact in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with angiogenesis inhibitors. Acta Oncol, 2020. 59: 818.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32297532

144.Kotecha, R.R., et al. Prognosis of Incidental Brain Metastases in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2021. 19: 432.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33578374

145.Warren, K.S., et al. The Bosniak classification of renal cystic masses. BJU Int, 2005. 95: 939.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15839908

146.Bosniak, M.A. The use of the Bosniak classification system for renal cysts and cystic tumors. J Urol, 1997. 157: 1852.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9112545

147.McGrath, T.A., et al. Proportion of malignancy in Bosniak classification of cystic renal masses version 2019 (v2019) classes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol, 2023. 33: 1307.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35999371

148.Richard, P.O., et al. Renal Tumor Biopsy for Small Renal Masses: A Single-center 13-year Experience. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 1007.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25900781

149.Shannon, B.A., et al. The value of preoperative needle core biopsy for diagnosing benign lesions among small, incidentally detected renal masses. J Urol, 2008. 180: 1257.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18707712

150.Maturen, K.E., et al. Renal mass core biopsy: accuracy and impact on clinical management. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2007. 188: 563.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17242269

151.Volpe, A., et al. Contemporary results of percutaneous biopsy of 100 small renal masses: a single center experience. J Urol, 2008. 180: 2333.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18930274

152.Veltri, A., et al. Diagnostic accuracy and clinical impact of imaging-guided needle biopsy of renal masses. Retrospective analysis on 150 cases. Eur Radiol, 2011. 21: 393.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20809129

153.Abel, E.J., et al. Percutaneous biopsy of primary tumor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma to predict high risk pathological features: comparison with nephrectomy assessment. J Urol, 2010. 184: 1877.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20850148

154.Richard, P.O., et al. Is Routine Renal Tumor Biopsy Associated with Lower Rates of Benign Histology following Nephrectomy for Small Renal Masses? J Urol, 2018. 200: 731.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29653161

155.Amaral, B.S., et al. Renal Tumor Biopsy: Rationale to Avoid Surgery in Small Renal Masses. Curr Urol Rep, 2021. 22: 46.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34487255

156.Marconi, L., et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy of Percutaneous Renal Tumour Biopsy. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 660.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26323946

157.Leveridge, M.J., et al. Outcomes of small renal mass needle core biopsy, nondiagnostic percutaneous biopsy, and the role of repeat biopsy. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 578.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21704449

158.Breda, A., et al. Comparison of accuracy of 14-, 18- and 20-G needles in ex-vivo renal mass biopsy: a prospective, blinded study. BJU Int, 2010. 105: 940.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19888984

159.Cate, F., et al. Core Needle Biopsy and Fine Needle Aspiration Alone or in Combination: Diagnostic Accuracy and Impact on Management of Renal Masses. J Urol, 2017. 197: 1396.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28093293

160.Yang, C.S., et al. Percutaneous biopsy of the renal mass: FNA or core needle biopsy? Cancer Cytopathol, 2017. 125: 407.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28334518

161.Motzer, R.J., et al. Phase II randomized trial comparing sequential first-line everolimus and second-line sunitinib versus first-line sunitinib and second-line everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 2765.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25049330

162.Wood, B.J., et al. Imaging guided biopsy of renal masses: indications, accuracy and impact on clinical management. J Urol, 1999. 161: 1470.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10210375

163.Somani, B.K., et al. Image-guided biopsy-diagnosed renal cell carcinoma: critical appraisal of technique and long-term follow-up. Eur Urol, 2007. 51: 1289.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17081679

164.Vasudevan, A., et al. Incidental renal tumours: the frequency of benign lesions and the role of preoperative core biopsy. BJU Int, 2006. 97: 946.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16643475

165.Neuzillet, Y., et al. Accuracy and clinical role of fine needle percutaneous biopsy with computerized tomography guidance of small (less than 4.0 cm) renal masses. J Urol, 2004. 171: 1802.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15076280

166.Schmidbauer, J., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography-guided percutaneous biopsy of renal masses. Eur Urol, 2008. 53: 1003.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18061339

167.Wunderlich, H., et al. The accuracy of 250 fine needle biopsies of renal tumors. J Urol, 2005. 174: 44.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15947574

168.Abel, E.J., et al. Multi-Quadrant Biopsy Technique Improves Diagnostic Ability in Large Heterogeneous Renal Masses. J Urol, 2015. 194: 886.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25837535

169.Macklin, P.S., et al. Tumour Seeding in the Tract of Percutaneous Renal Tumour Biopsy: A Report on Seven Cases from a UK Tertiary Referral Centre. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 861.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30591353

170.Cooper, S., et al. Diagnostic Yield and Complication Rate in Percutaneous Needle Biopsy of Renal Hilar Masses With Comparison With Renal Cortical Mass Biopsies in a Cohort of 195 Patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2019. 212: 570.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30645159

171.Bratslavsky, G., et al. Genetic risk assessment for hereditary renal cell carcinoma: Clinical consensus statement. Cancer, 2021. 127: 3957.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34343338

172.Mucci, L.A., et al. Familial Risk and Heritability of Cancer Among Twins in Nordic Countries. JAMA, 2016. 315: 68.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26746459

173.Beckermann, K.E., et al. Renal Medullary Carcinoma: Establishing Standards in Practice. J Oncol Pract, 2017. 13: 414.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28697319

174.Kickuth, R., et al. Interventional management of hypervascular osseous metastasis: role of embolotherapy before orthopedic tumor resection and bone stabilization. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2008. 191: W240.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19020210

175.Forauer, A.R., et al. Selective palliative transcatheter embolization of bony metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Acta Oncol, 2007. 46: 1012.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17851849

176.Appleman, L.J., et al. Randomized, double-blind phase III study of pazopanib versus placebo in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who have no evidence of disease following metastasectomy: A trial of the ECOG-ACRIN cancer research group (E2810). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2019. 37: 4502.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.4502

177.Procopio, G., et al. Sorafenib Versus Observation Following Radical Metastasectomy for Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results from the Phase 2 Randomized Open-label RESORT Study. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 699.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31542243

178.Amato, R.J. Chemotherapy for renal cell carcinoma. Semin Oncol, 2000. 27: 177.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10768596

179.Negrier, S., et al. Medroxyprogesterone, interferon alfa-2a, interleukin 2, or combination of both cytokines in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma of intermediate prognosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer, 2007. 110: 2468.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17932908

180.Motzer, R.J., et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2007. 356: 115.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17215529

181.Carlo, M.I., et al. Familial Kidney Cancer: Implications of New Syndromes and Molecular Insights. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 754.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31326218

182.Amin, M.B., et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 2017: 1032.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28094848

183.Bierley, J.D., et al. UICC TNM classification of malignant tumours. 2017.

https://www.uicc.org/resources/tnm-classification-malignant-tumours-8th-edition

184.Sun, M., et al. Prognostic factors and predictive models in renal cell carcinoma: a contemporary review. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 644.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21741163

185.Zhang, L., et al. Tumor necrosis as a prognostic variable for the clinical outcome in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 2018. 18: 870.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30176824

186.Fuhrman, S.A., et al. Prognostic significance of morphologic parameters in renal cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 1982. 6: 655.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7180965

187.Delahunt, B., et al. The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grading system for renal cell carcinoma and other prognostic parameters. Am J Surg Pathol, 2013. 37: 1490.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24025520

188.Paner, G.P., et al. Updates in the Eighth Edition of the Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging Classification for Urologic Cancers. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 560.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29325693

189.Dagher, J., et al. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: validation of World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology grading. Histopathology, 2017. 71: 918.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28718911

190.Leibovich, B.C., et al. Histological subtype is an independent predictor of outcome for patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2010. 183: 1309.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20171681

191.Adibi, M., et al. Percentage of sarcomatoid component as a prognostic indicator for survival in renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid dedifferentiation. Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 427 e17.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26004164

192.Kim, T., et al. Using percentage of sarcomatoid differentiation as a prognostic factor in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2015. 13: 225.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25544725

193.Patel, H.D., et al. Percentage of sarcomatoid histology is associated with survival in renal cell carcinoma: Stratification and implications by clinical metastatic stage. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 347.e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35551862

194.Ohashi, R., et al. Multi-institutional re-evaluation of prognostic factors in chromophobe renal cell carcinoma: proposal of a novel two-tiered grading scheme. Virchows Arch, 2020. 476: 409.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31760491

195.Cheville, J.C., et al. Comparisons of outcome and prognostic features among histologic subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2003. 27: 612.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12717246

196.Patard, J.J., et al. Prognostic value of histologic subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a multicenter experience. J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23: 2763.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15837991

197.Capitanio, U., et al. A critical assessment of the prognostic value of clear cell, papillary and chromophobe histological subtypes in renal cell carcinoma: a population-based study. BJU Int, 2009. 103: 1496.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19076149

198.Wagener, N., et al. Outcome of papillary versus clear cell renal cell carcinoma varies significantly in non-metastatic disease. PLoS One, 2017. 12: e0184173.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28934212

199.Cancer Genome Atlas Research, N., et al. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Papillary Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2016. 374: 135.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26536169

200.Wong, E.C.L., et al. Morphologic subtyping as a prognostic predictor for survival in papillary renal cell carcinoma: Type 1 vs. type 2. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 721.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31176614

201.Klatte, T., et al. The VENUSS prognostic model to predict disease recurrence following surgery for non-metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma: development and evaluation using the ASSURE prospective clinical trial cohort. BMC Med, 2019. 17: 182.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31578141

202.Deng, J., et al. A comparison of the prognosis of papillary and clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Evidence from a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2019. 98: e16309.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277173

203.Yang, C., et al. High WHO/ISUP Grade and Unfavorable Architecture, Rather Than Typing of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma, May Be Associated With Worse Prognosis. Am J Surg Pathol, 2020. 44: 582.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32101890

204.Klatte, T., et al. Renal cell carcinoma associated with transcription factor E3 expression and Xp11.2 translocation: incidence, characteristics, and prognosis. Am J Clin Pathol, 2012. 137: 761.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22523215

205.Linehan, W.M., et al. Genetic basis of cancer of the kidney: disease-specific approaches to therapy. Clin Cancer Res, 2004. 10: 6282S.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15448018

206.Yang, X.J., et al. A molecular classification of papillary renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res, 2005. 65: 5628.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15994935

207.Furge, K.A., et al. Identification of deregulated oncogenic pathways in renal cell carcinoma: an integrated oncogenomic approach based on gene expression profiling. Oncogene, 2007. 26: 1346.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17322920

208.Boissier, R., et al. Long-term oncological outcomes of cystic renal cell carcinoma according to the Bosniak classification. Int Urol Nephrol, 2019. 51: 951.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30977021

209.Wahlgren, T., et al. Treatment and overall survival in renal cell carcinoma: a Swedish population-based study (2000-2008). Br J Cancer, 2013. 108: 1541.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23531701

210.Li, P., et al. Survival among patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in the pretargeted versus targeted therapy eras. Cancer Med, 2016. 5: 169.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26645975

211.Golijanin, B., et al. The natural history of renal cell carcinoma with isolated lymph node metastases following surgical resection from 2006 to 2013. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 932.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31570248

212.van de Pol, J.A.A., et al. Etiologic heterogeneity of clear-cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Int J Cancer, 2021. 148: 67.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638386

213.Fukuda, S., et al. Impact of C-reactive protein flare-response on oncological outcomes in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with nivolumab. J Immunother Cancer, 2021. 9.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33602695

214.Lee, Z., et al. Local Recurrence Following Resection of Intermediate-High Risk Nonmetastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: An Anatomical Classification and Analysis of the ASSURE (ECOG-ACRIN E2805) Adjuvant Trial. J Urol, 2020. 203: 684.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31596672

215.Bensalah, K., et al. Prognostic value of thrombocytosis in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2006. 175: 859.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469566

216.Kim, H.L., et al. Cachexia-like symptoms predict a worse prognosis in localized t1 renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2004. 171: 1810.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15076282

217.Patard, J.J., et al. Multi-institutional validation of a symptom based classification for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2004. 172: 858.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15310983

218.Cho, D.S., et al. Prognostic significance of modified Glasgow Prognostic Score in patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Scand J Urol, 2016. 50: 186.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26878156

219.Patel, A., et al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Prognostic Factor of Disease-free Survival in Postnephrectomy High-risk Locoregional Renal Cell Carcinoma: Analysis of the S-TRAC Trial. Clin Cancer Res, 2020. 26: 4863.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32546645

220.Shao, Y., et al. Prognostic value of pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol, 2020. 20: 90.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32631294

221.Albiges, L., et al. Body Mass Index and Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinical and Biological Correlations. J Clin Oncol, 2016. 34: 3655.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27601543

222.Donin, N.M., et al. Body Mass Index and Survival in a Prospective Randomized Trial of Localized High-Risk Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2016. 25: 1326.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27418270

223.Petrelli, F., et al. Association of Obesity With Survival Outcomes in Patients With Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 2021. 4: e213520.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33779745

224.Bagheri, M., et al. Renal cell carcinoma survival and body mass index: a dose-response meta-analysis reveals another potential paradox within a paradox. Int J Obes (Lond), 2016. 40: 1817.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27686524

225.Dai, J., et al. The Prognostic Value of Body Fat Components in Metastasis Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated with TKIs. Cancer Manag Res, 2020. 12: 891.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32104071

226.Tsutsumi, T., et al. Distinct effect of body mass index by sex as a prognostic factor in localized renal cell carcinoma treated with nephrectomy ~ data from a multi-institutional study in Japan ~. BMC Cancer, 2021. 21: 201.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33639880

227.Hammers, H.J., et al. CheckMate 214: A phase III, randomized, open-label study of nivolumab combined with ipilimumab versus sunitinib monotherapy in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. 2015: NCT02231749.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2015.33.15_suppl.tps4578

228.Fan, D., et al. Prognostic significance of PI3K/AKT/ mTOR signaling pathway members in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. PeerJ, 2020. 8: e9261.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32547875

229.Sim, S.H., et al. Prognostic utility of pre-operative circulating osteopontin, carbonic anhydrase IX and CRP in renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer, 2012. 107: 1131.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22918393

230.Sabatino, M., et al. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor and fibronectin predict clinical response to high-dose interleukin-2 therapy. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27: 2645.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19364969

231.Li, G., et al. Serum carbonic anhydrase 9 level is associated with postoperative recurrence of conventional renal cell cancer. J Urol, 2008. 180: 510.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18550116

232.Choueiri, T.K., et al. A phase I study of cabozantinib (XL184) in patients with renal cell cancer. Ann Oncol, 2014. 25: 1603.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24827131

233.Raimondi, A., et al. Predictive Biomarkers of Response to Immunotherapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer. Front Oncol, 2020. 10: 1644.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903369

234.Klatte, T., et al. Prognostic factors and prognostic models for renal cell carcinoma: a literature review. World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1943.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29713755

235.Ueda, K., et al. The Prognostic Value of Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients Treated With Molecular Targeted Therapies. Anticancer Res, 2020. 40: 1739.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32132082

236.Motzer, R.J., et al. Avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib in advanced renal cell carcinoma: biomarker analysis of the phase 3 JAVELIN Renal 101 trial. Nat Med, 2020. 26: 1733.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32895571

237.Rini, B.I., et al. Molecular correlates differentiate response to atezolizumab+ bevacizumab vs sunitinib: results from a phase III study (IMmotion151) in untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 2018. 29: LBA31.

https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)50428-8/fulltext

238.Scelo, G., et al. KIM-1 as a Blood-Based Marker for Early Detection of Kidney Cancer: A Prospective Nested Case-Control Study. Clin Cancer Res, 2018. 24: 5594.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30037816

239.Zhang, K.J., et al. Diagnostic role of kidney injury molecule-1 in renal cell carcinoma. Int Urol Nephrol, 2019. 51: 1893.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31385177

240.Minardi, D., et al. Loss of nuclear BAP1 protein expression is a marker of poor prognosis in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2016. 34: 338 e11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27085487

241.Kapur, P., et al. Effects on survival of BAP1 and PBRM1 mutations in sporadic clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis with independent validation. Lancet Oncol, 2013. 14: 159.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23333114

242.Joseph, R.W., et al. Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Subtypes Identified by BAP1 and PBRM1 Expression. J Urol, 2016. 195: 180.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26300218

243.Klatte, T., et al. Cytogenetic profile predicts prognosis of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27: 746.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19124809

244.Turajlic, S., et al. Tracking Cancer Evolution Reveals Constrained Routes to Metastases: TRACERx Renal. Cell, 2018. 173: 581.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29656895

245.Kroeger, N., et al. Deletions of chromosomes 3p and 14q molecularly subclassify clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2013. 119: 1547.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23335244

246.Rini, B., et al. A 16-gene assay to predict recurrence after surgery in localised renal cell carcinoma: development and validation studies. Lancet Oncol, 2015. 16: 676.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25979595

247.Sorbellini, M., et al. A postoperative prognostic nomogram predicting recurrence for patients with conventional clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2005. 173: 48.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592023

248.Zisman, A., et al. Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19: 1649.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11250993

249.Frank, I., et al. An outcome prediction model for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma treated with radical nephrectomy based on tumor stage, size, grade and necrosis: the SSIGN score. J Urol, 2002. 168: 2395.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12441925

250.Leibovich, B.C., et al. Prediction of progression after radical nephrectomy for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials. Cancer, 2003. 97: 1663.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12655523

251.Patard, J.J., et al. Use of the University of California Los Angeles integrated staging system to predict survival in renal cell carcinoma: an international multicenter study. J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22: 3316.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15310775

252.Karakiewicz, P.I., et al. Multi-institutional validation of a new renal cancer-specific survival nomogram. J Clin Oncol, 2007. 25: 1316.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17416852

253.Zigeuner, R., et al. External validation of the Mayo Clinic stage, size, grade, and necrosis (SSIGN) score for clear-cell renal cell carcinoma in a single European centre applying routine pathology. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 102.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19062157

254.Rosiello, G., et al. Head-to-head comparison of all the prognostic models recommended by the European Association of Urology Guidelines to predict oncologic outcomes in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 271 e19.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35140049

255.Erdem, S., et al. External validation of the VENUSS prognostic model to predict recurrence after surgery in non-metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma: A multi-institutional analysis. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 198 e9.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35172939

256.Juul, S., et al. GRade, Age, Nodes, and Tumor (GRANT) compared with Leibovich score to predict survival in localized renal cell carcinoma: A nationwide study. Int J Urol, 2022. 29: 641.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35362146

257.Piccinelli, M.L., et al. Assessment of the VENUSS and GRANT Models for Individual Prediction of Cancer-specific Survival in Surgically Treated Nonmetastatic Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2023. 53: 109.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37441347

258.Bedke, J., et al. TNM-based risk eligibility for adjuvant trials in renal cell carcinoma. Lancet, 2023. 402: 1018.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37524097

259.Okita, K., et al. Impact of Disagreement Between Two Risk Group Models on Prognosis in Patients With Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: e440.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30772204

260.Massari, F., et al. Addition of Primary Metastatic Site on Bone, Brain, and Liver to IMDC Criteria in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Validation Study. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2021. 19: 32.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694008

261.Kang, M., et al. Prognostic Impact of Bone Metastasis on Survival Outcomes in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated by First Line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Propensity-Score Matching Analysis. J Cancer, 2020. 11: 7202.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33193883

262.Guida, A., et al. Identification of international metastatic renal cell carcinoma database consortium (IMDC) intermediate-risk subgroups in patients with metastatic clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget, 2020. 11: 4582.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33346231

263.Rebuzzi, S.E., et al. Validation of the Meet-URO score in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma receiving first-line nivolumab and ipilimumab in the Italian Expanded Access Program. ESMO Open, 2022. 7: 100634.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36493602

264.Zisman, A., et al. Risk group assessment and clinical outcome algorithm to predict the natural history of patients with surgically resected renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20: 4559.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12454113

265.Leibovich, B.C., et al. Predicting Oncologic Outcomes in Renal Cell Carcinoma After Surgery. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 772.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29398265

266.Buti, S., et al. Validation of a new prognostic model to easily predict outcome in renal cell carcinoma: the GRANT score applied to the ASSURE trial population. Ann Oncol, 2017. 28: 2747.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28945839

267.Motzer, R.J., et al. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20: 289.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11773181

268.Karnofsky, D., Abelmann, WH. The use of the nitrogen mustards in the palliative treatment of carcinoma. With particular reference to bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer 1948. 1: 634.

https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/1097-0142(194811)1:4%3C634::AID-CNCR2820010410%3E3.0.CO%3B2-L

269.Heng, D.Y., et al. External validation and comparison with other models of the International Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium prognostic model: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol, 2013. 14: 141.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23312463

270.MacLennan, S., et al. Systematic review of perioperative and quality-of-life outcomes following surgical management of localised renal cancer. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 1097.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22841673

271.Kunath, F., et al. Partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy for clinical localised renal masses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017. 5: CD012045.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28485814

272.Van Poppel, H., et al. A prospective, randomised EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the oncologic outcome of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2011. 59: 543.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21186077

273.Thompson, R.H., et al. Radical nephrectomy for pT1a renal masses may be associated with decreased overall survival compared with partial nephrectomy. J Urol, 2008. 179: 468.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18076931

274.Huang, W.C., et al. Partial nephrectomy versus radical nephrectomy in patients with small renal tumors--is there a difference in mortality and cardiovascular outcomes? J Urol, 2009. 181: 55.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19012918

275.Miller, D.C., et al. Renal and cardiovascular morbidity after partial or radical nephrectomy. Cancer, 2008. 112: 511.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18072263

276.Capitanio, U., et al. Nephron-sparing techniques independently decrease the risk of cardiovascular events relative to radical nephrectomy in patients with a T1a-T1b renal mass and normal preoperative renal function. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 683.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25282367

277.Scosyrev, E., et al. Renal function after nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy: results from EORTC randomized trial 30904. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 372.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23850254

278.Kates, M., et al. Increased risk of overall and cardiovascular mortality after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma 2 cm or less. J Urol, 2011. 186: 1247.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21849201

279.Thompson, R.H., et al. Comparison of partial nephrectomy and percutaneous ablation for cT1 renal masses. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 252.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25108580

280.Sun, M., et al. Management of localized kidney cancer: calculating cancer-specific mortality and competing risks of death for surgery and nonsurgical management. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 235.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23567066

281.Sun, M., et al. Comparison of partial vs radical nephrectomy with regard to other-cause mortality in T1 renal cell carcinoma among patients aged >/=75 years with multiple comorbidities. BJU Int, 2013. 111: 67.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22612472

282.Shuch, B., et al. Overall survival advantage with partial nephrectomy: a bias of observational data? Cancer, 2013. 119: 2981.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674264

283.Lane, B.R., et al. Survival and Functional Stability in Chronic Kidney Disease Due to Surgical Removal of Nephrons: Importance of the New Baseline Glomerular Filtration Rate. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 996.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26012710

284.Van Poppel, H., et al. A prospective randomized EORTC intergroup phase 3 study comparing the complications of elective nephron-sparing surgery and radical nephrectomy for low-stage renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2007. 51: 1606.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17140723

285.Poulakis, V., et al. Quality of life after surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: comparison between radical nephrectomy and nephron-sparing surgery. Urology, 2003. 62: 814.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14624900

286.Mir, M.C., et al. Partial Nephrectomy Versus Radical Nephrectomy for Clinical T1b and T2 Renal Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Comparative Studies. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 606.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27614693

287.Janssen, M.W.W., et al. Survival outcomes in patients with large (>/=7cm) clear cell renal cell carcinomas treated with nephron-sparing surgery versus radical nephrectomy: Results of a multicenter cohort with long-term follow-up. PLoS One, 2018. 13: e0196427.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29723225

288.Patel, S.H., et al. Oncologic and Functional Outcomes of Radical and Partial Nephrectomy in pT3a Pathologically Upstaged Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multi-institutional Analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2020. 18: e723.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600941

289.Shah, P.H., et al. Partial Nephrectomy is Associated with Higher Risk of Relapse Compared with Radical Nephrectomy for Clinical Stage T1 Renal Cell Carcinoma Pathologically Up Staged to T3a. J Urol, 2017. 198: 289.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28274620

290.Liu, H., et al. A meta-analysis for comparison of partial nephrectomy vs. radical nephrectomy in patients with pT3a renal cell carcinoma. Transl Androl Urol, 2021. 10: 1170.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33850752

291.Lane, B.R., et al. Management of the adrenal gland during partial nephrectomy. J Urol, 2009. 181: 2430.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19371896

292.Bekema, H.J., et al. Systematic review of adrenalectomy and lymph node dissection in locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2013. 64: 799.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23643550

293.Blom, J.H., et al. Radical nephrectomy with and without lymph-node dissection: final results of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) randomized phase 3 trial 30881. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 28.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18848382

294.Capitanio, U., et al. Lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 1212.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21940096

295.Gershman, B., et al. Radical Nephrectomy with or without Lymph Node Dissection for High Risk Nonmetastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Multi-Institutional Analysis. J Urol, 2018. 199: 1143.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29225056

296.Kim S, T.H., Weight C, et al. . The relationship of lymph node dissection with recurrence and survival for patients treated with nephrectomy for high-risk renal cell carcinoma. . J Urol, 2012. 187: e233.

https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.649

297.Dimashkieh, H.H., et al. Extranodal extension in regional lymph nodes is associated with outcome in patients with renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2006. 176: 1978.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17070225

298.Terrone, C., et al. Reassessing the current TNM lymph node staging for renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2006. 49: 324.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16386352

299.Whitson, J.M., et al. Lymphadenectomy improves survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma and nodal metastases. J Urol, 2011. 185: 1615.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21419453

300.Capitanio, U., et al. Extent of lymph node dissection at nephrectomy affects cancer-specific survival and metastatic progression in specific sub-categories of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). BJU Int, 2014. 114: 210.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24854206

301.Gershman, B., et al. Perioperative Morbidity of Lymph Node Dissection for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Propensity Score-based Analysis. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 469.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29132713

302.Herrlinger, A., et al. What are the benefits of extended dissection of the regional renal lymph nodes in the therapy of renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 1991. 146: 1224.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1942267

303.Chapin, B.F., et al. The role of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol, 2011. 16: 186.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21523561

304.Kwon, T., et al. Reassessment of renal cell carcinoma lymph node staging: analysis of patterns of progression. Urology, 2011. 77: 373.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20817274

305.Bex, A., et al. Intraoperative sentinel node identification and sampling in clinically node-negative renal cell carcinoma: initial experience in 20 patients. World J Urol, 2011. 29: 793.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21107845

306.Sherif, A.M., et al. Sentinel node detection in renal cell carcinoma. A feasibility study for detection of tumour-draining lymph nodes. BJU Int, 2012. 109: 1134.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21883833

307.May, M., et al. Pre-operative renal arterial embolisation does not provide survival benefit in patients with radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Br J Radiol, 2009. 82: 724.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19255117

308.Subramanian, V.S., et al. Utility of preoperative renal artery embolization for management of renal tumors with inferior vena caval thrombi. Urology, 2009. 74: 154.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19428069

309.Maxwell, N.J., et al. Renal artery embolisation in the palliative treatment of renal carcinoma. Br J Radiol, 2007. 80: 96.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17495058

310.Dursun, F., et al. Survival after minimally invasive vs. open radical nephrectomy for stage I and II renal cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol, 2022. 27: 1068.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35319076

311.Wang, L., et al. Oncologic and perioperative outcomes of laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy for the treatment of renal tumor (> 7 cm): a systematic review and pooled analysis of comparative outcomes. World J Surg Oncol, 2023. 21: 35.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36747217

312.Gratzke, C., et al. Quality of life and perioperative outcomes after retroperitoneoscopic radical nephrectomy (RN), open RN and nephron-sparing surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2009. 104: 470.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19239445

313.Hemal, A.K., et al. Laparoscopic versus open radical nephrectomy for large renal tumors: a long-term prospective comparison. J Urol, 2007. 177: 862.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17296361

314.Jeong, I.G., et al. Association of Robotic-Assisted vs Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy With Perioperative Outcomes and Health Care Costs, 2003 to 2015. JAMA, 2017. 318: 1561.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29067427

315.Li, J., et al. Comparison of Perioperative Outcomes of Robot-Assisted vs. Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol, 2020. 10: 551052.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33072578

316.Asimakopoulos, A.D., et al. Robotic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. BMC Urol, 2014. 14: 75.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25234265

317.Soga, N., et al. Comparison of radical nephrectomy techniques in one center: minimal incision portless endoscopic surgery versus laparoscopic surgery. Int J Urol, 2008. 15: 1018.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19138194

318.Park, Y.H., et al. Comparison of laparoendoscopic single-site radical nephrectomy with conventional laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for localized renal-cell carcinoma. J Endourol, 2010. 24: 997.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20370595

319.Gill, I.S., et al. Comparison of 1,800 laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomies for single renal tumors. J Urol, 2007. 178: 41.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17574056

320.Lane, B.R., et al. 7-year oncological outcomes after laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy. J Urol, 2010. 183: 473.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20006866

321.Gong, E.M., et al. Comparison of laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy in clinical T1a renal tumors. J Endourol, 2008. 22: 953.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18363510

322.Marszalek, M., et al. Laparoscopic and open partial nephrectomy: a matched-pair comparison of 200 patients. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 1171.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19232819

323.Patel, P., et al. A Multicentered, Propensity Matched Analysis Comparing Laparoscopic and Open Surgery for pT3a Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Endourol, 2017. 31: 645.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28381117

324.Kaneko, G., et al. The benefit of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy in high body mass index patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2012. 42: 619.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22561514

325.Muramaki, M., et al. Prognostic Factors Influencing Postoperative Development of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Small Renal Tumors who Underwent Partial Nephrectomy. Curr Urol, 2013. 6: 129.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24917730

326.Guglielmetti, G.B., et al. A Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing the Outcomes of Open vs Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy. J Urol, 2022. 208: 259.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35404109

327.Tugcu, V., et al. Transperitoneal versus retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: initial experience. Arch Ital Urol Androl, 2011. 83: 175.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22670314

328.Minervini, A., et al. Simple enucleation is equivalent to traditional partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: results of a nonrandomized, retrospective, comparative study. J Urol, 2011. 185: 1604.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21419454

329.Bazzi, W.M., et al. Comparison of laparoendoscopic single-site and multiport laparoscopic radical and partial nephrectomy: a prospective, nonrandomized study. Urology, 2012. 80: 1039.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22990064

330.Masson-Lecomte, A., et al. A prospective comparison of the pathologic and surgical outcomes obtained after elective treatment of renal cell carcinoma by open or robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. Urol Oncol, 2013. 31: 924.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21906969

331.Peyronnet, B., et al. Comparison of 1800 Robotic and Open Partial Nephrectomies for Renal Tumors. Ann Surg Oncol, 2016. 23: 4277.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27411552

332.Ni, Y., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparison of Outcomes of Robot-Assisted versus Open Partial Nephrectomy in Clinical T1 Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients. Urol Int, 2022. 106: 757.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35193139

333.Grimm, M.O., et al. Conference abstract of “Quality of life with open vs robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (OpeRa) in patients with intermediate/high-complexity renal tumours”. EAU23, 2023.

334.Kowalewski, K.F., et al. Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial of Robot-assisted Versus Conventional Open Partial Nephrectomy: The ROBOCOP II Study. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37316398

335.Nisen, H., et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic versus open partial nephrectomy in patients with T1 renal tumor: Comparative perioperative, functional and oncological outcome. Scand J Urol, 2015. 49: 446.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26317448

336.Chang, K.D., et al. Functional and oncological outcomes of open, laparoscopic and robot-assisted partial nephrectomy: a multicentre comparative matched-pair analyses with a median of 5 years’ follow-up. BJU Int, 2018. 122: 618.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29645344

337.Alimi, Q., et al. Comparison of Short-Term Functional, Oncological, and Perioperative Outcomes Between Laparoscopic and Robotic Partial Nephrectomy Beyond the Learning Curve. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 2018. 28: 1047.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29664692

338.Choi, J.E., et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes between robotic and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 891.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25572825

339.Hinata, N., et al. Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy versus standard laparoscopic partial nephrectomy for renal hilar tumor: A prospective multi-institutional study. Int J Urol, 2021. 28: 382.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33368639

340.Porpiglia, F., et al. Transperitoneal vs retroperitoneal minimally invasive partial nephrectomy: comparison of perioperative outcomes and functional follow-up in a large multi-institutional cohort (The RECORD 2 Project). Surg Endosc, 2021. 35: 4295.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32856156

341.Carbonara, U., et al. Retroperitoneal Robot-assisted Partial Nephrectomy: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Comparative Outcomes. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 40: 27.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35515269

342.Minervini, A., et al. Impact of Resection Technique on Perioperative Outcomes and Surgical Margins after Partial Nephrectomy for Localized Renal Masses: A Prospective Multicenter Study. J Urol, 2020. 203: 496.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31609167

343.Bertolo, R., et al. Resection Techniques During Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2023. 52: 7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37182118

344.Antonelli, A., et al. On-clamp versus off-clamp robotic partial nephrectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urologia, 2019. 86: 52.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31179885

345.Antonelli, A., et al. Is off-clamp robot-assisted partial nephrectomy beneficial for renal function? Data from the CLOCK trial. BJU Int, 2022. 129: 217.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34086393

346.Cignoli, D., et al. Risks and benefits of partial nephrectomy performed with limited or with zero ischaemia time. BJU Int, 2023. 132: 283.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36932928

347.Sharma, G., et al. Off-clamp Versus On-clamp Robot-assisted Partial Nephrectomy: A Propensity-matched Analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37193626

348.Mellouki, A., et al. Evaluation of oncological outcomes of robotic partial nephrectomy according to the type of hilar control approach (On-clamp vs Off-clamp), a multicentric study of the French network of research on kidney cancer-UROCCR 58-NCT03293563. World J Urol, 2023. 41: 287.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33606044

349.Arora, S., et al. What is the hospital volume threshold to optimize inpatient complication rate after partial nephrectomy? Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 339 e17.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773492

350.Xia, L., et al. Hospital volume and outcomes of robot-assisted partial nephrectomy. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 900.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29232025

351.Peyronnet, B., et al. Impact of hospital volume and surgeon volume on robot-assisted partial nephrectomy outcomes: a multicentre study. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 916.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29504226

352.Schiavina, R., et al. Predicting positive surgical margins in partial nephrectomy: A prospective multicentre observational study (the RECORd 2 project). Eur J Surg Oncol, 2020. 46: 1353.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32007380

353.Shanmugasundaram, S., et al. Preoperative embolization of renal cell carcinoma prior to partial nephrectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Imaging, 2021. 76: 205.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33964598

354.Henderickx, M., et al. Surgical margins after partial nephrectomy as prognostic factor for the risk of local recurrence in pT1 RCC: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 2169.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35503118

355.Tabayoyong, W., et al. Variation in Surgical Margin Status by Surgical Approach among Patients Undergoing Partial Nephrectomy for Small Renal Masses. J Urol, 2015. 194: 1548.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26094808

356.Porpiglia, F., et al. Partial Nephrectomy in Clinical T1b Renal Tumors: Multicenter Comparative Study of Open, Laparoscopic and Robot-assisted Approach (the RECORd Project). Urology, 2016. 89: 45.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26743388

357.Morrone, A., et al. Positive surgical margin’s impact on short-term oncological prognosis after robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (MARGINS study: UroCCR no 96). Sci Rep, 2022. 12: 18342.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36316438

358.Steinestel, J., et al. Positive surgical margins in nephron-sparing surgery: risk factors and therapeutic consequences. World J Surg Oncol, 2014. 12: 252.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25103683

359.Wood, E.L., et al. Local Tumor Bed Recurrence Following Partial Nephrectomy in Patients with Small Renal Masses. J Urol, 2018. 199: 393.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28941919

360.Bensalah, K., et al. Positive surgical margin appears to have negligible impact on survival of renal cell carcinomas treated by nephron-sparing surgery. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 466.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19359089

361.Lopez-Costea, M.A., et al. Oncological outcomes and prognostic factors after nephron-sparing surgery in renal cell carcinoma. Int Urol Nephrol, 2016. 48: 681.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26861062

362.Shah, P.H., et al. Positive Surgical Margins Increase Risk of Recurrence after Partial Nephrectomy for High Risk Renal Tumors. J Urol, 2016. 196: 327.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26907508

363.Tellini, R., et al. Positive Surgical Margins Predict Progression-free Survival After Nephron-sparing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Results From a Single Center Cohort of 459 Cases With a Minimum Follow-up of 5 Years. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: e26.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30266249

364.Ryan, S.T., et al. Impact of positive surgical margins on survival after partial nephrectomy in localized kidney cancer: analysis of the National Cancer Database. Minerva Urol Nephrol, 2021. 73: 233.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32748614

365.Kim, S.P., et al. Treatment of Patients with Positive Margins after Partial Nephrectomy. J Urol, 2016. 196: 301.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27188474

366.Antic, T., et al. Partial nephrectomy for renal tumors: lack of correlation between margin status and local recurrence. Am J Clin Pathol, 2015. 143: 645.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25873497

367.Lane, B.R., et al. Active treatment of localized renal tumors may not impact overall survival in patients aged 75 years or older. Cancer, 2010. 116: 3119.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20564627

368.Hollingsworth, J.M., et al. Five-year survival after surgical treatment for kidney cancer: a population-based competing risk analysis. Cancer, 2007. 109: 1763.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17351954

369.Campi, R., et al. Impact of frailty on perioperative and oncologic outcomes in patients undergoing surgery or ablation for renal cancer: a systematic review. Minerva Urol Nephrol, 2022. 74: 146.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34714036

370.Volpe, A., et al. The natural history of incidentally detected small renal masses. Cancer, 2004. 100: 738.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14770429

371.Zini, L., et al. A population-based comparison of survival after nephrectomy vs nonsurgical management for small renal masses. BJU Int, 2009. 103: 899.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19154499

372.Xing, M., et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Thermal Ablation, Surgical Resection, and Active Surveillance for T1a Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare-linked Population Study. Radiology, 2018. 288: 81.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29737950

373.Huang WC, P.L., Lowrance WT, et al. . Surveillance for the management of small renal masses: outcomes in a population-based cohort. . J Urol, 2013: e483.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2013.31.6_suppl.343

374.Hyams ES, P.P., Mullins JP, et al. . Partial nephrectomy vs. Non-surgical management for small renal massess: a population-based comparison of disease-specific and overall survival. . J Urol, 2012. 187: E678.

https://www.auajournals.org/doi/full/10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.1552

375.Jewett, M.A., et al. Active surveillance of small renal masses: progression patterns of early stage kidney cancer. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 39.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21477920

376.Smaldone, M.C., et al. Small renal masses progressing to metastases under active surveillance: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Cancer, 2012. 118: 997.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21766302

377.Klatte, T., et al. Intermediate- and long-term oncological outcomes of active surveillance for localized renal masses: a systematic review and quantitative analysis. BJU Int, 2021. 128: 131.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34060192

378.Finelli, A., et al. Small Renal Mass Surveillance: Histology-specific Growth Rates in a Biopsy-characterized Cohort. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 460.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32680677

379.Patel, N., et al. Active surveillance of small renal masses offers short-term oncological efficacy equivalent to radical and partial nephrectomy. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 1270.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22564495

380.Pierorazio, P.M., et al. Five-year analysis of a multi-institutional prospective clinical trial of delayed intervention and surveillance for small renal masses: the DISSRM registry. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 408.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25698065

381.Uzosike, A.C., et al. Growth Kinetics of Small Renal Masses on Active Surveillance: Variability and Results from the DISSRM Registry. J Urol, 2018. 199: 641.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951284

382.Metcalf, M.R., et al. Outcomes of Active Surveillance for Young Patients with Small Renal Masses: Prospective Data from the DISSRM Registry. J Urol, 2021. 205: 1286.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33356478

383.Abou Youssif, T., et al. Active surveillance for selected patients with renal masses: updated results with long-term follow-up. Cancer, 2007. 110: 1010.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17628489

384.Abouassaly, R., et al. Active surveillance of renal masses in elderly patients. J Urol, 2008. 180: 505.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18550113

385.Crispen, P.L., et al. Natural history, growth kinetics, and outcomes of untreated clinically localized renal tumors under active surveillance. Cancer, 2009. 115: 2844.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19402168

386.Rosales, J.C., et al. Active surveillance for renal cortical neoplasms. J Urol, 2010. 183: 1698.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20299038

387.Pierorazio P, M.J., Allaf M. . Quality of life on active surveillance for small masses versus immediate intervention: interim analysis of the DISSRM (delayed intervention and surveillance for small renal masses) registry. . J Urol, 2013. 189: e259.

https://www.auajournals.org/doi/full/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.185

388.Atwell, T.D., et al. Percutaneous ablation of renal masses measuring 3.0 cm and smaller: comparative local control and complications after radiofrequency ablation and cryoablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2013. 200: 461.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23345372

389.Widdershoven, C.V., et al. Renal biopsies performed before versus during ablation of T1 renal tumors: implications for prevention of overtreatment and follow-up. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2021. 46: 373.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32564209

390.Chan, V.W., et al. The changing trends of image-guided biopsy of small renal masses before intervention-an analysis of European multinational prospective EuRECA registry. Eur Radiol, 2022. 32: 4667.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35122492

391.Lay, A.H., et al. Oncologic Efficacy of Radio Frequency Ablation for Small Renal Masses: Clear Cell vs Papillary Subtype. J Urol, 2015. 194: 653.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25846416

392.McClure, T., et al. Efficacy of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation may vary with clear cell renal cell cancer histologic subtype. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2018. 43: 1472.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28936542

393.Liu, N., et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for renal cell carcinoma vs. partial nephrectomy: Comparison of long-term oncologic outcomes in both clear cell and non-clear cell of the most common subtype. Urol Oncol, 2017. 35: 530 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28408296

394.Breen, D.J., et al. Image-guided Cryoablation for Sporadic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Three- and 5-year Outcomes in 220 Patients with Biopsy-proven Renal Cell Carcinoma. Radiology, 2018. 289: 554.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30084744

395.Sisul, D.M., et al. RENAL nephrometry score is associated with complications after renal cryoablation: a multicenter analysis. Urology, 2013. 81: 775.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23434099

396.Kim EH, T.Y., Bhayani SB, et al. . Outcomes of laparoscopic and percutaneous cryoablation for renal masses. J Urol, 2013. 189: e492.

https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.2554

397.Goyal, J., et al. Single-center comparative oncologic outcomes of surgical and percutaneous cryoablation for treatment of renal tumors. J Endourol, 2012. 26: 1413.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22642574

398.Jiang, K., et al. Laparoscopic cryoablation vs. percutaneous cryoablation for treatment of small renal masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget, 2017. 8: 27635.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28199973

399.Zargar, H., et al. Cryoablation for Small Renal Masses: Selection Criteria, Complications, and Functional and Oncologic Results. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 116.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25819723

400.Pickersgill, N.A., et al. Ten-Year Experience with Percutaneous Cryoablation of Renal Tumors: Tumor Size Predicts Disease Progression. J Endourol, 2020. 34: 1211.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32292059

401.Morkos, J., et al. Percutaneous Cryoablation for Stage 1 Renal Cell Carcinoma: Outcomes from a 10-year Prospective Study and Comparison with Matched Cohorts from the National Cancer Database. Radiology, 2020. 296: 452.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32515677

402.Hebbadj, S., et al. Safety Considerations and Local Tumor Control Following Percutaneous Image-Guided Cryoablation of T1b Renal Tumors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2018. 41: 449.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29075877

403.Grange, R., et al. Computed tomography-guided percutaneous cryoablation of T1b renal tumors: safety, functional and oncological outcomes. Int J Hyperthermia, 2019. 36: 1065.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31648584

404.Pecoraro, A., et al. Cryoablation Predisposes to Higher Cancer Specific Mortality Relative to Partial Nephrectomy in Patients with Nonmetastatic pT1b Kidney Cancer. J Urol, 2019. 202: 1120.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31347950

405.Andrews, J.R., et al. Oncologic Outcomes Following Partial Nephrectomy and Percutaneous Ablation for cT1 Renal Masses. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 244.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31060824

406.Sundelin, M.O., et al. Repeated Cryoablation as Treatment Modality After Failure of Primary Renal Cryoablation: A European Registry for Renal Cryoablation Multinational Analysis. J Endourol, 2019. 33: 909.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31507206

407.Lian, H., et al. Single-center comparison of complications in laparoscopic and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation with ultrasound guidance for renal tumors. Urology, 2012. 80: 119.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22633890

408.Young, E.E., et al. Comparison of safety, renal function outcomes and efficacy of laparoscopic and percutaneous radio frequency ablation of renal masses. J Urol, 2012. 187: 1177.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22357170

409.Kim, S.D., et al. Radiofrequency ablation of renal tumors: four-year follow-up results in 47 patients. Korean J Radiol, 2012. 13: 625.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22977331

410.Trudeau, V., et al. Comparison of Postoperative Complications and Mortality Between Laparoscopic and Percutaneous Local Tumor Ablation for T1a Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Population-based Study. Urology, 2016. 89: 63.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26514977

411.Psutka, S.P., et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes after radiofrequency ablation for T1 renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 486.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22959191

412.Johnson, B.A., et al. Ten-Year Outcomes of Renal Tumor Radio Frequency Ablation. J Urol, 2019. 201: 251.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30634350

413.Sorce, G., et al. Cancer-specific Mortality After Cryoablation vs Heat-based Thermal Ablation in T1a Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Urol, 2023. 209: 81.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36440817

414.Chang, X., et al. Radio frequency ablation versus partial nephrectomy for clinical T1b renal cell carcinoma: long-term clinical and oncologic outcomes. J Urol, 2015. 193: 430.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25106899

415.Yu, J., et al. Percutaneous Microwave Ablation versus Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy for cT1a Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Propensity-matched Cohort Study of 1955 Patients. Radiology, 2020. 294: 698.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31961239

416.Shapiro, D.D., et al. Comparing Outcomes for Patients with Clinical T1b Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Either Percutaneous Microwave Ablation or Surgery. Urology, 2020. 135: 88.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31585198

417.Zhou, W., et al. Radiofrequency Ablation, Cryoablation, and Microwave Ablation for T1a Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Comparative Evaluation of Therapeutic and Renal Function Outcomes. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2019. 30: 1035.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30956075

418.Aarts, B.M., et al. Safety and efficacy of RFA versus MWA for T1a renal cell carcinoma: a propensity score analysis. Eur Radiol, 2023. 33: 1040.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36066733

419.Abu-Ghanem, Y., et al. Limitations of Available Studies Prevent Reliable Comparison Between Tumour Ablation and Partial Nephrectomy for Patients with Localised Renal Masses: A Systematic Review from the European Association of Urology Renal Cell Cancer Guideline Panel. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 433.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32245655

420.Guazzoni, G., et al. Oncologic results of laparoscopic renal cryoablation for clinical T1a tumors: 8 years of experience in a single institution. Urology, 2010. 76: 624.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20579705

421.Larcher, A., et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes of laparoscopic renal cryoablation as primary treatment for small renal masses. Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 22 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25301741

422.Haber, G.P., et al. Tumour in solitary kidney: laparoscopic partial nephrectomy vs laparoscopic cryoablation. BJU Int, 2012. 109: 118.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21895929

423.Turna, B., et al. Minimally invasive nephron sparing management for renal tumors in solitary kidneys. J Urol, 2009. 182: 2150.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19758655

424.Cazalas, G., et al. A multicenter comparative matched-pair analysis of percutaneous tumor ablation and robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy of T1b renal cell carcinoma (AblatT1b study-UroCCR 80). Eur Radiol, 2023. 33: 6513.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37004570

425.Junker, T., et al. Partial Nephrectomy versus Percutaneous Cryoablation of Small Renal Cell Carcinomas: A Comparison of Adverse Events in a Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2022. 33: 1375.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35842025

426.Correa, R.J.M., et al. The Emerging Role of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Primary Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 958.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31248849

427.Ali, M., et al. The Role of Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 613.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35843777

428.Siva, S., et al. Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for ≥T1b Primary Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Report From the International Radiosurgery Oncology Consortium for Kidney (IROCK). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2020. 108: 941.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32562838

429.Tetar, S.U., et al. The Role of Daily Adaptive Stereotactic MR-Guided Radiotherapy for Renal Cell Cancer. Cancers (Basel), 2020. 12.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32992844

430.Grubb, W.R., et al. Final results of a dose escalation protocol of stereotactic body radiotherapy for poor surgical candidates with localized renal cell carcinoma. Radiother Oncol, 2021. 155: 138.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33214131

431.Margulis, V., et al. Neoadjuvant SABR for Renal Cell Carcinoma Inferior Vena Cava Tumor Thrombus-Safety Lead-in Results of a Phase 2 Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2021. 110: 1135.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33549705

432.Swaminath, A., et al. Patient-reported Quality of Life following Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Primary Kidney Cancer - Results from a Prospective Cohort Study. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2021. 33: 468.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33775496

433.Grelier, L., et al. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Frail Patients with Primary Renal Cell Carcinoma: Preliminary Results after 4 Years of Experience. Cancers (Basel), 2021. 13.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34201451

434.Glicksman, R.M., et al. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Oncological and Renal Function Outcomes. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2023. 35: 20.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35948465

435.Bhindi, B., et al. The role of lymph node dissection in the management of renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 684.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29319926

436.Luo, X., et al. Influence of lymph node dissection in patients undergoing radical nephrectomy for non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 2019. 23: 6079.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31364109

437.Capitanio, U., et al. When to perform lymph node dissection in patients with renal cell carcinoma: a novel approach to the preoperative assessment of risk of lymph node invasion at surgery and of lymph node progression during follow-up. BJU Int, 2013. 112: E59.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23795799

438.Tsui, K.H., et al. Prognostic indicators for renal cell carcinoma: a multivariate analysis of 643 patients using the revised 1997 TNM staging criteria. J Urol, 2000. 163: 1090.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10737472

439.Gershman, B., et al. Renal Cell Carcinoma with Isolated Lymph Node Involvement: Long-term Natural History and Predictors of Oncologic Outcomes Following Surgical Resection. Eur Urol, 2017. 72: 300.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28094055

440.Nesbitt, J.C., et al. Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Ann Thorac Surg, 1997. 63: 1592.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9205155

441.Hatcher, P.A., et al. Surgical management and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma invading the vena cava. J Urol, 1991. 145: 20.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1984092

442.Neves, R.J., et al. Surgical treatment of renal cancer with vena cava extension. Br J Urol, 1987. 59: 390.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3594097

443.Haferkamp, A., et al. Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension into the vena cava: prospective long-term followup. J Urol, 2007. 177: 1703.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17437789

444.Kirkali, Z., et al. A critical analysis of surgery for kidney cancer with vena cava invasion. Eur Urol, 2007. 52: 658.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17548146

445.Moinzadeh, A., et al. Prognostic significance of tumor thrombus level in patients with renal cell carcinoma and venous tumor thrombus extension. Is all T3b the same? J Urol, 2004. 171: 598.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14713768

446.Kaplan, S., et al. Surgical management of renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Am J Surg, 2002. 183: 292.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11943130

447.Bissada, N.K., et al. Long-term experience with management of renal cell carcinoma involving the inferior vena cava. Urology, 2003. 61: 89.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12559273

448.Skinner, D.G., et al. Vena caval involvement by renal cell carcinoma. Surgical resection provides meaningful long-term survival. Ann Surg, 1989. 210: 387.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2774709

449.Tabbara, M.M., et al. Current Approaches in Surgical and Immunotherapy-Based Management of Renal Cell Carcinoma with Tumor Thrombus. Biomedicines, 2023. 11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36672712

450.Klatte, T., et al. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumour thrombus: a quantitative summary. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 566.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36638048

451.Wang, K., et al. T.H.R.O.B.V.S. Score - A Comprehensive Model to Predict the Surgical Complexity of Renal Cell Carcinoma With Tumor Thrombus. Front Oncol, 2022. 12: 900550.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35814463

452.Liu, Z., et al. Renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus growing against the direction of venous return: an indicator of complicated surgery and poor prognosis. BMC Surg, 2021. 21: 443.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34963464

453.Wagner, B., et al. Prognostic value of renal vein and inferior vena cava involvement in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 452.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18692951

454.Klatte, T., et al. Prognostic factors for renal cell carcinoma with tumor thrombus extension. J Urol, 2007. 178: 1189.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17698087

455.Yano, D., et al. Multidisciplinary surgical approach for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Surg Today, 2022. 52: 1016.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34786640

456.Lardas, M., et al. Systematic Review of Surgical Management of Nonmetastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma with Vena Caval Thrombus. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 265.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26707869

457.Huang, Q., et al. Robotic Level IV Inferior Vena Cava Thrombectomy Using an Intrapericardial Control Technique: Is It Safe Without Cardiopulmonary Bypass? J Urol, 2023. 209: 99.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36194169

458.Gill, I.S., et al. Renal cancer with extensive level IV intracardiac tumour thrombus removed by robot. Lancet, 2020. 396: e88.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33189180

459.Garg, H., et al. A Decade of Robotic-Assisted Radical Nephrectomy with Inferior Vena Cava Thrombectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Perioperative Outcomes. J Urol, 2022. 208: 542.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35762219

460.Ljungberg, B., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2022 Update. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 399.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35346519

461.Lamb, G.W., et al. Management of renal masses in patients medically unsuitable for nephrectomy--natural history, complications, and outcome. Urology, 2004. 64: 909.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15533476

462.Hallscheidt, P., et al. [Preoperative and palliative embolization of renal cell carcinomas: follow-up of 49 patients]. Rofo, 2006. 178: 391.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16612730

463.Wright, B., et al. Trans-arterial embolization of renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2022. 47: 2238.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35380246

464.Stewart, G.D., et al. A Phase II study of neoadjuvant axitinib for reducing the extent of venous tumour thrombus in clear cell renal cell cancer with venous invasion (NAXIVA). Br J Cancer, 2022. 127: 1051.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35739300

465.Bex, A., et al. Efficacy, safety, and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant avelumab/axitinib in patients (pts) with localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC) who are at high risk of relapse after nephrectomy (NeoAvAx). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2022. 40: 289.

https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2022.40.6_suppl.289

466.Rodriguez-Fernandez, I.A., et al. Adjuvant Radiation Therapy After Radical Nephrectomy in Patients with Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 448.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277782

467.Galligioni, E., et al. Adjuvant immunotherapy treatment of renal carcinoma patients with autologous tumor cells and bacillus Calmette-Guerin: five-year results of a prospective randomized study. Cancer, 1996. 77: 2560.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8640706

468.Figlin, R.A., et al. Multicenter, randomized, phase III trial of CD8(+) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in combination with recombinant interleukin-2 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 1999. 17: 2521.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10561318

469.Clark, J.I., et al. Adjuvant high-dose bolus interleukin-2 for patients with high-risk renal cell carcinoma: a cytokine working group randomized trial. J Clin Oncol, 2003. 21: 3133.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12810695

470.Atzpodien, J., et al. Adjuvant treatment with interleukin-2- and interferon-alpha2a-based chemoimmunotherapy in renal cell carcinoma post tumour nephrectomy: results of a prospectively randomised trial of the German Cooperative Renal Carcinoma Chemoimmunotherapy Group (DGCIN). Br J Cancer, 2005. 92: 843.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15756254

471.Jocham, D., et al. Adjuvant autologous renal tumour cell vaccine and risk of tumour progression in patients with renal-cell carcinoma after radical nephrectomy: phase III, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2004. 363: 594.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14987883

472.Chamie, K., et al. Adjuvant Weekly Girentuximab Following Nephrectomy for High-Risk Renal Cell Carcinoma: The ARISER Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol, 2017. 3: 913.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27787547

473.Haas, N.B., et al. Adjuvant Treatment for High-Risk Clear Cell Renal Cancer: Updated Results of a High-Risk Subset of the ASSURE Randomized Trial. JAMA Oncol, 2017. 3: 1249.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28278333

474.Haas, N.B., et al. Initial results from ASSURE (E2805): Adjuvant sorafenib or sunitinib for unfavorable renal carcinoma, an ECOG-ACRIN-led, NCTN phase III trial. ASCO Meeting Abstracts, 2015. 33: 403.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.403

475.Motzer, R.J., et al. Randomized Phase III Trial of Adjuvant Pazopanib Versus Placebo After Nephrectomy in Patients With Localized or Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2017. 35: 3916.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28902533

476.Motzer, R.J., et al. Adjuvant Pazopanib Versus Placebo After Nephrectomy in Patients With Localized or Locally Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Final Overall Survival Analysis of the Phase 3 PROTECT Trial. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 334.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33461782

477.Harshman, L.C., et al. Evaluation of disease-free survival as an intermediate metric of overall survival in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma: A trial-level meta-analysis. Cancer, 2018. 124: 925.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29266178

478.Lenis, A.T., et al. Adjuvant Therapy for High Risk Localized Kidney Cancer: Emerging Evidence and Future Clinical Trials. J Urol, 2018. 199: 43.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28479237

479.Gross-Goupil, M., et al. Axitinib versus placebo as an adjuvant treatment of renal cell carcinoma: results from the phase III, randomized ATLAS trial. Ann Oncol, 2018. 29: 2371.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30346481

480.Motzer, R.J., et al. Adjuvant Sunitinib for High-risk Renal Cell Carcinoma After Nephrectomy: Subgroup Analyses and Updated Overall Survival Results. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 62.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28967554

481.Ryan, C.W., et al. Adjuvant everolimus after surgery for renal cell carcinoma (EVEREST): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2023. 402: 1043.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37524096

482.Ryan, C.W., et al. EVEREST: Everolimus for renal cancer ensuing surgical therapy—A phase III study (SWOG S0931, NCT01120249). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2022. 40: LBA4500.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/pdf/10.1200/JCO.2022.40.17_suppl.LBA4500?role=tab

483.Powles, T., et al. Pembrolizumab versus placebo as post-nephrectomy adjuvant therapy for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-564): 30-month follow-up analysis of a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2022. 23: 1133.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36055304

484.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Adjuvant Pembrolizumab after Nephrectomy in Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2021. 385: 683.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34407342

485.Pal, S.K., et al. Adjuvant atezolizumab versus placebo for patients with renal cell carcinoma at increased risk of recurrence following resection (IMmotion010): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2022. 400: 1103.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36099926

486.Motzer, R.J., et al. Adjuvant nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus placebo for localised renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy (CheckMate 914): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2023. 401: 821.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36774933

487.Allaf, M., et al. Phase III randomized study comparing perioperative nivolumab (nivo) versus observation in patients (Pts) with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) undergoing nephrectomy (PROSPER, ECOG-ACRIN EA8143), a National Clinical Trials Network trial. Annals of Oncology, 2022. 33 Suppl 7: S808.

https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(22)03950-3/fulltext

488.Bedke, J., et al. 2021 Updated European Association of Urology Guidelines on the Use of Adjuvant Pembrolizumab for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2022. 81: 134.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34920897

489.de Bruijn, R., et al. Deferred Cytoreductive Nephrectomy Following Presurgical Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-targeted Therapy in Patients with Primary Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Pooled Analysis of Prospective Trial Data. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 168.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31956080

490.Bedke, J., et al. The 2022 Updated European Association of Urology Guidelines on the Use of Adjuvant Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 10.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36511268

491.Flanigan, R.C., et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with metastatic renal cancer: a combined analysis. J Urol, 2004. 171: 1071.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14767273

492.Clinical Trial to Assess the Importance of Nephrectomy (CARMENA). 2009. 2019: NCT00930033.

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00930033

493.Bhindi, B., et al. Systematic Review of the Role of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in the Targeted Therapy Era and Beyond: An Individualized Approach to Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 111.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30467042

494.Mejean, A., et al. Sunitinib Alone or after Nephrectomy in Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2018. 379: 417.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29860937

495.Bex, A., et al. Comparison of Immediate vs Deferred Cytoreductive Nephrectomy in Patients With Synchronous Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Receiving Sunitinib: The SURTIME Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol, 2019. 5: 164.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30543350

496.Powles, T., et al. The outcome of patients treated with sunitinib prior to planned nephrectomy in metastatic clear cell renal cancer. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 448.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21612860

497.Heng, D.Y., et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with synchronous metastases from renal cell carcinoma: results from the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 704.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24931622

498.Ljungberg, B., et al. Survival advantage of upfront cytoreductive nephrectomy in patients with primary metastatic renal cell carcinoma compared with systemic and palliative treatments in a real-world setting. Scand J Urol, 2020. 54: 487.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32897123

499.Motzer, R.J., et al. Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab versus Sunitinib in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2018. 378: 1277.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29562145

500.Choueiri, T.K., Powles,, T., Burottto, M., et al. . 696O_PR - Nivolumab + cabozantinib vs sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: First results from the randomized phase III CheckMate 9ER trial. Annals of Oncology 2020. 31: S1159.

https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(20)42339-7/fulltext

501.Motzer, R.J., et al. Avelumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2019. 380: 1103.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30779531

502.Powles, T., et al. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib monotherapy as first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-426): extended follow-up from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020. 21: 1563.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33284113

503.Motzer, R.J., et al. Phase 3 trial of lenvatinib (LEN) plus pembrolizumab (PEMBRO) or everolimus (EVE) versus sunitinib (SUN) monotherapy as a first-line treatment for patients (pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (CLEAR study). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2021. 39: 269.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2021.39.6_suppl.269

504.Pignot, G., et al. Oncological Outcomes of Delayed Nephrectomy After Optimal Response to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 577.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35853818

505.Yip, W., et al. Perioperative Complications and Oncologic Outcomes of Nephrectomy Following Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Multicenter Collaborative Study. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37005212

506.Dragomir, A., et al. Outcomes of Cytoreductive Nephrectomy for Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Real World Data from Canadian Centers. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1703.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34736870

507.Dabestani, S., et al. Local treatments for metastases of renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol, 2014. 15: e549.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25439697

508.Ljungberg, B., et al. EAU guidelines on renal cell carcinoma: 2014 update. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 913.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25616710

509.Ouzaid, I., et al. Surgical Metastasectomy in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 141.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31017089

510.Brinkmann, O.A., et al. The Role of Residual Tumor Resection in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and Partial Remission following Immunochemotherapy. European Urology Supplements, 2007. 6: 641.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1569905607000978

511.Alt, A.L., et al. Survival after complete surgical resection of multiple metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2011. 117: 2873.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21692048

512.Kwak, C., et al. Metastasectomy without systemic therapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: comparison with conservative treatment. Urol Int, 2007. 79: 145.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17851285

513.Petralia, G., et al. 450 Complete Metastasectomy Is an Independent Predictor of Cancer-Specific Survival in Patients with Clinically Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. European Urology Supplements, 2010. 9: 162.

514.Russo, P., et al. Cytoreductive nephrectomy and nephrectomy/complete metastasectomy for metastatic renal cancer. ScientificWorldJournal, 2007. 7: 768.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17619759

515.Staehler, M.D., et al. Liver resection for metastatic disease prolongs survival in renal cell carcinoma: 12-year results from a retrospective comparative analysis. World J Urol, 2010. 28: 543.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20440505

516.Eggener, S.E., et al. Risk score and metastasectomy independently impact prognosis of patients with recurrent renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2008. 180: 873.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18635225

517.Lee, S.E., et al. Metastatectomy prior to immunochemotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Urol Int, 2006. 76: 256.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16601390

518.Zelefsky, M.J., et al. Tumor control outcomes after hypofractionated and single-dose stereotactic image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy for extracranial metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012. 82: 1744.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21596489

519.Fuchs, B., et al. Solitary bony metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: significance of surgical treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 2005: 187.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15685074

520.Hunter, G.K., et al. The efficacy of external beam radiotherapy and stereotactic body radiotherapy for painful spinal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Pract Radiat Oncol, 2012. 2: e95.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24674192

521.Fokas, E., et al. Radiotherapy for brain metastases from renal cell cancer: should whole-brain radiotherapy be added to stereotactic radiosurgery?: analysis of 88 patients. Strahlenther Onkol, 2010. 186: 210.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20165820

522.Ikushima, H., et al. Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2000. 48: 1389.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11121638

523.Zaorsky, N.G., et al. Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy for oligometastatic renal cell carcinoma (SABR ORCA): a meta-analysis of 28 studies. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 515.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31302061

524.Le Guevelou, J., et al. The Emerging Role of Extracranial Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus, 2023. 9: 114.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36151031

525.Franzese, C., et al. The role of stereotactic body radiation therapy and its integration with systemic therapies in metastatic kidney cancer: a multicenter study on behalf of the AIRO (Italian Association of Radiotherapy and Clinical Oncology) genitourinary study group. Clin Exp Metastasis, 2021. 38: 527.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34748125

526.Cheung, P., et al. Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Oligoprogression in Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer Patients Receiving Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Therapy: A Phase 2 Prospective Multicenter Study. Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 693.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34399998

527.Heng, D.Y., et al. Prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma treated with vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted agents: results from a large, multicenter study. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27: 5794.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19826129

528.Bedke, J., et al. The 2021 Updated European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-based Combination Therapies for Treatment-naive Metastatic Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Are Standard of Care. Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 393.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34074559

529.Harrison, M.R., et al. Active surveillance of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results from a prospective observational study (MaRCC). Cancer, 2021. 127: 2204.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33765337

530.Rini, B.I., et al. Active surveillance in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a prospective, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2016. 17: 1317.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27498080

531.Patel, P.H., et al. Targeting von Hippel-Lindau pathway in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2006. 12: 7215.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17189392

532.Yang, J.C., et al. A randomized trial of bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor antibody, for metastatic renal cancer. N Engl J Med, 2003. 349: 427.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12890841

533.Patard, J.J., et al. Understanding the importance of smart drugs in renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2006. 49: 633.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16481093

534.Motzer, R.J., et al. Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27: 3584.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19487381

535.Motzer, R.J., et al. Randomized phase II trial of sunitinib on an intermittent versus continuous dosing schedule as first-line therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30: 1371.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22430274

536.Bracarda, S., et al. Sunitinib administered on 2/1 schedule in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the RAINBOW analysis. Ann Oncol, 2016. 27: 366.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26685011

537.Jonasch, E., et al. A randomized phase 2 study of MK-2206 versus everolimus in refractory renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 2017. 28: 804.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28049139

538.Sternberg, C.N., et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28: 1061.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20100962

539.Motzer, R.J., et al. Pazopanib versus sunitinib in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2013. 369: 722.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23964934

540.Escudier, B., et al. Randomized, controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial assessing treatment preference for pazopanib versus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: PISCES Study. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 1412.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24687826

541.Rini, B.I., et al. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2011. 378: 1931.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22056247

542.Motzer, R.J., et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2013. 14: 552.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23598172

543.Hutson, T.E., et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: a randomised open-label phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2013. 14: 1287.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24206640

544.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Cabozantinib versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2015. 373: 1814.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26406150

545.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Cabozantinib versus everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma (METEOR): final results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2016. 17: 917.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27279544

546.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Cabozantinib Versus Sunitinib As Initial Targeted Therapy for Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma of Poor or Intermediate Risk: The Alliance A031203 CABOSUN Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2017. 35: 591.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28199818

547.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Cabozantinib versus sunitinib as initial therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma of intermediate or poor risk (Alliance A031203 CABOSUN randomised trial): Progression-free survival by independent review and overall survival update. Eur J Cancer, 2018. 94: 115.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29550566

548.Motzer, R.J., et al. Lenvatinib, everolimus, and the combination in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, phase 2, open-label, multicentre trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015. 16: 1473.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26482279

549.Motzer, R.J., et al. Tivozanib versus sorafenib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results from a phase III trial. J Clin Oncol, 2013. 31: 3791.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24019545

550.Molina, A.M., et al. Efficacy of tivozanib treatment after sorafenib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: crossover of a phase 3 study. Eur J Cancer, 2018. 94: 87.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29547835

551.Escudier, B., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (AVOREN): final analysis of overall survival. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28: 2144.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20368553

552.Rini, B.I., et al. Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa compared with interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol, 2008. 26: 5422.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18936475

553.Rini, B.I., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa versus interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results of CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28: 2137.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20368558

554.Rini, B.I., et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sunitinib in patients with previously untreated metastatic renal cell carcinoma (IMmotion151): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2019. 393: 2404.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31079938

555.Larkin, J.M., et al. Kinase inhibitors in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2006. 60: 216.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16860997

556.Motzer, R.J., et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet, 2008. 372: 449.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18653228

557.Srinivasan, R., Iliopoulos, O., Rathmell, W.K., et al. LBA69 - Belzutifan, a HIF-2α Inhibitor, for von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease-associated neoplasms: 36 months of follow-up of the phase II LITESPARK-004 study. Annals of Oncology, 2022. 33: S808.

https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(22)03952-7/fulltext

558.Brown, J.E., et al. Temporary treatment cessation versus continuation of first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor in patients with advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (STAR): an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2023. 24: 213.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36796394

559.Ribas, A. Tumor immunotherapy directed at PD-1. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366: 2517.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22658126

560.Motzer, R.J., et al. Nivolumab versus Everolimus in Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2015. 373: 1803.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26406148

561.Motzer, R.J., et al. Nivolumab versus everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: Updated results with long-term follow-up of the randomized, open-label, phase 3 CheckMate 025 trial. Cancer, 2020. 126: 4156.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32673417

562.McDermott, D.F.L., J L; Szylik, C; Donskov, F; Malik, J; Alekseev, B Y; Larkin, J; Matveev, V;. Pembrolizumab monotherapy as first-line therapy in advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (accRCC): Results from cohort A of KEYNOTE-427. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.4500

563.Atkins, M.B., et al. Phase II Study of Nivolumab and Salvage Nivolumab/Ipilimumab in Treatment-Naive Patients With Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (HCRN GU16-260-Cohort A). J Clin Oncol, 2022. 40: 2913.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35442713

564.Choueiri, T.K., et al. FRACTION-RCC: nivolumab plus ipilimumab for advanced renal cell carcinoma after progression on immuno-oncology therapy. J Immunother Cancer, 2022. 10.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36328377

565.Ljungberg, B., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Renal Cell Carcinoma: The 2019 Update. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 799.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30803729

566.Choueiri, T., et al. LBA8 - Phase III study of cabozantinib (C) in combination with nivolumab (N) and ipilimumab (I) in previously untreated advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) of IMDC intermediate or poor risk (COSMIC-313). . Annals of Oncology, 2022. 33 Suppl. 7.

https://oncologypro.esmo.org/meeting-resources/esmo-congress/phase-iii-study-of-cabozantinib-c-in-combination-with-nivolumab-n-and-ipilimumab-i-in-previously-untreated-advanced-renal-cell-carcinoma-arc

567.Motzer, R.J., et al. 661P Conditional survival and 5-year follow-up in CheckMate 214: First-line nivolumab + ipilimumab (N+I) versus sunitinib (S) in advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC). Annals of Oncology, 2021. 32: S685.

https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(21)02271-7/fulltext

568.Rini, B.I., et al. Pembrolizumab plus Axitinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2019. 380: 1116.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30779529

569.Plimack, E.R., et al. Pembrolizumab Plus Axitinib Versus Sunitinib as First-line Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: 43-month Follow-up of the Phase 3 KEYNOTE-426 Study. Eur Urol, 2023.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37500340

570.Rini, B.I., et al. Pembrolizumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib as first-line therapy for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma: 5-year analysis of KEYNOTE-426. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2023. 41: LBA4501.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.17_suppl.LBA4501

571.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Nivolumab plus Cabozantinib versus Sunitinib for Advanced Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384: 829.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33657295

572.Burotto, M., et al. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib vs sunitinib for first-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC): 3-year follow-up from the phase 3 CheckMate -9ER trial. Poster presented at the Cancer Immunotherapy and Immunomonitoring Conference, 2023.

https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.6_suppl.603

573.Motzer, R., et al. Lenvatinib plus Pembrolizumab or Everolimus for Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384: 1289.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33616314

574.Motzer, R.J., et al. Final prespecified overall survival (OS) analysis of CLEAR: 4-year follow-up of lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab (L+P) vs sunitinib (S) in patients (pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2023. 41: 4502.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.4502?af=R

575.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Updated efficacy results from the JAVELIN Renal 101 trial: first-line avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 2020. 31: 1030.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32339648

576.Haanen, J., et al. Extended follow-up from JAVELIN Renal 101: subgroup analysis of avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib by the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium risk group in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. ESMO Open, 2023. 8: 101210.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37104931

577.Motzer, R.J., et al. Final Overall Survival and Molecular Analysis in IMmotion151, a Phase 3 Trial Comparing Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab vs Sunitinib in Patients With Previously Untreated Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. JAMA Oncol, 2022. 8: 275.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34940781

578.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Cabozantinib plus Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Renal-Cell Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2023. 388: 1767.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37163623

579.Motzer, R.J., et al. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib versus sunitinib in first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma (CheckMate 9ER): long-term follow-up results from an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2022. 23: 888.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35688173

580.Choueiri T, et al. Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus sunitinib as first-line treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (CLEAR): extended follow-up from the phase 3, randomised, open-label study. Kidney Cancer Research Summit, 2021.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36858721

581.Tannir, N.M., et al. Thirty-month follow-up of the phase III CheckMate 214 trial of first-line nivolumab + ipilimumab (N+I) or sunitinib (S) in patients (pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC). Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2019. 37: 547.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2019.37.7_suppl.547

582.Auvray, M., et al. Second-line targeted therapies after nivolumab-ipilimumab failure in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer, 2019. 108: 33.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30616146

583.Pal, S.K., et al. Atezolizumab plus cabozantinib versus cabozantinib monotherapy for patients with renal cell carcinoma after progression with previous immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment (CONTACT-03): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2023. 402: 185.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37290461

584.Ornstein, M.C., Pal, S K, Wood, L S, Allman, K D, Martin, A, Garcia, J A, Gilligan T D,. Prospective phase II multi-center study of individualized axitinib (Axi) titration for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) after treatment with PD-1 / PD-L1 inhibitors. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2018.36.15_suppl.4517

585.Coppin, C., et al. Targeted therapy for advanced renal cell cancer (RCC): a Cochrane systematic review of published randomised trials. BJU Int, 2011. 108: 1556.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21952069

586.Rini, B.I., et al. Tivozanib versus sorafenib in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (TIVO-3): a phase 3, multicentre, randomised, controlled, open-label study. Lancet Oncol, 2020. 21: 95.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31810797

587.Rini, B.I., et al. Long-term outcomes with nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus sunitinib in first-line treatment of patients with advanced sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer, 2022. 10.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36549781

588.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Efficacy and biomarker analysis of patients (pts) with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) with sarcomatoid histology (sRCC): Subgroup analysis from the phase III JAVELIN renal 101 trial of first-line avelumab plus axitinib (A + Ax) vs sunitinib (S). Annals of Oncology, 2019. 30: v361.

https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(19)59126-8/pdf

589.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Efficacy and correlative analyses of avelumab plus axitinib versus sunitinib in sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial. ESMO Open, 2021. 6: 100101.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33901870

590.Rini, B.I., et al. Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab Versus Sunitinib for Patients with Untreated Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma and Sarcomatoid Features: A Prespecified Subgroup Analysis of the IMmotion151 Clinical Trial. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 659.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32654802

591.Motzer, R.J., et al. Nivolumab + cabozantinib (NIVO+CABO) versus sunitinib (SUN) for advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC): Outcomes by sarcomatoid histology and updated trial results with extended follow-up of CheckMate 9ER. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2021. 39: 308.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2021.39.6_suppl.308

592.Choueiri, T.K., et al. 660P Phase III CLEAR trial in advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC): Outcomes in subgroups and toxicity update. Annals of Oncology, 2021. 32: S683.

https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(21)02270-5/pdf

593.Koh, Y., et al. Phase II trial of everolimus for the treatment of nonclear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 2013. 24: 1026.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180114

594.Fernandez-Pello, S., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Comparing the Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Different Systemic Treatments for Non-clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 426.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27939075

595.Tannir, N.M., et al. A phase 2 trial of sunitinib in patients with advanced non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 1013.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22771265

596.Ravaud A, O.S., Gravis-Mescam G, Sevin E., Zanetta S., Théodore C., de Fromont M., Mahier-Aït Oukhatar C., Chêne G, Escudier B. First-line sunitinib in type I and II papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC): SUPAP, a phase II study of the French Genito-Urinary Group (GETUG) and the Group of Early Phase trials (GEP) J. Clin Oncol, 2009. Vol 27, No 15S: 5146.

https://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923-7534(20)33364-0/fulltext

597.Escudier, B., et al. Open-label phase 2 trial of first-line everolimus monotherapy in patients with papillary metastatic renal cell carcinoma: RAPTOR final analysis. Eur J Cancer, 2016. 69: 226.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27680407

598.Pal, S.K., et al. A comparison of sunitinib with cabozantinib, crizotinib, and savolitinib for treatment of advanced papillary renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet, 2021. 397: 695.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33592176

599.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Efficacy of Savolitinib vs Sunitinib in Patients With MET-Driven Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: The SAVOIR Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol, 2020. 6: 1247.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32469384

600.Albiges, L., et al. Pembrolizumab plus lenvatinib as first-line therapy for advanced non-clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (KEYNOTE-B61): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2023. 24: 881.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37451291

601.Lee, C.-H., et al. First-line lenvatinib + pembrolizumab treatment across non-clear cell renal cell carcinomas: Results of the phase 2 KEYNOTE-B61 study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2023. 41: 4518.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.4518?af=R#:~:text=Conclusions%3A%20In%20pts%20with%20advanced,Clinical%20trial%20information%3A%20NCT04704219.

602.Lee, C.-H., et al. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib in patients with non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Updated results from a phase 2 trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2023. 41: 4537.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.4537

603.McDermott, D.F., et al. Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase II Study of Pembrolizumab Monotherapy as First-Line Therapy in Patients With Advanced Non-Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 1029.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33529058

604.Hudes, G., et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2007. 356: 2271.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17538086

605.Gore, M.E., et al. Safety and efficacy of sunitinib for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma: an expanded-access trial. Lancet Oncol, 2009. 10: 757.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19615940

606.Sanchez, P., et al. Non-clear cell advanced kidney cancer: is there a gold standard? Anticancer Drugs, 2011. 22 Suppl 1: S9.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21173605

607.Lee, C.H., et al. Phase II Trial of Cabozantinib Plus Nivolumab in Patients With Non-Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Genomic Correlates. J Clin Oncol, 2022. 40: 2333.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35298296

608.Msaouel, P., et al. Updated Recommendations on the Diagnosis, Management, and Clinical Trial Eligibility Criteria for Patients With Renal Medullary Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: 1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30287223

609.Beckermann, K.E., et al. Clinical and immunologic correlates of response to PD-1 blockade in a patient with metastatic renal medullary carcinoma. J Immunother Cancer, 2017. 5: 1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28105368

610.Sodji, Q., et al. Predictive role of PD-L1 expression in the response of renal Medullary carcinoma to PD-1 inhibition. J Immunother Cancer, 2017. 5: 62.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28807004

611.Rathmell, W.K., et al. High-dose-intensity MVAC for Advanced Renal Medullary Carcinoma: Report of Three Cases and Literature Review. Urology, 2008. 72: 659.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18649931

612.Panunzio, A., et al. Collecting duct carcinoma: Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and survival. Urol Oncol, 2023. 41: 110 e7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36456452

613.Buti, S., et al. BONSAI-2 study: Nivolumab as therapeutic option after cabozantinib failure in metastatic collecting duct carcinoma patients. Tumori, 2023. 109: 418.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36474412

614.Rizzo, M., et al. Clinico-pathological implications of the 2022 WHO Renal Cell Carcinoma classification. Cancer Treat Rev, 2023. 116: 102558.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37060647

615.Alhalabi, O., et al. Immune Checkpoint Therapy Combinations in Adult Advanced MiT Family Translocation Renal Cell Carcinomas. Oncologist, 2023. 28: 433.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36640141

616.Thouvenin, J., et al. Efficacy of Cabozantinib in Metastatic MiT Family Translocation Renal Cell Carcinomas. Oncologist, 2022. 27: 1041.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35979929

617.Jonasch, E., et al. Pazopanib in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease: a single-arm, single-centre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2018. 19: 1351.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30236511

618.Marconi, L., et al. Local Treatment of Recurrent Renal Cell Carcinoma May Have a Significant Survival Effect Across All Risk-of-recurrence Groups. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2023. 47: 65.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36601038

619.Antonelli, A., et al. Features of Ipsilateral Renal Recurrences After Partial Nephrectomy: A Proposal of a Pathogenetic Classification. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2017. 15: 540.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28533051

620.Bertolo, R., et al. Low Rate of Cancer Events After Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Carcinoma: Clinicopathologic Analysis of 1994 Cases with Emphasis on Definition of “Recurrence”. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: 209.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31000486

621.Kreshover, J.E., et al. Renal cell recurrence for T1 tumors after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy. J Endourol, 2013. 27: 1468.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24074156

622.Russo, P., et al. Outcomes for Atypical Tumor Recurrences Following Minimally Invasive Kidney Cancer Operations. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 40: 125.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35638088

623.Fallara, G., et al. Recurrence pattern in localized RCC: results from a European multicenter database (RECUR). Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 494 e11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36127233

624.Brassier, M., et al. Percutaneous Ablation Versus Surgical Resection for Local Recurrence Following Partial Nephrectomy for Renal Cell Cancer: A Propensity Score Analysis (REPART Study-UroCCR 71). Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 210.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33622625

625.Wah, T.M., et al. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal cell carcinoma (RCC): experience in 200 tumours. BJU Int, 2014. 113: 416.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24053769

626.Herout, R., et al. Surgical resection of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy: Oncological outcome and predictors of survival. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 11 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28927783

627.Thomas, A.Z., et al. Surgical Management of Local Retroperitoneal Recurrence of Renal Cell Carcinoma after Radical Nephrectomy. J Urol, 2015. 194: 316.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25758610

628.Marchioni, M., et al. Management of local recurrence after radical nephrectomy: surgical removal with or without systemic treatment is still the gold standard. Results from a multicenter international cohort. Int Urol Nephrol, 2021. 53: 2273.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34417970

629.Itano, N.B., et al. Outcome of isolated renal cell carcinoma fossa recurrence after nephrectomy. J Urol, 2000. 164: 322.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10893575

630.Margulis, V., et al. Predictors of oncological outcome after resection of locally recurrent renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2009. 181: 2044.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19286220

631.Russell, C.M., et al. Multi-institutional Survival Analysis of Incidental Pathologic T3a Upstaging in Clinical T1 Renal Cell Carcinoma Following Partial Nephrectomy. Urology, 2018. 117: 95.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29678662

632.Srivastava, A., et al. Incidence of T3a up-staging and survival after partial nephrectomy: Size-stratified rates and implications for prognosis. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 12 e7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28970053

633.Sandhu, S.S., et al. Surgical excision of isolated renal-bed recurrence after radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2005. 95: 522.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15705072

634.Master, V.A., et al. Management of isolated renal fossa recurrence following radical nephrectomy. J Urol, 2005. 174: 473.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16006867

635.Psutka, S.P., et al. Renal fossa recurrence after nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: prognostic features and oncological outcomes. BJU Int, 2017. 119: 116.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27489013

636.Huang, J., et al. Surgical Management and Oncologic Outcomes for Local Retroperitoneal Recurrence of Renal Cell Carcinoma After Radical Nephrectomy. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2023. 21: 315 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36396584

637.Martini, A., et al. Salvage Robot-assisted Renal Surgery for Local Recurrence After Surgical Resection or Renal Mass Ablation: Classification, Techniques, and Clinical Outcomes. Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 730.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34088520

638.Ierardi, A.M., et al. Percutaneous microwave ablation therapy of renal cancer local relapse after radical nephrectomy: a feasibility and efficacy study. Med Oncol, 2020. 37: 27.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32166412

639.Ushijima, Y., et al. Cryoablation for Secondary Renal Cell Carcinoma After Surgical Nephrectomy. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 2021. 44: 414.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33205290

640.Johnson, A., et al. Feasibility and outcomes of repeat partial nephrectomy. J Urol, 2008. 180: 89.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18485404

641.Mouracade, P., et al. Imaging strategy and outcome following partial nephrectomy. Urol Oncol, 2017. 35: 660 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28863862

642.Dabestani, S., et al. Increased use of cross-sectional imaging for follow-up does not improve post-recurrence survival of surgically treated initially localized R.C.C.: results from a European multicenter database (R.E.C.U.R.). Scand J Urol, 2019. 53: 14.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30907214

643.Rieken, M., et al. Predictors of Cancer-specific Survival After Disease Recurrence in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma: The Effect of Time to Recurrence. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2018. 16: e903.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29653814

644.Capitanio, U., et al. Hypertension and Cardiovascular Morbidity Following Surgery for Kidney Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 209.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31411993

645.Lam, J.S., et al. Renal cell carcinoma 2005: new frontiers in staging, prognostication and targeted molecular therapy. J Urol, 2005. 173: 1853.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15879764

646.Scoll, B.J., et al. Age, tumor size and relative survival of patients with localized renal cell carcinoma: a surveillance, epidemiology and end results analysis. J Urol, 2009. 181: 506.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19084868

647.Beisland, C., et al. A prospective risk-stratified follow-up programme for radically treated renal cell carcinoma patients: evaluation after eight years of clinical use. World J Urol, 2016. 34: 1087.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26922650

648.Stewart-Merrill, S.B., et al. Oncologic Surveillance After Surgical Resection for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Novel Risk-Based Approach. J Clin Oncol, 2015. 33: 4151.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26351352

649.Vartolomei, L., et al. Psychological Distress in Patients Treated for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Med, 2022. 11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36362610

650.Dabestani, S., et al. Long-term Outcomes of Follow-up for Initially Localised Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: RECUR Database Analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 857.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29525381

651.Rini, B.I., et al. Validation of the 16-Gene Recurrence Score in Patients with Locoregional, High-Risk Renal Cell Carcinoma from a Phase III Trial of Adjuvant Sunitinib. Clin Cancer Res, 2018. 24: 4407.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29773662

652.Bruno, J.J., 2nd, et al. Renal cell carcinoma local recurrences: impact of surgical treatment and concomitant metastasis on survival. BJU Int, 2006. 97: 933.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16643473

653.Bani-Hani, A.H., et al. Associations with contralateral recurrence following nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma using a cohort of 2,352 patients. J Urol, 2005. 173: 391.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15643178

654.Schaner, E.G., et al. Comparison of computed and conventional whole lung tomography in detecting pulmonary nodules: a prospective radiologic-pathologic study. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 1978. 131: 51.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/97985

655.Patel, T. Lung Metastases Imaging. 2017.

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/358090-overview

656.Chang, A.E., et al. Evaluation of computed tomography in the detection of pulmonary metastases: a prospective study. Cancer, 1979. 43: 913.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/284842

657.Doornweerd, B.H., et al. Chest X-ray in the follow-up of renal cell carcinoma. World J Urol, 2014. 32: 1015.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24096433

658.Sountoulides, P., et al. Atypical presentations and rare metastatic sites of renal cell carcinoma: a review of case reports. J Med Case Rep, 2011. 5: 429.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21888643

659.Kattan, M.W., et al. A postoperative prognostic nomogram for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol, 2001. 166: 63.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11435824

660.Lam, J.S., et al. Postoperative surveillance protocol for patients with localized and locally advanced renal cell carcinoma based on a validated prognostic nomogram and risk group stratification system. J Urol, 2005. 174: 466.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16006866

661.Cindolo, L., et al. Comparison of predictive accuracy of four prognostic models for nonmetastatic renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy: a multicenter European study. Cancer, 2005. 104: 1362.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16116599

662.Skolarikos, A., et al. A review on follow-up strategies for renal cell carcinoma after nephrectomy. Eur Urol, 2007. 51: 1490.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17229521

663.Chin, A.I., et al. Surveillance strategies for renal cell carcinoma patients following nephrectomy. Rev Urol, 2006. 8: 1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16985554

664.Karakiewicz, P.I., et al. A preoperative prognostic model for patients treated with nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 287.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18715700

665.Cho, H., et al. Comorbidity-adjusted life expectancy: a new tool to inform recommendations for optimal screening strategies. Ann Intern Med, 2013. 159: 667.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24247672

666.Basch, E., et al. Overall Survival Results of a Trial Assessing Patient-Reported Outcomes for Symptom Monitoring During Routine Cancer Treatment. Jama, 2017. 318: 197.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28586821

667.Giles, R., et al. Patient-reported Experience of Diagnosis, Management, and Burden of Renal Cell Carcinomas: Results from a Global Patient Survey in 43 Countries. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 37: 3.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35243386