Guidelines

9. REFERENCES

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2.Guyatt, G.H., et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 1049. 
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3.Culp, M.B., et al. Recent Global Patterns in Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates. Eur Urol, 2020. 77: 38. 
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4.Bray, F., et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin, 2024. 74: 229. 
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5.Bergengren, O., et al. 2022 Update on Prostate Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors-A Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2023. 84: 191. 
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6.Union, E. Prostate cancer burden in EU-27. 2021. 
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7.Bell, K.J., et al. Prevalence of incidental prostate cancer: A systematic review of autopsy studies. Int J Cancer, 2015. 137: 1749. 
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8.Haas, G.P., et al. The worldwide epidemiology of prostate cancer: perspectives from autopsy studies. Can J Urol, 2008. 15: 3866. 
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9.Fleshner, K., et al. The effect of the USPSTF PSA screening recommendation on prostate cancer incidence patterns in the USA. Nat Rev Urol, 2017. 14: 26. 
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10.Kimura, T., et al. Global Trends of Latent Prostate Cancer in Autopsy Studies. Cancers (Basel), 2021. 13. 
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11.James, N.D., et al. The Lancet Commission on prostate cancer: planning for the surge in cases. Lancet, 2024. 403: 1683. 
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12.Organization., I.A.f.R.o.C.I.W.H. Data visualization tools for exploring the global cancer burden in 2020. 2020. 2021. 
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13.Leitzmann, M.F., et al. Risk factors for the onset of prostatic cancer: age, location, and behavioral correlates. Clin Epidemiol, 2012. 4: 1. 
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14.Cook, L.S., et al. Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the prostate in Asian immigrants to the United States and their descendants. J Urol, 1999. 161: 152. 
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15.Nyame, Y.A., et al. Deconstructing, Addressing, and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Prostate Cancer Care. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 341. 
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16.Karami, S., et al. Earlier age at diagnosis: another dimension in cancer disparity? Cancer Detect Prev, 2007. 31: 29. 
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17.Sanchez-Ortiz, R.F., et al. African-American men with nonpalpable prostate cancer exhibit greater tumor volume than matched white men. Cancer, 2006. 107: 75. 
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18.Chen, F., et al. Evidence of Novel Susceptibility Variants for Prostate Cancer and a Multiancestry Polygenic Risk Score Associated with Aggressive Disease in Men of African Ancestry. Eur Urol, 2023. 84: 13. 
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19.Freedland, S.J., et al. The impact of race on survival in metastatic prostate cancer: a systematic literature review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2023. 26: 461. 
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20.Patki, S., et al. A Systematic Review of Patient Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Educational Attainment in Prostate Cancer Treatment Randomised Trials-Is the Evidence Base Applicable to the General Patient Population? Eur Urol Open Sci, 2023. 54: 56. 
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21.Mahal, B.A., et al. Prostate Cancer Racial Disparities: A Systematic Review by the Prostate Cancer Foundation Panel. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 18. 
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22.Ma, T.M., et al. Race-dependent association of clinical trial participation with improved outcomes for high-risk prostate cancer patients treated in the modern era. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2023. 26: 625. 
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23.Barlow, M., et al. Ethnic differences in prostate-specific antigen levels in men without prostate cancer: a systematic review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2023. 26: 249. 
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24.Bratt, O., et al. Family History and Probability of Prostate Cancer, Differentiated by Risk Category: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2016. 108. 
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25.Beebe-Dimmer, J.L., et al. Risk of Prostate Cancer Associated With Familial and Hereditary Cancer Syndromes. J Clin Oncol, 2020. 38: 1807. 
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26.Brook, M.N., et al. Family History of Prostate Cancer and Survival Outcomes in the UK Genetic Prostate Cancer Study. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 257. 
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27.Breast Cancer Association, C., et al. Breast Cancer Risk Genes - Association Analysis in More than 113,000 Women. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384: 428. 
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28.Nicolosi, P., et al. Prevalence of Germline Variants in Prostate Cancer and Implications for Current Genetic Testing Guidelines. JAMA Oncol, 2019. 5: 523. 
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29.Giri, V.N., et al. Germline genetic testing for inherited prostate cancer in practice: Implications for genetic testing, precision therapy, and cascade testing. Prostate, 2019. 79: 333. 
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30.Pritchard, C.C., et al. Inherited DNA-Repair Gene Mutations in Men with Metastatic Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2016. 375: 443. 
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31.Castro, E., et al. PROREPAIR-B: A Prospective Cohort Study of the Impact of Germline DNA Repair Mutations on the Outcomes of Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37: 490. 
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32.Ewing, C.M., et al. Germline mutations in HOXB13 and prostate-cancer risk. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366: 141. 
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33.Lynch, H.T., et al. Screening for familial and hereditary prostate cancer. Int J Cancer, 2016. 138: 2579. 
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34.Nyberg, T., et al. Prostate Cancer Risks for Male BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: A Prospective Cohort Study. Eur Urol, 2020. 77: 24. 
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35.Castro, E., et al. Germline BRCA mutations are associated with higher risk of nodal involvement, distant metastasis, and poor survival outcomes in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2013. 31: 1748. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23569316

36.Castro, E., et al. Effect of BRCA Mutations on Metastatic Relapse and Cause-specific Survival After Radical Treatment for Localised Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 186. 
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37.Na, R., et al. Germline Mutations in ATM and BRCA1/2 Distinguish Risk for Lethal and Indolent Prostate Cancer and are Associated with Early Age at Death. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 740. 
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38.Wang, Y., et al. CHEK2 mutation and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Exp Med, 2015. 8: 15708. 
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39.Zhen, J.T., et al. Genetic testing for hereditary prostate cancer: Current status and limitations. Cancer, 2018. 124: 3105. 
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40.Edwards, S.M., et al. Two percent of men with early-onset prostate cancer harbor germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene. Am J Hum Genet, 2003. 72: 1. 
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41.Agalliu, I., et al. Rare germline mutations in the BRCA2 gene are associated with early-onset prostate cancer. Br J Cancer, 2007. 97: 826. 
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42.Leongamornlert, D., et al. Frequent germline deleterious mutations in DNA repair genes in familial prostate cancer cases are associated with advanced disease. Br J Cancer, 2014. 110: 1663. 
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43.Karlsson, R., et al. A population-based assessment of germline HOXB13 G84E mutation and prostate cancer risk. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 169. 
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44.Storebjerg, T.M., et al. Prevalence of the HOXB13 G84E mutation in Danish men undergoing radical prostatectomy and its correlations with prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness. BJU Int, 2016. 118: 646. 
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45.Leongamornlert, D., et al. Germline BRCA1 mutations increase prostate cancer risk. Br J Cancer, 2012. 106: 1697. 
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46.Thompson, D., et al. Cancer Incidence in BRCA1 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2002. 94: 1358. 
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47.Ryan, S., et al. Risk of prostate cancer in Lynch syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2014. 23: 437. 
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48.Carlsson, S., et al. Influence of blood prostate specific antigen levels at age 60 on benefits and harms of prostate cancer screening: population based cohort study. BMJ, 2014. 348: g2296. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682399

49.Rosty, C., et al. High prevalence of mismatch repair deficiency in prostate cancers diagnosed in mismatch repair gene mutation carriers from the colon cancer family registry. Fam Cancer, 2014. 13: 573. 
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50.Siltari, A., et al. How Well do Polygenic Risk Scores Identify Men at High Risk for Prostate Cancer? Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2023. 21: 316 e1. 
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51.Klein, R.J., et al. Prostate cancer polygenic risk score and prediction of lethal prostate cancer. NPJ Precis Oncol, 2022. 6: 25. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35396534

52.Plym, A., et al. Evaluation of a Multiethnic Polygenic Risk Score Model for Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2022. 114: 771. 
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53.Blanc-Lapierre, A., et al. Metabolic syndrome and prostate cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada. BMC Public Health, 2015. 15: 913. 
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54.Iheanacho, C.O., et al. Role of antihypertensive medicines in prostate cancer: a systematic review. BMC Cancer, 2024. 24: 542. 
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55.Vidal, A.C., et al. Obesity increases the risk for high-grade prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2014. 23: 2936. 
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56.Davies, N.M., et al. The effects of height and BMI on prostate cancer incidence and mortality: a Mendelian randomization study in 20,848 cases and 20,214 controls from the PRACTICAL consortium. Cancer Causes Control, 2015. 26: 1603. 
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57.Rivera-Izquierdo, M., et al. Obesity as a Risk Factor for Prostate Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of 280,199 Patients. Cancers (Basel), 2021. 13. 
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58.Ramadani, F.G., et al. Body mass index, obesity and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cent European J Urol, 2024. 77: 176. 
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59.Ling, S., et al. Risk of cancer incidence and mortality associated with diabetes: A systematic review with trend analysis of 203 cohorts. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 2021. 31: 14. 
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60.Drab, A., et al. Diabetes Mellitus and Prostate Cancer Risk-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel), 2024. 16. 
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61.Preston, M.A., et al. Metformin use and prostate cancer risk. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 1012. 
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62.Coyle, C., et al. Metformin as an adjuvant treatment for cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol, 2016. 27: 2184. 
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63.Feng, T., et al. Metformin use and risk of prostate cancer: results from the REDUCE study. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2015. 8: 1055. 
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64.Gillessen, S., et al. Metformin for patients with metastatic prostate cancer starting androgen deprivation therapy: a randomised phase 3 trial of the STAMPEDE platform protocol. Lancet Oncol, 2025. 26: 1018. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40639383

65.Cao, Z., et al. Association Between Statin Exposure and Incidence and Prognosis of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis Based on Observational Studies. Am J Clin Oncol, 2023. 46: 323. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37143189

66.Li, Y., et al. Effect of Statins on the Risk of Different Stages of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Urol Int, 2022. 106: 869. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34518476

67.Dickerman, B.A., et al. Alcohol intake, drinking patterns, and prostate cancer risk and mortality: a 30-year prospective cohort study of Finnish twins. Cancer Causes Control, 2016. 27: 1049. 
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68.D'Ecclesiis, O., et al. Association between Alcohol Intake and Prostate Cancer Mortality and Survival. Nutrients, 2023. 15. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36839283

69.Chen, X., et al. Coffee consumption and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 2021. 11: e038902. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33431520

70.Zhao, Z., et al. The association between dairy products consumption and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr, 2023. 129: 1714. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35945656

71.Xiong, K., et al. Calcium intake and risk of prostate cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Trace Elem Med Biol, 2025. 89: 127652. 
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72.Alexander, D.D., et al. Meta-Analysis of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (LComega-3PUFA) and Prostate Cancer. Nutr Cancer, 2015. 67: 543. 
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73.Lippi, G., et al. Fried food and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 2015. 66: 587. 
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74.Fichtel-Epstein, C., et al. Ultra-Processed Food and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel), 2024. 16. 
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75.Kristal, A.R., et al. Plasma vitamin D and prostate cancer risk: results from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2014. 23: 1494. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24732629

76.Nyame, Y.A., et al. Associations Between Serum Vitamin D and Adverse Pathology in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol, 2016. 34: 1345. 
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77.Ilic, D., et al. Lycopene for the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: a systematic review. Maturitas, 2012. 72: 269. 
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78.Feiertag, N., et al. Should Men Eat More Plants? A Systematic Review of the Literature on the Effect of Plant-Forward Diets on Men's Health. Urology, 2023. 176: 7. 
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79.Long, J., et al. Cruciferous Vegetable Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Urol Int, 2023. 107: 723. 
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80.Bylsma, L.C., et al. A review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of red and processed meat, meat cooking methods, heme iron, heterocyclic amines and prostate cancer. Nutr J, 2015. 14: 125. 
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81.Nouri-Majd, S., et al. Association Between Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr, 2022. 9: 801722. 
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82.Eshaghian, N., et al. Fish consumption and risk of prostate cancer or its mortality: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Front Nutr, 2023. 10: 1221029. 
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83.Applegate, C.C., et al. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 2018. 10. 
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84.Huang, Y., et al. Association between soy products and prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Investig Clin Urol, 2024. 65: 540. 
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85.Cui, Z., et al. Serum selenium levels and prostate cancer risk: A MOOSE-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017. 96: e5944. 
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86.Allen, N.E., et al. Selenium and Prostate Cancer: Analysis of Individual Participant Data From Fifteen Prospective Studies. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2016. 108. 
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87.Lippman, S.M., et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA, 2009. 301: 39. 
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88.Baboudjian, M., et al. Association Between 5alpha-Reductase Inhibitors and Prostate Cancer Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol, 2023. 9: 847. 
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89.Knijnik, P.G., et al. The impact of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors on mortality in a prostate cancer chemoprevention setting: a meta-analysis. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 365. 
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90.Thompson, I.M., et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med, 2003. 349: 215. 
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91.Haider, A., et al. Incidence of prostate cancer in hypogonadal men receiving testosterone therapy: observations from 5-year median followup of 3 registries. J Urol, 2015. 193: 80. 
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92.Watts, E.L., et al. Low Free Testosterone and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Collaborative Analysis of 20 Prospective Studies. Eur Urol, 2018. 74: 585. 
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93.Golla, V., et al. Testosterone Therapy on Active Surveillance and Following Definitive Treatment for Prostate Cancer. Curr Urol Rep, 2017. 18: 49. 
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94.Lophatananon, A., et al. Height, selected genetic markers and prostate cancer risk: results from the PRACTICAL consortium. Br J Cancer, 2017. 117: 734. 
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95.Burns, J.A., et al. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the Risk of Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 846. 
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96.Multigner, L., et al. Chlordecone exposure and risk of prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28: 3457. 
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97.Moon, J., et al. Risk of prostate cancer with increasing years of night shift work: A two-stage dose-response meta-analysis with duration of night shift work as exposure dose. Heliyon, 2024. 10: e29080. 
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98.Firmani, G., et al. The Association Between Cadmium Exposure and Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2024. 21. 
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99.Islami, F., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of tobacco use and prostate cancer mortality and incidence in prospective cohort studies. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 1054. 
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100.Brookman-May, S.D., et al. Latest Evidence on the Impact of Smoking, Sports, and Sexual Activity as Modifiable Lifestyle Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer Incidence, Recurrence, and Progression: A Systematic Review of the Literature by the European Association of Urology Section of Oncological Urology (ESOU). Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 756. 
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101.Russo, G.I., et al. Human papillomavirus and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Male, 2020. 23: 132. 
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102.Lian, W.Q., et al. Gonorrhea and Prostate Cancer Incidence: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 21 Epidemiologic Studies. Med Sci Monit, 2015. 21: 1902. 
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103.Wang, Y., et al. Assessing the causal relationship between gut microbiota and prostate cancer: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Urol Oncol, 2025. 43: 190 e1. 
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104.Lin, S.W., et al. Prospective study of ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of cancer in the United States. Int J Cancer, 2012. 131: E1015. 
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105.Pabalan, N., et al. Association of male circumcision with risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2015. 18: 352. 
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106.Rider, J.R., et al. Ejaculation Frequency and Risk of Prostate Cancer: Updated Results with an Additional Decade of Follow-up. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 974. 
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107.Bhindi, B., et al. The Association Between Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med, 2017. 177: 1273. 
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108.Cremers, R.G., et al. Self-reported acne is not associated with prostate cancer. Urol Oncol, 2014. 32: 941. 
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109.Brierley, J.D., et al., TNM classification of malignant tumors. UICC International Union Against Cancer. 9th edn. 2025. 
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110.D'Amico, A.V., et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Jama, 1998. 280: 969. 
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111.Zelic, R., et al. Predicting Prostate Cancer Death with Different Pretreatment Risk Stratification Tools: A Head-to-head Comparison in a Nationwide Cohort Study. Eur Urol, 2020. 77: 180. 
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112.Lophatananon, A., et al. Assessing the impact of MRI based diagnostics on pre-treatment disease classification and prognostic model performance in men diagnosed with new prostate cancer from an unscreened population. BMC Cancer, 2022. 22: 878. 
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113.Ploussard, G., et al. Decreased accuracy of the prostate cancer EAU risk group classification in the era of imaging-guided diagnostic pathway: proposal for a new classification based on MRI-targeted biopsies and early oncologic outcomes after surgery. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 2493. 
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114.Ceci, F., et al. E-PSMA: the EANM standardized reporting guidelines v1.0 for PSMA-PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2021. 48: 1626. 
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115.van den Bergh, R.C.N., et al. Re: Andrew Vickers, Sigrid V. Carlsson, Matthew Cooperberg. Routine Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer Is Not Justified by the Clinical Trial Evidence. Eur Urol 2020;78:304-6: Prebiopsy MRI: Through the Looking Glass. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 310. 
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116.Epstein, J.I., et al. The 2005 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2005. 29: 1228. 
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117.Epstein, J.I., et al. The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Gleason Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma: Definition of Grading Patterns and Proposal for a New Grading System. Am J Surg Pathol, 2016. 40: 244. 
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118.van Leenders, G., et al. The 2019 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consensus Conference on Grading of Prostatic Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2020. 44: e87. 
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119.Epstein, J.I., et al. A Contemporary Prostate Cancer Grading System: A Validated Alternative to the Gleason Score. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 428. 
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120.Moyer, V.A., et al. Screening for prostate cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med, 2012. 157: 120. 
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121.Sauter, G., et al. Integrating Tertiary Gleason 5 Patterns into Quantitative Gleason Grading in Prostate Biopsies and Prostatectomy Specimens. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 674. 
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376.Wagensveld, I.M., et al. A Prospective Multicenter Comparison Study of Risk-adapted Ultrasound-directed and Magnetic Resonance Imaging-directed Diagnostic Pathways for Suspected Prostate Cancer in Biopsy-naive Men. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 318. 
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378.Washino, S., et al. Combination of prostate imaging reporting and data system (PI-RADS) score and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density predicts biopsy outcome in prostate biopsy naive patients. BJU Int, 2017. 119: 225. 
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379.Hansen, N.L., et al. Multicentre evaluation of targeted and systematic biopsies using magnetic resonance and ultrasound image-fusion guided transperineal prostate biopsy in patients with a previous negative biopsy. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 631. 
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381.Boesen, L., et al. Prebiopsy Biparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Combined with Prostate-specific Antigen Density in Detecting and Ruling out Gleason 7-10 Prostate Cancer in Biopsy-naive Men. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 311. 
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383.Oishi, M., et al. Which Patients with Negative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Can Safely Avoid Biopsy for Prostate Cancer? J Urol, 2019. 201: 268. 
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386.Kortenbach, K.C., et al. Early experience in avoiding biopsies for biopsy-naive men with clinical suspicion of prostate cancer but non-suspicious biparametric magnetic resonance imaging results and prostate-specific antigen density < 0.15 ng/mL(2): A 2-year follow-up study. Acta Radiol Open, 2022. 11: 20584601221094825. 
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390.Radtke, J.P., et al. Prediction of significant prostate cancer in biopsy-naive men: Validation of a novel risk model combining MRI and clinical parameters and comparison to an ERSPC risk calculator and PI-RADS. PLoS One, 2019. 14: e0221350. 
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392.Peters, M., et al. Predicting the Need for Biopsy to Detect Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer in Patients with a Magnetic Resonance Imaging-detected Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System/Likert >/=3 Lesion: Development and Multinational External Validation of the Imperial Rapid Access to Prostate Imaging and Diagnosis Risk Score. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 559. 
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399.Nam, R., et al. Prostate MRI versus PSA screening for prostate cancer detection (the MVP Study): a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open, 2022. 12: e059482. 
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403.Messina, E., et al. Design of a magnetic resonance imaging-based screening program for early diagnosis of prostate cancer: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial-Prostate Cancer Secondary Screening in Sapienza (PROSA). Eur Radiol, 2024. 34: 204. 
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410.Klotz, L., et al. Comparison of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Targeted Biopsy With Systematic Transrectal Ultrasonography Biopsy for Biopsy-Naive Men at Risk for Prostate Cancer: A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol, 2021. 7: 534. 
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413.Exterkate, L., et al. Is There Still a Need for Repeated Systematic Biopsies in Patients with Previous Negative Biopsies in the Era of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted Biopsies of the Prostate? Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 216. 
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414.Leow, J.J., et al. Can we omit systematic biopsies in patients undergoing MRI fusion-targeted prostate biopsies? Asian J Androl, 2023. 25: 43. 
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415.Deniffel, D., et al. Prostate biopsy in the era of MRI-targeting: towards a judicious use of additional systematic biopsy. Eur Radiol, 2022. 32: 7544. 
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416.Zattoni, F., et al. Enhancing Prostate Cancer Detection Accuracy in Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted Prostate Biopsy: Optimizing the Number of Cores Taken. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2024. 66: 16. 
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417.Bryk, D.J., et al. The Role of Ipsilateral and Contralateral Transrectal Ultrasound-guided Systematic Prostate Biopsy in Men With Unilateral Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lesion Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging-ultrasound Fusion-targeted Prostate Biopsy. Urology, 2017. 102: 178. 
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418.Freifeld, Y., et al. Optimal sampling scheme in men with abnormal multiparametric MRI undergoing MRI-TRUS fusion prostate biopsy. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 57. 
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419.Jager, A., et al. An optimized prostate biopsy strategy in patients with a unilateral lesion on prostate magnetic resonance imaging avoids unnecessary biopsies. Ther Adv Urol, 2022. 14: 17562872221111410. 
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420.Ruan, M., et al. Novel sampling scheme with reduced cores in men with multiparametric MRI-visible lesions undergoing prostate biopsy. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2023. 48: 2139. 
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421.Zambon, A., et al. Which protocol for prostate biopsies in patients with a positive MRI? Interest of systematic biopsies by sectors. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2024. 27: 500. 
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422.Brisbane, W.G., et al. Targeted Prostate Biopsy: Umbra, Penumbra, and Value of Perilesional Sampling. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 303. 
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423.Noujeim, J.P., et al. Optimizing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging-targeted biopsy and detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: the role of perilesional sampling. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2023. 26: 575. 
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424.Hagens, M.J., et al. An Magnetic Resonance Imaging-directed Targeted-plus-perilesional Biopsy Approach for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: "Less Is More". Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 43: 68. 
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425.Hagens, M.J., et al. Diagnostic Performance of a Magnetic Resonance Imaging-directed Targeted plus Regional Biopsy Approach in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 40: 95. 
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426.Sanguedolce, F., et al. Regional Versus Systematic Biopsy in Addition to Targeted Biopsy: Results from a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 534
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427.de Rooij, M., et al. ESUR/ESUI consensus statements on multi-parametric MRI for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: quality requirements for image acquisition, interpretation and radiologists' training. Eur Radiol, 2020. 30: 5404. 
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428.Meng, X., et al. The Institutional Learning Curve of Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Ultrasound Fusion Targeted Prostate Biopsy: Temporal Improvements in Cancer Detection in 4 Years. J Urol, 2018. 200: 1022. 
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429.Stabile, A., et al. Assessing the Clinical Value of Positive Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Young Men with a Suspicion of Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 594. 
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430.Dell'Oglio, P., et al. Impact of multiparametric MRI and MRI-targeted biopsy on pre-therapeutic risk assessment in prostate cancer patients candidate for radical prostatectomy. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 221. 
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431.Faiena, I., et al. PI-RADS Version 2 Category on 3 Tesla Multiparametric Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Oncologic Outcomes in Gleason 3 + 4 Prostate Cancer on Biopsy. J Urol, 2019. 201: 91. 
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432.Gaffney, C.D., et al. The oncologic risk of magnetic resonance imaging-targeted and systematic cores in patients treated with radical prostatectomy. Cancer, 2023. 129: 3790. 
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433.Scuderi, S., et al. The Highest Grade Group Does Not Drive the Risk of Recurrence when Systematic and Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)-targeted Biopsies are Discordant: Preliminary Findings Using Radical Prostatectomy Pathology as a Surrogate for MRI-targeted Biopsy Grade. Eur Urol Focus, 2024. 10: 486. 
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434.Hsieh, P.-F., et al. Saturation target biopsy can overcome the learning curve of magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasound fusion biopsy of the prostate. Journal of Men's Health, 2022. 18: 1. 
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435.Kanagarajah, A., et al. A systematic review on the outcomes of local anaesthetic transperineal prostate biopsy. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 408. 
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436.Pradere, B., et al. Nonantibiotic Strategies for the Prevention of Infectious Complications following Prostate Biopsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Urol, 2021. 205: 653. 
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437.Tu, X., et al. Transperineal Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Targeted Biopsy May Perform Better Than Transrectal Route in the Detection of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: e860. 
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438.Hu, J.C., et al. Transperineal Versus Transrectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted and Systematic Prostate Biopsy to Prevent Infectious Complications: The PREVENT Randomized Trial. Eur Urol, 2024. 86: 61. 
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439.Mian, B.M., et al. Complications Following Transrectal and Transperineal Prostate Biopsy: Results of the ProBE-PC Randomized Clinical Trial. J Urol, 2024. 211: 205. 
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440.Ploussard, G., et al. Transperineal Versus Transrectal Magnetic Resonance Imaging-targeted Biopsies for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Final Results of the Randomized PERFECT trial (CCAFU-PR1). Eur Urol Oncol, 2024. 7: 1080. 
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442.Bryant, R.J., et al. Local anaesthetic transperineal biopsy versus transrectal prostate biopsy in prostate cancer detection (TRANSLATE): a multicentre, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2025. 26: 583. 
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443.von Knobloch, R., et al. Bilateral fine-needle administered local anaesthetic nerve block for pain control during TRUS-guided multi-core prostate biopsy: a prospective randomised trial. Eur Urol, 2002. 41: 508. 
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444.Adamakis, I., et al. Pain during transrectal ultrasonography guided prostate biopsy: a randomized prospective trial comparing periprostatic infiltration with lidocaine with the intrarectal instillation of lidocaine-prilocain cream. World J Urol, 2004. 22: 281. 
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445.Bass, E.J., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging targeted transperineal prostate biopsy: a local anaesthetic approach. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2017. 20: 311. 
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446.Xiang, J., et al. Transperineal versus transrectal prostate biopsy in the diagnosis of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol, 2019. 17: 31. 
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447.Iremashvili, V.V., et al. Periprostatic local anesthesia with pudendal block for transperineal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: a randomized trial. Urology, 2010. 75: 1023. 
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448.He, B.M., et al. Perineal nerve block versus periprostatic block for patients undergoing transperineal prostate biopsy (APROPOS): a prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled study. EClinicalMedicine, 2023. 58: 101919. 
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449.Meyer, A.R., et al. Initial Experience Performing In-office Ultrasound-guided Transperineal Prostate Biopsy Under Local Anesthesia Using the PrecisionPoint Transperineal Access System. Urology, 2018. 115: 8. 
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450.Lam, W., Wong, A., Chun, S., Wong, T., et al. Prostate cancer detection, tolerability and safety of transperineal prostate biopsy under local-anaesthesia vs standard transrectal biopsy in biopsy-naive men: a pragmatic, parallel group, randomized controlled study. BJU Int, 2022. 129: 9. 
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451.Farooq, K., et al. Role of Povidone-Iodine-Soaked Gauze in Preventing Infectious Complications Following Trans Rectal Digital Guided Prostate Biopsy. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute, 2021. 35: 225. 
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452.Bennett, H.Y., et al. The global burden of major infectious complications following prostate biopsy. Epidemiol Infect, 2016. 144: 1784. 
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515.Wu, H., et al. Diagnostic Performance of (68)Gallium Labelled Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Staging the Prostate Cancer with Intermediate or High Risk Prior to Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. World J Mens Health, 2020. 38: 208. 
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518.Vis, A.N., et al. Development and External Validation of a Novel Nomogram to Predict the Probability of Pelvic Lymph-node Metastases in Prostate Cancer Patients Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging with Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023. 6: 553. 
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524.Lestingi, J.F.P., et al. Extended Versus Limited Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection During Radical Prostatectomy for Intermediate- and High-risk Prostate Cancer: Early Oncological Outcomes from a Randomized Phase 3 Trial. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 595. 
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527.May, M., et al. Impact of Peritoneal Interposition Flap on Patients Undergoing Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Eur Urol Focus, 2024. 10: 80. 
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538.Chou, Y.J., et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Indocyanine Green-stained Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Prostate Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2025. 74: 34. 
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683.Wang, C.J., et al. Perioperative, functional, and oncologic outcomes in obese patients undergoing Da Vinci robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol, 2024. 24: 207. 
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689.Michl, U., et al. Nerve-sparing Surgery Technique, Not the Preservation of the Neurovascular Bundles, Leads to Improved Long-term Continence Rates After Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 584. 
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695.Dinneen, E., et al. Effect of NeuroSAFE-guided RARP versus standard RARP on erectile function and urinary continence in patients with localised prostate cancer (NeuroSAFE PROOF): a multicentre, patient-blinded, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2025. 26: 447. 
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701.van Dijk-de Haan, M.C., et al. Value of Different Magnetic Resonance Imaging-based Measurements of Anatomical Structures on Preoperative Prostate Imaging in Predicting Urinary Continence After Radical Prostatectomy in Men with Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1211. 
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703.Li, H., et al. The Use of Unidirectional Barbed Suture for Urethrovesical Anastomosis during Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Efficacy and Safety. PLoS One, 2015. 10: e0131167. 
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705.Matsuyama, H., et al. Running suture versus interrupted suture for vesicourethral anastomosis in retropubic radical prostatectomy: a randomized study. Int J Urol, 2015. 22: 271. 
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710.Jeong, C.W., et al. Effects of new 1-step posterior reconstruction method on recovery of continence after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: results of a prospective, single-blind, parallel group, randomized, controlled trial. J Urol, 2015. 193: 935. 
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712.Jia, Z., et al. Sustainable functional urethral reconstruction improves early urinary continence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 720. 
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713.Stolzenburg, J.U., et al. Influence of bladder neck suspension stitches on early continence after radical prostatectomy: a prospective randomized study of 180 patients. Asian J Androl, 2011. 13: 806. 
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714.Hurtes, X., et al. Anterior suspension combined with posterior reconstruction during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy improves early return of urinary continence: a prospective randomized multicentre trial. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 875. 
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715.Student, V., Jr., et al. Advanced Reconstruction of Vesicourethral Support (ARVUS) during Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: One-year Functional Outcomes in a Two-group Randomised Controlled Trial. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 822. 
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717.Barakat, B., et al. Retzius Sparing Radical Prostatectomy Versus Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Which Technique Is More Beneficial for Prostate Cancer Patients (MASTER Study)? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1060. 
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718.Lv, T., et al. Oncological and functional outcomes of Retzius-sparing vs. standard robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: evidence on randomized-controlled trials studies. J Robot Surg, 2025. 19: 165. 
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720.Bravi, C.A., et al. Impact of Early Dorsal Venous Complex Ligation on Urinary Continence Recovery after Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Results from a Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur Urol Focus, 2023. 9: 83. 
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725.Borboroglu, P.G., et al. Risk factors for vesicourethral anastomotic stricture after radical prostatectomy. Urology, 2000. 56: 96. 
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727.Alhusseinawi, H., et al. Low- versus standard- pneumoperitoneum in patients undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a randomised, triple-blinded study. BJU Int, 2023. 132: 560. 
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728.Ozveren, B., et al. Checking vesicourethral anastomosis for urinary extravasation during radical prostatectomy: is it still necessary in the robotic era? A prospective, randomized case-control study. World J Urol, 2024. 42: 493. 
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729.Tillier, C., et al. Vesico-urethral anastomosis (VUA) evaluation of short- and long-term outcome after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP): selective cystogram to improve outcome. J Robot Surg, 2017. 11: 441. 
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730.Porcaro, A.B., et al. Is a Drain Needed After Robotic Radical Prostatectomy With or Without Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection? Results of a Single-Center Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endourol, 2021. 35: 922. 
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732.Grossmann, N.C., et al. Impact of patient positioning during surgery on neuropathies after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial. BJU Int, 2025. 135: 802. 
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735.Ramsay, C., et al. Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer. Health Technol Assess, 2012. 16: 1. 
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744.Haney, C.M., et al. Robot-assisted Versus Conventional Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Eur Urol Focus, 2023. 9: 930. 
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751.Christiansen, R.L., et al. Online adaptive radiotherapy potentially reduces toxicity for high-risk prostate cancer treatment. Radiother Oncol, 2022. 167: 165. 
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752.Tetar, S.U., et al. Magnetic Resonance-guided Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: Final Results on Patient-reported Outcomes of a Prospective Phase 2 Study. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 628. 
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765.Kerkmeijer, L.G.W., et al. Focal Boost to the Intraprostatic Tumor in External Beam Radiotherapy for Patients With Localized Prostate Cancer: Results From the FLAME Randomized Phase III Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 787. 
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775.Incrocci, L., et al. Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for patients with localised prostate cancer (HYPRO): final efficacy results from a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2016. 17: 1061. 
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808.de Vries, K.C., et al. Hyprofractionated Versus Conventionally Fractionated Radiation Therapy for Patients with Intermediate- or High-Risk, Localized, Prostate Cancer: 7-Year Outcomes From the Randomized, Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase 3 HYPRO Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2020. 106: 108. 
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810.Mason, M.D., et al. Final Report of the Intergroup Randomized Study of Combined Androgen-Deprivation Therapy Plus Radiotherapy Versus Androgen-Deprivation Therapy Alone in Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2015. 33: 2143. 
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812.Excellence, N.I.f.H.a.C. Biodegradable spacer insertion to reduce rectal toxicity during radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Interventional procedures guidance [IPG590]. 2017. 2022. 
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814.Aminsharifi, A., et al. Major Complications and Adverse Events Related to the Injection of the SpaceOAR Hydrogel System Before Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: Review of the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database. J Endourol, 2019. 33: 868. 
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816.Martens, C., et al. Relationship of the International Prostate Symptom score with urinary flow studies, and catheterization rates following 125I prostate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy, 2006. 5: 9. 
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817.Michalski, J.M., et al. Effect of Brachytherapy With External Beam Radiation Therapy Versus Brachytherapy Alone for Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer: NRG Oncology RTOG 0232 Randomized Clinical Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2023. 41: 4035. 
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818.Le, H., et al. The influence of prostate volume on outcome after high-dose-rate brachytherapy alone for localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2013. 87: 270. 
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825.Stone, N.N., et al. Intermediate term biochemical-free progression and local control following 125iodine brachytherapy for prostate cancer. J Urol, 2005. 173: 803. 
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830.Morris, W.J., et al. Androgen Suppression Combined with Elective Nodal and Dose Escalated Radiation Therapy (the ASCENDE-RT Trial): An Analysis of Survival Endpoints for a Randomized Trial Comparing a Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy Boost to a Dose-Escalated External Beam Boost for High- and Intermediate-risk Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2017. 98: 275. 
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832.Rodda, S., et al. ASCENDE-RT: An Analysis of Treatment-Related Morbidity for a Randomized Trial Comparing a Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy Boost with a Dose-Escalated External Beam Boost for High- and Intermediate-Risk Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2017. 98: 286. 
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833.Hoskin, P.J., et al. GEC/ESTRO recommendations on high dose rate afterloading brachytherapy for localised prostate cancer: an update. Radiother Oncol, 2013. 107: 325. 
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840.Jackson, W.C., et al. Addition of Androgen-Deprivation Therapy or Brachytherapy Boost to External Beam Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer: A Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. J Clin Oncol, 2020. 38: 3024. 
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841.Viani, G.A., et al. HDR brachytherapy as monotherapy for prostate cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Brachytherapy, 2021. 20: 307. 
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842.Hudson, J.M., et al. Prostate high dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for low and intermediate-risk prostate cancer: Efficacy results from a randomized phase II clinical trial of one fraction of 19 Gy or two fractions of 13.5 Gy: A 9-year update. Radiother Oncol, 2024. 198: 110381. 
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843.Matzinger, O., et al. Acute toxicity of curative radiotherapy for intermediate- and high-risk localised prostate cancer in the EORTC trial 22991. Eur J Cancer, 2009. 45: 2825. 
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852.Rubinsky, B., et al. Irreversible electroporation: a new ablation modality--clinical implications. Technol Cancer Res Treat, 2007. 6: 37. 
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854.Guang, Z.L.P., et al. Oncological and Functional Outcomes of Whole-Gland HIFU as the Primary Treatment for Localized Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2024. 22: 102101. 
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855.Pan, Y., et al. Whole-gland high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation and transurethral resection of the prostate in the patients with prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol, 2022. 12: 988490. 
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858.Mouraviev, V., et al. Pathologic basis of focal therapy for early-stage prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol, 2009. 6: 205. 
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859.Cooperberg, M.R., et al. Contemporary trends in low risk prostate cancer: risk assessment and treatment. J Urol, 2007. 178: S14. 
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862.Eggener, S.E., et al. Focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: a critical appraisal of rationale and modalities. J Urol, 2007. 178: 2260. 
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863.Crawford, E.D., et al. Targeted focal therapy: a minimally invasive ablation technique for early prostate cancer. Oncology (Williston Park), 2007. 21: 27. 
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864.Hopstaken, J.S., et al. An Updated Systematic Review on Focal Therapy in Localized Prostate Cancer: What Has Changed over the Past 5 Years? Eur Urol, 2022. 81: 5. 
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866.Reddy, D., et al. Cancer Control Outcomes Following Focal Therapy Using High-intensity Focused Ultrasound in 1379 Men with Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer: A Multi-institute 15-year Experience. Eur Urol, 2022. 81: 407. 
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871.Reddy, D., et al. Comparative healthcare research outcomes of novel Surgery in prostate cancer (IP4-CHRONOS): Pilot RCT assessing feasibility of randomization for focal therapy in localized prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2022. 40: 5086. 
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873.van Son, M.J., et al. Conventional radical versus focal treatment for localised prostate cancer: a propensity score weighted comparison of 6-year tumour control. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2021. 24: 1120. 
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875.Marconi, L., et al. Robot-assisted Radical Prostatectomy After Focal Therapy: Oncological, Functional Outcomes and Predictors of Recurrence. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 27. 
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888.Holmberg, L., et al. Radical Prostatectomy or Watchful Waiting in Early Prostate Cancer. N Eng J Med, 2024. 391: 1362. 
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891.James, N.D., et al. Addition of docetaxel, zoledronic acid, or both to first-line long-term hormone therapy in prostate cancer (STAMPEDE): survival results from an adaptive, multiarm, multistage, platform randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2016. 387: 1163. 
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892.Krauss, D., et al. Lack of benefit for the addition of androgen deprivation therapy to dose-escalated radiotherapy in the treatment of intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2011. 80: 1064. 
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893.Kupelian, P.A., et al. Effect of increasing radiation doses on local and distant failures in patients with localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2008. 71: 16. 
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894.King, M.T., et al. Low dose rate brachytherapy for primary treatment of localized prostate cancer: A systemic review and executive summary of an evidence-based consensus statement. Brachytherapy, 2021. 20: 1114. 
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896.Joniau, S., et al. Stratification of high-risk prostate cancer into prognostic categories: a European multi-institutional study. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 157. 
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897.Donohue, J.F., et al. Poorly differentiated prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy: long-term outcome and incidence of pathological downgrading. J Urol, 2006. 176: 991. 
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898.Laukhtina, E., et al. Oncologic impact of delaying radical prostatectomy in men with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer: a systematic review. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 4085. 
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900.Walz, J., et al. Pathological results and rates of treatment failure in high-risk prostate cancer patients after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int, 2011. 107: 765. 
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901.Briganti, A., et al. Natural history of surgically treated high-risk prostate cancer. Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 163 e7. 
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902.Kumar, S., et al. Neo-adjuvant and adjuvant hormone therapy for localised and locally advanced prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006. 2006: CD006019. 
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903.Roach, M., et al. Sequence of hormonal therapy and radiotherapy field size in unfavourable, localised prostate cancer (NRG/RTOG 9413): long-term results of a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2018. 19: 1504. 
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906.Moris, L., et al. Benefits and Risks of Primary Treatments for High-risk Localized and Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: An International Multidisciplinary Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2020. 77: 614. 
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907.Gongora, M., et al. Characteristics of Patients in SPCG-15-A Randomized Trial Comparing Radical Prostatectomy with Primary Radiotherapy plus Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Men with Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 41: 63. 
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908.Bastian, P.J., et al. Clinical and pathologic outcome after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer patients with a preoperative Gleason sum of 8 to 10. Cancer, 2006. 107: 1265. 
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909.Yossepowitch, O., et al. Radical prostatectomy for clinically localized, high risk prostate cancer: critical analysis of risk assessment methods. J Urol, 2007. 178: 493. 
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910.Trails.gov, C. Surgery Versus Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer (SPCG-15). 2014. 2022. 
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911.Chang, K., et al. Comparison of two adjuvant hormone therapy regimens in patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: primary results of study CU1005. Asian J Androl, 2016. 18: 452. 
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912.Spahn, M., et al. Outcome predictors of radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate-specific antigen greater than 20 ng/ml: a European multi-institutional study of 712 patients. Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 1. 
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914.Ravi, P., et al. Refining Risk Stratification of High-risk and Locoregional Prostate Cancer: A Pooled Analysis of Randomized Trials. Eur Urol, 2025. 87: 217. 
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915.Hofman, M.S., et al. Baseline Nodal Status on (68)Ga-PSMA-11 Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Men with Intermediate- to High-risk Prostate Cancer Is Prognostic for Treatment Failure: Follow-up of the proPSMA Trial. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024. 
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916.Werner, R.A., et al. Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Reporting and Data System Version 2.0. Eur Urol, 2023. 84: 491. 
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917.Seifert, R., et al. Second Version of the Prostate Cancer Molecular Imaging Standardized Evaluation Framework Including Response Evaluation for Clinical Trials (PROMISE V2). Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 405. 
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918.Stranne, J., et al. Use of Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Nodal Staging in Prostate Cancer and Tailoring of Treatment: A Continuing Conundrum. Eur Urol, 2024. 
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919.Yaow, C.Y.L., et al. Local Therapy on Clinically Lymph Node-positive Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024. 7: 355. 
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920.James, N.D., et al. Failure-Free Survival and Radiotherapy in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer: Data From Patients in the Control Arm of the STAMPEDE Trial. JAMA Oncol, 2016. 2: 348. 
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922.Attard, G., et al. Abiraterone acetate and prednisolone with or without enzalutamide for high-risk non-metastatic prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of primary results from two randomised controlled phase 3 trials of the STAMPEDE platform protocol. Lancet, 2022. 399: 447. 
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923.Fizazi, K., et al. Androgen deprivation therapy plus docetaxel and estramustine versus androgen deprivation therapy alone for high-risk localised prostate cancer (GETUG 12): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015. 16: 787. 
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924.Vale, C.L., et al. Addition of docetaxel or bisphosphonates to standard of care in men with localised or metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analyses of aggregate data. Lancet Oncol, 2016. 17: 243. 
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925.Bryant, A.K., et al. Definitive Radiation Therapy and Survival in Clinically Node-Positive Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2018. 101: 1188. 
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930.Seisen, T., et al. Efficacy of Local Treatment in Prostate Cancer Patients with Clinically Pelvic Lymph Node-positive Disease at Initial Diagnosis. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 452. 
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936.Briganti, A., et al. Two positive nodes represent a significant cut-off value for cancer specific survival in patients with node positive prostate cancer. A new proposal based on a two-institution experience on 703 consecutive N+ patients treated with radical prostatectomy, extended pelvic lymph node dissection and adjuvant therapy. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 261. 
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937.Schumacher, M.C., et al. Good outcome for patients with few lymph node metastases after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Eur Urol, 2008. 54: 344. 
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939.Pound, C.R., et al. Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy. JAMA, 1999. 281: 1591. 
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940.Aus, G., et al. Prognostic factors and survival in node-positive (N1) prostate cancer-a prospective study based on data from a Swedish population-based cohort. Eur Urol, 2003. 43: 627. 
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941.Cheng, L., et al. Risk of prostate carcinoma death in patients with lymph node metastasis. Cancer, 2001. 91: 66. 
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942.Seiler, R., et al. Removal of limited nodal disease in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy: long-term results confirm a chance for cure. J Urol, 2014. 191: 1280. 
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943.Passoni, N.M., et al. Prognosis of patients with pelvic lymph node (LN) metastasis after radical prostatectomy: value of extranodal extension and size of the largest LN metastasis. BJU Int, 2014. 114: 503. 
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944.Daneshmand, S., et al. Prognosis of patients with lymph node positive prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy: long-term results. J Urol, 2004. 172: 2252. 
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945.Touijer, K.A., et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with lymph node metastasis treated with radical prostatectomy without adjuvant androgen-deprivation therapy. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 20. 
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946.Spratt, D.E., et al. Individual Patient-Level Meta-Analysis of the Performance of the Decipher Genomic Classifier in High-Risk Men After Prostatectomy to Predict Development of Metastatic Disease. J Clin Oncol, 2017. 35: 1991. 
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947.Jairath, N.K., et al. A Systematic Review of the Evidence for the Decipher Genomic Classifier in Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 374. 
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948.Wiegel, T., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus wait-and-see after radical prostatectomy: 10-year follow-up of the ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95 trial. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 243. 
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949.Fossati, N., et al. Long-term Impact of Adjuvant Versus Early Salvage Radiation Therapy in pT3N0 Prostate Cancer Patients Treated with Radical Prostatectomy: Results from a Multi-institutional Series. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 886. 
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950.Buscariollo, D.L., et al. Long-term results of adjuvant versus early salvage postprostatectomy radiation: A large single-institutional experience. Pract Radiat Oncol, 2017. 7: e125. 
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951.Hwang, W.L., et al. Comparison Between Adjuvant and Early-Salvage Postprostatectomy Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer With Adverse Pathological Features. JAMA Oncol, 2018. 4: e175230. 
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952.Parker, C.C., et al. Timing of radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy (RP): long-term outcomes in the RADICALS-RT trial (NCT00541047). Ann Oncol, 2024. 35: 656. 
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953.Kneebone, A., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy (TROG 08.03/ANZUP RAVES): a randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020. 21: 1331. 
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954.Sargos, P., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy versus early salvage radiotherapy plus short-term androgen deprivation therapy in men with localised prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (GETUG-AFU 17): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020. 21: 1341. 
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955.Vale, C.L., et al. Adjuvant or early salvage radiotherapy for the treatment of localised and locally advanced prostate cancer: a prospectively planned systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data. Lancet, 2020. 396: 1422. 
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956.Parker, C.C., et al. Randomised Trial of No, Short-term, or Long-term Androgen Deprivation Therapy with Postoperative Radiotherapy After Radical Prostatectomy: Results from the Three-way Comparison of RADICALS-HD (NCT00541047). Eur Urol, 2024. 86: 422. 
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957.Weiner, A.B., et al. Risk Stratification of Patients with Recurrence After Primary Treatment for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2024. 86: 200. 
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958.Pommier, P., et al. Prognostic factors in post-prostatectomy salvage radiotherapy setting with and without hormonotherapy: An individual patient data analysis of randomized trials from ICECaP database. Radiother Oncol, 2024. 201: 110532. 
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959.Tilki, D., et al. Adjuvant Versus Early Salvage Radiation Therapy for Men at High Risk for Recurrence Following Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer and the Risk of Death. J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 2284. 
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960.Tilki, D., et al. Timing of radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy. Lancet, 2020. 396: 1374. 
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961.Ghadjar, P., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy in prostate cancer. Lancet, 2021. 397: 1623. 
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962.Thompson, I.M., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol, 2009. 181: 956. 
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963.Bolla, M., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer: long-term results of a randomised controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet, 2012. 380: 2018. 
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964.Hackman, G., et al. Randomised Trial of Adjuvant Radiotherapy Following Radical Prostatectomy Versus Radical Prostatectomy Alone in Prostate Cancer Patients with Positive Margins or Extracapsular Extension. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 586. 
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965.Ahlgren, G.M., et al. Docetaxel Versus Surveillance After Radical Prostatectomy for High-risk Prostate Cancer: Results from the Prospective Randomised, Open-label Phase 3 Scandinavian Prostate Cancer Group 12 Trial. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 870. 
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966.Schweizer, M.T., et al. Adjuvant leuprolide with or without docetaxel in patients with high-risk prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (TAX-3501): important lessons for future trials. Cancer, 2013. 119: 3610. 
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967.Ghavamian, R., et al. Radical retropubic prostatectomy plus orchiectomy versus orchiectomy alone for pTxN+ prostate cancer: a matched comparison. J Urol, 1999. 161: 1223. 
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968.Messing, E.M., et al. Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol, 2006. 7: 472. 
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969.Abdollah, F., et al. Impact of adjuvant radiotherapy on survival of patients with node-positive prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 3939. 
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970.Tilki, D., et al. Adjuvant Versus Early Salvage Radiation Therapy After Radical Prostatectomy for pN1 Prostate Cancer and the Risk of Death. J Clin Oncol, 2022. 40: 2186. 
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971.Abdollah, F., et al. Impact of Adjuvant Radiotherapy in Node-positive Prostate Cancer Patients: The Importance of Patient Selection. Eur Urol, 2018. 74: 253. 
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972.Gupta, M., et al. Adjuvant radiation with androgen-deprivation therapy for men with lymph node metastases after radical prostatectomy: identifying men who benefit. BJU Int, 2019. 123: 252. 
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973.Marra, G., et al. Management of Patients with Node-positive Prostate Cancer at Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 565. 
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974.Tilki, D., et al. Adjuvant radiation therapy is associated with better oncological outcome compared with salvage radiation therapy in patients with pN1 prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy. BJU Int, 2017. 119: 717. 
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975.Mandel, P., et al. Long-term oncological outcomes in patients with limited nodal disease undergoing radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection without adjuvant treatment. World J Urol, 2017. 35: 1833. 
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976.Kimura, S., et al. Prognostic Significance of Prostate-Specific Antigen Persistence after Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel), 2021. 13. 
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977.Ploussard, G., et al. Management of Persistently Elevated Prostate-specific Antigen After Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 150. 
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978.Semerjian, A., et al. Opportunities for Quality Improvement in Postoperative Prostate-Specific Antigen Testing After Radical Prostatectomy. Urol Pract, 2025. 12: 586. 
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980.Wu, S., et al. Clinicopathological and oncological significance of persistent prostate-specific antigen after radical prostatectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Urol, 2023. 10: 317. 
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981.Sasaki, T., et al. Cribriform pattern 4/intraductal carcinoma of the prostate and persistent prostate-specific antigen after radical prostatectomy. BJUI Compass, 2024. 5: 709. 
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982.van Leeuwen, P.J., et al. Gallium-68-prostate-specific membrane antigen ((68) Ga-PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) predicts complete biochemical response from radical prostatectomy and lymph node dissection in intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. BJU Int, 2019. 124: 62. 
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983.Mazzone, E., et al. Which Patients with Prostate Cancer and Lymph Node Uptake at Preoperative Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computerized Tomography Scan Are at a Higher Risk of Prostate-specific Antigen Persistence After Radical Prostatectomy? Identifying Indicators of Systemic Disease by Integrating Clinical, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Functional Imaging Parameters. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024. 7: 231. 
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984.Preisser, F., et al. Persistent Prostate-Specific Antigen After Radical Prostatectomy and Its Impact on Oncologic Outcomes. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 106. 
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985.Xiang, C., et al. Prediction of Biochemical Recurrence Following Radiotherapy among Patients with Persistent PSA after Radical Prostatectomy: A Single-Center Experience. Urol Int, 2018. 101: 47. 
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986.Rogers, C.G., et al. Natural history of disease progression in patients who fail to achieve an undetectable prostate-specific antigen level after undergoing radical prostatectomy. Cancer, 2004. 101: 2549. 
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987.Patel, A., et al. Recurrence patterns after radical retropubic prostatectomy: clinical usefulness of prostate specific antigen doubling times and log slope prostate specific antigen. J Urol, 1997. 158: 1441. 
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988.Gandaglia, G., et al. Impact of Postoperative Radiotherapy in Men with Persistently Elevated Prostate-specific Antigen After Radical Prostatectomy for Prostate Cancer: A Long-term Survival Analysis. Eur Urol, 2017. 72: 910. 
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989.Schmidt-Hegemann, N.S., et al. Outcome after PSMA PET/CT based radiotherapy in patients with biochemical persistence or recurrence after radical prostatectomy. Radiat Oncol, 2018. 13: 37. 
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990.Meijer, D., et al. Biochemical Persistence of Prostate-Specific Antigen After Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Tumor Localizations Using PSMA PET/CT Imaging. J Nucl Med, 2021. 62: 961. 
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991.Sood, A., et al. Anti-Androgen Therapy Overcomes the Time Delay in Initiation of Salvage Radiation Therapy and Rescues the Oncological Outcomes in Men with Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy: A Post Hoc Analysis of the RTOG-9601 Trial Data. Ann Surg Oncol, 2022. 29: 7206. 
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992.Wiegel, T., et al. Prostate-specific antigen persistence after radical prostatectomy as a predictive factor of clinical relapse-free survival and overall survival: 10-year data of the ARO 96-02 trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2015. 91: 288. 
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993.Bartkowiak, D., et al. The impact of prostate-specific antigen persistence after radical prostatectomy on the efficacy of salvage radiotherapy in patients with primary N0 prostate cancer. BJU Int, 2019. 124: 785. 
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994.Van den Broeck, T., et al. Prognostic Value of Biochemical Recurrence Following Treatment with Curative Intent for Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 967. 
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995.Özman, O., et al. The Effect of Salvage Radiation Therapy on Survival, Functional Outcomes, and Quality of Life in Men with Persistent Prostate-specific Antigen After Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Which Patient Benefits More? Pract Radiat Oncol, 2022. 12: e538. 
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998.Lohm, G., et al. Salvage radiotherapy in patients with persistently detectable PSA or PSA rising from an undetectable range after radical prostatectomy gives comparable results. World J Urol, 2013. 31: 423. 
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1014.Smith, M.R., et al. Natural history of rising serum prostate-specific antigen in men with castrate nonmetastatic prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23: 2918. 
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1017.Jackson, W.C., et al. Intermediate Endpoints After Postprostatectomy Radiotherapy: 5-Year Distant Metastasis to Predict Overall Survival. Eur Urol, 2018. 74: 413. 
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1021.Tilki, D., et al. External Validation of the European Association of Urology Biochemical Recurrence Risk Groups to Predict Metastasis and Mortality After Radical Prostatectomy in a European Cohort. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 896. 
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1024.Beresford, M.J., et al. A systematic review of the role of imaging before salvage radiotherapy for post-prostatectomy biochemical recurrence. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2010. 22: 46. 
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1028.Beheshti, M., et al. Detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer by 18F fluorocholine and 18F fluoride PET-CT: a comparative study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2008. 35: 1766. 
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1035.Renard-Penna, R., et al. Targeting Local Recurrence After Surgery With MRI Imaging for Prostate Cancer in the Setting of Salvage Radiation Therapy. Front Oncol, 2022. 12: 775387. 
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1037.Sharma, V., et al. Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Is an Independent Predictor of Salvage Radiotherapy Outcomes After Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 879. 
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1038.Farneti, A., et al. The Prognostic Value of DCE-MRI Findings before Salvage Radiotherapy after Radical Prostatectomy. Cancers (Basel), 2023. 15. 
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1039.Panebianco, V., et al. Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Local Recurrence Reporting (PI-RR): International Consensus -based Guidelines on Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prostate Cancer Recurrence after Radiation Therapy and Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 868. 
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1040.Abreu-Gomez, J., et al. PI-RR: The Prostate Imaging for Recurrence Reporting System for MRI Assessment of Local Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Radiation Therapy or Radical Prostatectomy-A Review. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2023. 220: 852. 
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1042.Luiting, H.B., et al. Use of gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron-emission tomography for detecting lymph node metastases in primary and recurrent prostate cancer and location of recurrence after radical prostatectomy: an overview of the current literature. BJU Int, 2020. 125: 206. 
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1043.Boreta, L., et al. Location of Recurrence by Gallium-68 PSMA-11 PET Scan in Prostate Cancer Patients Eligible for Salvage Radiotherapy. Urology, 2019. 129: 165. 
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1044.Farolfi, A., et al. (68)Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy and PSA <0.5 ng/ml. Efficacy and impact on treatment strategy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2019. 46: 11. 
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1046.Metser, U., et al. The Contribution of Multiparametric Pelvic and Whole-Body MRI to Interpretation of (18)F-Fluoromethylcholine or (68)Ga-HBED-CC PSMA-11 PET/CT in Patients with Biochemical Failure After Radical Prostatectomy. J Nucl Med, 2019. 60: 1253. 
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1047.Freitag, M.T., et al. Local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy is at risk to be missed in (68)Ga-PSMA-11-PET of PET/CT and PET/MRI: comparison with mpMRI integrated in simultaneous PET/MRI. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2017. 44: 776. 
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1059.Ohri, N., et al. Can early implementation of salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer improve the therapeutic ratio? A systematic review and regression meta-analysis with radiobiological modelling. Eur J Cancer, 2012. 48: 837. 
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1065.Lukka, H.R., et al. Long-Term Results of NRG/RTOG 9601, a Randomized Trial of Radiation With or Without Antiandrogens in Patients Receiving Salvage Prostate Bed Radiation Therapy Postprostatectomy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2025. 123: 990. 
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1067.Parker, C.C., et al. Adding 6 months of androgen deprivation therapy to postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of short-course versus no androgen deprivation therapy in the RADICALS-HD randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2024. 403: 2405. 
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1069.Pollack, A., et al. Androgen deprivation therapy combined with postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer management. Lancet, 2024. 403: 2353. 
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1070.Burdett, S., et al. Duration of Androgen Suppression with Postoperative Radiotherapy (DADSPORT) for Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer: A Collaborative Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Aggregate Data. Eur Urol, 2025. 88: 277. 
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1071.Nabid, A., et al. Testosterone recovery after androgen deprivation therapy in localised prostate cancer: Long-term data from two randomised trials. Radiother Oncol, 2024. 195: 110256. 
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1073.Spratt, D.E., et al. A Systematic Review and Framework for the Use of Hormone Therapy with Salvage Radiation Therapy for Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 156. 
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1074.Malone, S., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for prostate cancer: a comparison of four consensus guidelines and dosimetric evaluation of 3D-CRT versus tomotherapy IMRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012. 84: 725. 
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1076.Pisansky, T.M., et al. Salvage Radiation Therapy Dose Response for Biochemical Failure of Prostate Cancer After Prostatectomy-A Multi-Institutional Observational Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2016. 96: 1046. 
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1077.King, C.R. The dose-response of salvage radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol, 2016. 121: 199. 
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1079.Fiorino, C., et al. Predicting the 5-Year Risk of Biochemical Relapse After Postprostatectomy Radiation Therapy in >/=PT2, pN0 Patients With a Comprehensive Tumor Control Probability Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2016. 96: 333. 
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1080.Tendulkar, R.D., et al. Contemporary Update of a Multi-Institutional Predictive Nomogram for Salvage Radiotherapy After Radical Prostatectomy. J Clin Oncol, 2016. 34: 3648. 
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1081.Ghadjar, P., et al. Dose-intensified Versus Conventional-dose Salvage Radiotherapy for Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Prostatectomy: The SAKK 09/10 Randomized Phase 3 Trial. Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 306. 
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1082.Li, H.Z., et al. Dose-Intensified Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Long-Term Results From the PKUFH Randomized Phase 3 Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2024. 118: 697. 
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1086.Ghadjar, P., et al. Impact of dose intensified salvage radiation therapy on urinary continence recovery after radical prostatectomy: Results of the randomized trial SAKK 09/10. Radiother Oncol, 2018. 126: 257. 
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1087.Goenka, A., et al. Improved toxicity profile following high-dose postprostatectomy salvage radiation therapy with intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 1142. 
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1088.Ost, P., et al. High-dose salvage intensity-modulated radiotherapy with or without androgen deprivation after radical prostatectomy for rising or persisting prostate-specific antigen: 5-year results. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 842. 
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1092.Rauscher, I., et al. Efficacy, Predictive Factors, and Prediction Nomograms for (68)Ga-labeled Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen-ligand Positron-emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Early Biochemical Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 656. 
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1093.Meijer, D., et al. Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Is Associated with Improved Oncological Outcome in Men Treated with Salvage Radiation Therapy for Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 146. 
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1095.Jani, A.B., et al. (18)F-fluciclovine-PET/CT imaging versus conventional imaging alone to guide postprostatectomy salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer (EMPIRE-1): a single centre, open-label, phase 2/3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2021. 397: 1895. 
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1097.De Bleser, E., et al. Metastasis-directed Therapy in Treating Nodal Oligorecurrent Prostate Cancer: A Multi-institutional Analysis Comparing the Outcome and Toxicity of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy and Elective Nodal Radiotherapy. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 732. 
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1098.Yang, Y.J., et al. Salvage lymphadenectomy or radiation therapy in prostate cancer patients with biochemical recurrence and PET positive lymph nodes after radical prostatectomy: A systematic review and pooled analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2024. 50: 108704. 
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1099.Ost, P., et al. Salvage metastasis-directed therapy versus elective nodal radiotherapy for oligorecurrent nodal prostate cancer metastases (PEACE V-STORM): a phase 2, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2025. 26: 695. 
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1100.Ost, P., et al. Surveillance or Metastasis-Directed Therapy for Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer Recurrence: A Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36: 446. 
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1101.Ploussard, G., et al. Salvage Lymph Node Dissection for Nodal Recurrent Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 493. 
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1102.Bravi, C.A., et al. Long-term Outcomes of Salvage Lymph Node Dissection for Nodal Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Radical Prostatectomy: Not as Good as Previously Thought. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 661. 
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1103.Rischke, H.C., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy after salvage lymph node dissection because of nodal relapse of prostate cancer versus salvage lymph node dissection only. Strahlenther Onkol, 2015. 191: 310. 
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1104.Bravi, C.A., et al. Oncologic Outcomes of Template Versus Radioguided Salvage Lymph Node Dissection for Node-only Recurrent Prostate Cancer on Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography Scan: Results from a Multi-institutional Collaboration. Eur Urol Focus, 2025. 11: 921. 
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1105.Knipper, S., et al. Cohort Study of Oligorecurrent Prostate Cancer Patients: Oncological Outcomes of Patients Treated with Salvage Lymph Node Dissection via Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen-radioguided Surgery. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 62. 
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1106.Valle, L.F., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Local Salvage Therapies After Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer (MASTER). Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 280. 
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1107.Gontero, P., et al. Salvage Radical Prostatectomy for Recurrent Prostate Cancer: Morbidity and Functional Outcomes from a Large Multicenter Series of Open versus Robotic Approaches. J Urol, 2019. 202: 725. 
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1108.Saouli, A., et al. Salvage Radical Prostatectomy for Recurrent Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review (French ccAFU). Cancers (Basel), 2023. 15. 
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1109.van Altena, E.J.E., et al. Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography Before Reaching the Phoenix Criteria for Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer After Radiotherapy: Earlier Detection of Recurrences. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 417. 
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1110.Chade, D.C., et al. Cancer control and functional outcomes of salvage radical prostatectomy for radiation-recurrent prostate cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 961. 
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1111.Marra, G., et al. Oncological outcomes of salvage radical prostatectomy for recurrent prostate cancer in the contemporary era: A multicenter retrospective study. Urol Oncol, 2021. 39: 296 e21. 
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1112.Calleris, G., et al. Salvage Radical Prostatectomy for Recurrent Prostate Cancer Following First-line Nonsurgical Treatment: Validation of the European Association of Urology Criteria in a Large, Multicenter, Contemporary Cohort. Eur Urol Focus, 2023. 9: 645. 
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1113.Thakker, P.U., et al. A Comprehensive Review of the Current State of Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Salvage Prostatectomy. Int Braz J Urol, 2024. 50: 398. 
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1114.Preisser, F., et al. Oncologic Outcomes of Lymph Node Dissection at Salvage Radical Prostatectomy. Cancers (Basel), 2023. 15. 
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1115.Preisser, F., et al. Impact of persistent PSA after salvage radical prostatectomy: a multicenter study. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2024. 27: 686. 
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1116.Gotto, G.T., et al. Impact of prior prostate radiation on complications after radical prostatectomy. J Urol, 2010. 184: 136. 
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1117.Mandel, P., et al. Salvage radical prostatectomy for recurrent prostate cancer: verification of European Association of Urology guideline criteria. BJU Int, 2016. 117: 55. 
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1118.Moschovas, M.C., et al. Outcomes of Salvage Robotic-assisted Radical Prostatectomy in the last decade: systematic review and perspectives of referral centers. Int Braz J Urol, 2023. 49: 677. 
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1119.Zhu, S., et al. Oncological effects and complications of salvage cryotherapy for radio-recurrent prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Oncol, 2025. 15: 1534739. 
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1120.Ginsburg, K.B., et al. Avoidance of androgen deprivation therapy in radiorecurrent prostate cancer as a clinically meaningful endpoint for salvage cryoablation. Prostate, 2017. 77: 1446. 
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1121.Spiess, P.E., et al. A pretreatment nomogram predicting biochemical failure after salvage cryotherapy for locally recurrent prostate cancer. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 194. 
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1122.Campbell, S.P., et al. Salvage Cryoablation for Recurrent Prostate Cancer Following Primary External Beam Radiotherapy or Primary Cryotherapy: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis of Mid-term Oncologic and Functional Outcomes. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2023. 21: 555. 
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1123.Li, R., et al. The Effect of Androgen Deprivation Therapy Before Salvage Whole-gland Cryoablation After Primary Radiation Failure in Prostate Cancer Treatment. Urology, 2015. 85: 1137. 
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1124.Kovac, E., et al. Five-Year Biochemical Progression-Free Survival Following Salvage Whole-Gland Prostate Cryoablation: Defining Success with Nadir Prostate-Specific Antigen. J Endourol, 2016. 30: 624. 
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1125.Ahmad, I., et al. Prostate gland lengths and iceball dimensions predict micturition functional outcome following salvage prostate cryotherapy in men with radiation recurrent prostate cancer. PLoS One, 2013. 8: e69243. 
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1126.Pisters, L.L., et al. Salvage prostate cryoablation: initial results from the cryo on-line data registry. J Urol, 2008. 180: 559. 
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1127.Henriquez Lopez, I., et al. Salvage brachytherapy for locally-recurrent prostate cancer after radiation therapy: A comparison of efficacy and toxicity outcomes with high-dose rate and low-dose rate brachytherapy. Radiother Oncol, 2019. 141: 156. 
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1128.Crook, J.M., et al. A Prospective Phase 2 Trial of Transperineal Ultrasound-Guided Brachytherapy for Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer After External Beam Radiation Therapy (NRG Oncology/RTOG-0526). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2019. 103: 335. 
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1129.Smith, W.H., et al. Salvage low dose rate brachytherapy for prostate cancer recurrence following definitive external beam radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol, 2021. 155: 42. 
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1130.Lyczek, J., et al. HDR brachytherapy as a solution in recurrences of locally advanced prostate cancer. J Contemp Brachytherapy, 2009. 1: 105. 
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1131.Pasquier, D., et al. Salvage Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Local Prostate Cancer Recurrence After Radiation Therapy: A Retrospective Multicenter Study of the GETUG. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2019. 105: 727. 
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1132.Fuller, D., et al. Retreatment for Local Recurrence of Prostatic Carcinoma After Prior Therapeutic Irradiation: Efficacy and Toxicity of HDR-Like SBRT. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2020. 106: 291. 
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1133.Bergamin, S., et al. Interim Results of a Prospective Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Directed Focal Stereotactic Reirradiation Trial for Locally Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2020. 108: 1172. 
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1134.Yang, J., et al. Nonsurgical salvage options for locally recurrent prostate cancer after primary definitive radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg, 2024. 110: 3008. 
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1135.Crouzet, S., et al. Salvage high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for locally recurrent prostate cancer after failed radiation therapy: Multi-institutional analysis of 418 patients. BJU Int, 2017. 119: 896. 
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1136.Murat, F.J., et al. Mid-term results demonstrate salvage high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) as an effective and acceptably morbid salvage treatment option for locally radiorecurrent prostate cancer. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 640. 
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1137.Kanthabalan, A., et al. Focal salvage high-intensity focused ultrasound in radiorecurrent prostate cancer. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 246. 
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1138.Jones, T.A., et al. High Intensity Focused Ultrasound for Radiorecurrent Prostate Cancer: A North American Clinical Trial. J Urol, 2018. 199: 133. 
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1139.van den Bergh, R.C., et al. Role of Hormonal Treatment in Prostate Cancer Patients with Nonmetastatic Disease Recurrence After Local Curative Treatment: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 802. 
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1140.Duchesne, G.M., et al. Timing of androgen-deprivation therapy in patients with prostate cancer with a rising PSA (TROG 03.06 and VCOG PR 01-03 [TOAD]): a randomised, multicentre, non-blinded, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2016. 17: 727. 
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1141.Siddiqui, S.A., et al. Timing of androgen deprivation therapy and its impact on survival after radical prostatectomy: a matched cohort study. J Urol, 2008. 179: 1830. 
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1142.Levine, G.N., et al. Androgen-deprivation therapy in prostate cancer and cardiovascular risk: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American Cancer Society, and American Urological Association: endorsed by the American Society for Radiation Oncology. Circulation, 2010. 121: 833. 
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1143.O'Farrell, S., et al. Risk and timing of cardiovascular disease after androgen-deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2015. 33: 1243. 
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1144.Boorjian, S.A., et al. Long-term risk of clinical progression after biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy: the impact of time from surgery to recurrence. Eur Urol, 2011. 59: 893. 
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1145.Freedland, S.J., et al. Improved Outcomes with Enzalutamide in Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer. N Eng J Med, 2023. 389: 1453. 
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1146.U.S. Food & Drug Adminstration. FDA approves enzalutamide for metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. 2019. 2022. 
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1147.European Medicines Agency. CHMP positive opinion for enxalutamide (XTANDI™) for non-metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer with high-risk biochemical recurrence. . 2024. 2025. 
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1148.Aparicio, A. Biochemical Recurrence in Prostate Cancer — Tilting the Scale. N Eng J Med, 2023. 389: 1522. 
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1149.Josefsson, A., et al. Effect of docetaxel added to bicalutamide in Hormone-Naïve non-metastatic prostate cancer with rising PSA, a randomized clinical trial (SPCG-14). Acta Oncol, 2023. 62: 372. 
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1151.Krakowsky, Y., et al. Risk of Testosterone Flare in the Era of the Saturation Model: One More Historical Myth. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 81. 
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1152.Vis, A.N., et al. Risk of disease flare with LHRH agonist therapy in men with prostate cancer: myth or fact? Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 7. 
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1153.Klotz, L., et al. The efficacy and safety of degarelix: a 12-month, comparative, randomized, open-label, parallel-group phase III study in patients with prostate cancer. BJU Int, 2008. 102: 1531. 
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1155.Ostergren, P.B., et al. Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists are Superior to Subcapsular Orchiectomy in Lowering Testosterone Levels of Men with Prostate Cancer: Results from a Randomized Clinical Trial. J Urol, 2017. 197: 1441. 
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1156.Shore, N.D. Experience with degarelix in the treatment of prostate cancer. Ther Adv Urol, 2013. 5: 11. 
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1157.Sciarra, A., et al. A meta-analysis and systematic review of randomized controlled trials with degarelix versus gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for advanced prostate cancer. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016. 95: e3845. 
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1158.Cirne, F., et al. The cardiovascular effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists in men with prostate cancer. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother, 2022. 8: 253. 
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1159.Abufaraj, M., et al. Differential Impact of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Antagonist Versus Agonist on Clinical Safety and Oncologic Outcomes on Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 44. 
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1160.Shore, N.D., et al. Oral Relugolix for Androgen-Deprivation Therapy in Advanced Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2020. 382: 2187. 
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1161.U.S. Food & Drug Adminstration. FDA approves relugolix for advanced prostate cancer. 2020. 2022. 
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1162.European Medicines Agency. Orgovyx approved for advanced prostate cancer. 2022. 2022. 
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1163.Moffat, L.E. Comparison of Zoladex, diethylstilbestrol and cyproterone acetate treatment in advanced prostate cancer. Eur Urol, 1990. 18 Suppl 3: 26. 
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1164.Schroder, F.H., et al. Metastatic prostate cancer treated by flutamide versus cyproterone acetate. Final analysis of the "European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer" (EORTC) Protocol 30892. Eur Urol, 2004. 45: 457. 
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1165.Smith, M.R., et al. Bicalutamide monotherapy versus leuprolide monotherapy for prostate cancer: effects on bone mineral density and body composition. J Clin Oncol, 2004. 22: 2546. 
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1166.Iversen, P. Antiandrogen monotherapy: indications and results. Urology, 2002. 60: 64. 
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1167.Wadhwa, V.K., et al. Long-term changes in bone mineral density and predicted fracture risk in patients receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer, with stratification of treatment based on presenting values. BJU Int, 2009. 104: 800. 
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1168.Montgomery, R.B., et al. Maintenance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res, 2008. 68: 4447. 
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1169.European Medicines Agency. Nubeqa (darolutamide). 2020. 2022. 
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1170.European Medicines Agency. Xtandi (enzalutamide). 2013. 2022. 
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1171.Chi, K.N., et al. Apalutamide for Metastatic, Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2019. 381: 13. 
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1172.Armstrong, A.J., et al. ARCHES: A Randomized, Phase III Study of Androgen Deprivation Therapy With Enzalutamide or Placebo in Men With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37: 2974. 
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1173.Fizazi, K., et al. Abiraterone plus Prednisone in Metastatic, Castration-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2017. 377: 352. 
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1174.Saad, F., et al. Darolutamide in Combination With Androgen-Deprivation Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer From the Phase III ARANOTE Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2024. 42: 4271. 
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1175.U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA approves abiraterone acetate in combination with prednisone for high-risk metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. 2018. 2022. 
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1176.U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA approves apalutamide for metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer. 2019. 2022. 
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1177.European Medicines Agency. Zytiga. 2011. 2022. 
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1178.European Medicines Agency. Erleada (apalutamide). 2019. 2022. 
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1179.Keam, S.J. Rezvilutamide: First Approval. Drugs, 2023. 83: 189. 
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1180.Moilanen, A.M., et al. Discovery of ODM-201, a new-generation androgen receptor inhibitor targeting resistance mechanisms to androgen signaling-directed prostate cancer therapies. Sci Rep, 2015. 5: 12007. 
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1181.Zurth, C., et al. Blood-brain barrier penetration of [14C]darolutamide compared with [14C]enzalutamide in rats using whole body autoradiography. J Clin Oncol 2018. 36: 345. 
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1182.Sousa-Pimenta, M., et al. Chemotherapeutic properties and side-effects associated with the clinical practice of terpene alkaloids: paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel. Front Pharmacol, 2023. 14: 1157306. 
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1183.Xue, B., et al. Synthesis of Taxol and Docetaxel by Using 10-Deacetyl-7-xylosyltaxanes. Chem Biodivers, 2020. 17: e1900631. 
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1184.Geng, C.X., et al. Docetaxel inhibits SMMC-7721 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells growth and induces apoptosis. World J Gastroenterol, 2003. 9: 696. 
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1185.Lord, C.J., et al. PARP inhibitors: Synthetic lethality in the clinic. Science, 2017. 355: 1152. 
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1186.Hargadon, K.M., et al. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer: An overview of FDA-approved immune checkpoint inhibitors. Int Immunopharmacol, 2018. 62: 29. 
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1187.Le, D.T., et al. PD-1 Blockade in Tumors with Mismatch-Repair Deficiency. N Engl J Med, 2015. 372: 2509. 
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1188.Sgouros, G., et al. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2020. 19: 589. 
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1189.US Food & Drug Adminstration. FDA approval of Pluvicto (lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan) for the treatment of adult patients with prostate-specific membrane antigen-positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who have been treated with androgen receptor pathway inhibition and taxane-based chemotherapy. 2022. 2022. 
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1190.European Medicines Agency. Summary of product characteristics - Pluvicto 2022. 
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1191.Yu, E.Y., et al. Germline and Somatic Genomic Testing for Metastatic Prostate Cancer: ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol, 2025. 43: 748. 
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1192.Grist, E., et al. Tumor transcriptome-wide expression classifiers predict treatment sensitivity in advanced prostate cancers. Cell, 2025. 188: 5717. 
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1193.Dienstmann, R., et al. Standardized decision support in next generation sequencing reports of somatic cancer variants. Mol Oncol, 2014. 8: 859. 
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1194.Beer, T.M., et al. Enzalutamide in Men with Chemotherapy-naive Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Extended Analysis of the Phase 3 PREVAIL Study. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 151. 
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1195.Lotan, T.L., et al. Report From the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consultation Conference on Molecular Pathology of Urogenital Cancers. I. Molecular Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer. Am J Surg Pathol, 2020. 44: e15. 
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1196.Hussain, M., et al. PROfound: Phase III study of olaparib versus enzalutamide or abiraterone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene alterations. Annals of Oncology, 2019. 30: v881. 
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1197.Hussain, M., et al. Survival with Olaparib in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383: 2345. 
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1198.Clarke, N.W., et al. Abiraterone and Olaparib for Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. NEJM Evidence, 2022. 1: EVIDoa2200043. 
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1199.Saad, F., et al. Olaparib plus abiraterone versus placebo plus abiraterone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (PROpel): final prespecified overall survival results of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2023. 24: 1094. 
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1200.U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves olaparib with abiraterone and prednisone (or prednisolone) for BRCA-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. 2023. 
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1201.U.S. Food & Drug Adminstration. FDA D.I.S.C.O. Burst Edition: FDA approval of Lynparza (olaparib), with abiraterone and prednisone, for BRCA-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. 2023. 
https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/fda-disco-burst-edition-fda-approval-lynparza-olaparib-abiraterone-and-prednisone-brca-mutated#:~:text=On%20May%2031%2C%202023%2C%20the,FDA%2Dapproved%20companion%20diagnostic%20test.

1202.Chi, K.N., et al. Phase 3 MAGNITUDE study: First results of niraparib (NIRA) with abiraterone acetate and prednisone (AAP) as first-line therapy in patients (pts) with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) with and without homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene alterations. J Clin Oncol, 2022. 40: 12. 
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1203.Chi, K.N., et al. Niraparib plus abiraterone acetate with prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and homologous recombination repair gene alterations: second interim analysis of the randomized phase III MAGNITUDE trial. Ann Oncol, 2023. 34: 772. 
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1204.European Medicines Agency. Akeega. 2023. 
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1371.Rosar, F., et al. Efficacy and safety of rechallenge [(177)Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 RLT after initial partial remission in patients with mCRPC: evaluation of a prospective registry (REALITY study). Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2024. 51: 4151. 
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1378.U.S. Food and Drug Adminstration. FDA grants accelerated approval to rucaparib for BRCA-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. 2020. 2022. 
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