9. REFERENCES
1.Masson-Lecomte, A., et al. EAU Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma. Edn. presented at the 39th EAU Annual Congress Paris 2024, 2024.
https://uroweb.org/guideline/upper-urinary-tract-urothelial-cell-carcinoma/
2.Gontero, P., et al. EAU Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1 and CIS). Edn. presented at the 38th EAU Annual Congress Paris 2024, 2024.
https://uroweb.org/guideline/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer/
1.Masson-Lecomte, A., et al. EAU Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma. Edn. presented at the 40th EAU Annual Congress Madrid, 2025.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/upper-urinary-tract-urothelial-cell-carcinoma
2.Gontero, P., et al. EAU Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1 and CIS). Edn. presented at the 40th EAU Annual Congress Madrid, 2025.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer
3.Neuzillet, Y., et al. EAU Guidelines on Primary Urethral Carcinoma. Edn. presented at the 40th EAU Annual Congress Madrid, 2025.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/primary-urethral-carcinoma
4.Alfred Witjes, J., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer: Summary of the 2023 Guidelines. Eur Urol, 2024. 85: 17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37858453
5.Phillips, B., et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009.
6.Guyatt, G.H., et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 1049.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467413
7.International Agency for Research on Cancer. Estimated number of new cases in 2020, worldwide, both sexes, all ages. Access date December 2022.
8.Burger, M., et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877502
9.Bosetti, C., et al. Trends in mortality from urologic cancers in Europe, 1970-2008. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21497988
10.Teoh, J.Y., et al. Global Trends of Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality, and Their Associations with Tobacco Use and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 893.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32972792
11.Chavan, S., et al. International variations in bladder cancer incidence and mortality. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 59.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24451595
12.Pompa, I.R., et al. Longitudinal Analysis of Bladder Cancer-Specific Mortality Trends in the United States. Bladder Cancer, 2023. 9: 345.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38174126
13.Comperat, E., et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial bladder cancer in patients less than 40 years old. Virchows Arch, 2015. 466: 589.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25697540
14.Freedman, N.D., et al. Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. JAMA, 2011. 306: 737.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21846855
15.van Osch, F.H., et al. Quantified relations between exposure to tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 89 observational studies. Int J Epidemiol, 2016. 45: 857.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27097748
16.Humans, I.W.G.o.t.E.o.C.R.t. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 2004. 83: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15285078
17.Brennan, P., et al. Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies. Int J Cancer, 2000. 86: 289.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10738259
18.Gandini, S., et al. Tobacco smoking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer, 2008. 122: 155.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17893872
19.Al Hussein Al Awamlh, B., et al. Association of Smoking and Death from Genitourinary Malignancies: Analysis of the National Longitudinal Mortality Study. J Urol, 2019. 202: 1248.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31290707
20.Caini, S., et al. Prognostic Impact of Post-Diagnosis Smoking Cessation among Bladder Cancer Patients: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel), 2022. 14: 4022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36011016
21.Zhang, Y., et al. Personal use of permanent hair dyes and cancer risk and mortality in US women: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2020. 370: m2942.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878860
22.van Hoogstraten, L.M.C., et al. Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice. Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 2023. 20: 287.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36914746
23.Harling, M., et al. Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med, 2010. 67: 351.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20447989
24.Weistenhofer, W., et al. N-acetyltransferase-2 and medical history in bladder cancer cases with a suspected occupational disease (BK 1301) in Germany. J Toxicol Environ Health A, 2008. 71: 906.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18569594
25.Rushton, L., et al. Occupation and cancer in Britain. Br J Cancer, 2010. 102: 1428.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20424618
26.Chrouser, K., et al. Bladder cancer risk following primary and adjuvant external beam radiation for prostate cancer. J Urol, 2005. 174: 107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947588
27.Nieder, A.M., et al. Radiation therapy for prostate cancer increases subsequent risk of bladder and rectal cancer: a population based cohort study. J Urol, 2008. 180: 2005.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801517
28.Zelefsky, M.J., et al. Incidence of secondary cancer development after high-dose intensity-modulated radiotherapy and image-guided brachytherapy for the treatment of localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012. 83: 953.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22172904
29.Zamora-Ros, R., et al. Flavonoid and lignan intake in relation to bladder cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Br J Cancer, 2014. 111: 1870.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25121955
30.Teleka, S., et al. Risk of bladder cancer by disease severity in relation to metabolic factors and smoking: A prospective pooled cohort study of 800,000 men and women. Int J Cancer, 2018. 143: 3071.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29756343
31.Xu, Y., et al. Diabetes mellitus and the risk of bladder cancer: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis of cohort studies. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017. 96: e8588.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29145273
32.Adil, M., et al. Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of observational studies using real-world data. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 2018. 6: 61.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213398417300544
33.U.S. Food & Drug Adminstration. FDA Drug Safety Podcast 2016: Updated FDA review concludes that use of pioglitazone may be linked to an increased risk of bladder cancer. Access date December 2022.
34.Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum, 1994. 61: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7715068
35.Gouda, I., et al. Bilharziasis and bladder cancer: a time trend analysis of 9843 patients. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst, 2007. 19: 158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19034337
36.Salem, H.K., et al. Changing patterns (age, incidence, and pathologic types) of schistosoma-associated bladder cancer in Egypt in the past decade. Urology, 2012. 79: 379.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22112287
37.Pelucchi, C., et al. Mechanisms of disease: The epidemiology of bladder cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol, 2006. 3: 327.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763645
38.Bayne, C.E., et al. Role of urinary tract infection in bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1181.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29520590
39.Yu, Z., et al. The risk of bladder cancer in patients with urinary calculi: a meta-analysis. Urolithiasis, 2018. 46: 573.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29305631
40.Liu, S., et al. The impact of female gender on bladder cancer-specific death risk after radical cystectomy: a meta-analysis of 27,912 patients. Int Urol Nephrol, 2015. 47: 951.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25894962
41.Waldhoer, T., et al. Sex Differences of >/= pT1 Bladder Cancer Survival in Austria: A Descriptive, Long-Term, Nation-Wide Analysis Based on 27,773 Patients. Urol Int, 2015. 94: 383.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25833466
42.Krimphove, M.J., et al. Sex-specific Differences in the Quality of Treatment of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Do Not Explain the Overall Survival Discrepancy. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 124.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31227463
43.Patafio, F.M., et al. Is there a gender effect in bladder cancer? A population-based study of practice and outcomes. Can Urol Assoc J, 2015. 9: 269.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26316913
44.Andreassen, B.K., et al. Bladder cancer survival: Women better off in the long run. Eur J Cancer, 2018. 95: 52.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29635144
45.Cohn, J.A., et al. Sex disparities in diagnosis of bladder cancer after initial presentation with hematuria: a nationwide claims-based investigation. Cancer, 2014. 120: 555.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24496869
46.Dietrich, K., et al. Parity, early menopause and the incidence of bladder cancer in women: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer, 2011. 47: 592.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21067913
47.Scosyrev, E., et al. Sex and racial differences in bladder cancer presentation and mortality in the US. Cancer, 2009. 115: 68.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19072984
48.Stenzl, A. Words of wisdom. Re: sex and racial differences in bladder cancer presentation and mortality in the US. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 729.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20965044
49.Abufaraj, M., et al. The impact of hormones and reproductive factors on the risk of bladder cancer in women: results from the Nurses’ Health Study and Nurses’ Health Study II. Int J Epidemiol, 2020. 49: 599.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31965144
50.Martin, C., et al. Familial Cancer Clustering in Urothelial Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2018. 110: 527.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29228305
51.Murta-Nascimento, C., et al. Risk of bladder cancer associated with family history of cancer: do low-penetrance polymorphisms account for the increase in risk? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2007. 16: 1595.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17684133
52.Figueroa, J.D., et al. Genome-wide association study identifies multiple loci associated with bladder cancer risk. Hum Mol Genet, 2014. 23: 1387.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24163127
53.Rothman, N., et al. A multi-stage genome-wide association study of bladder cancer identifies multiple susceptibility loci. Nat Genet, 2010. 42: 978.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20972438
54.Kiemeney, L.A., et al. Sequence variant on 8q24 confers susceptibility to urinary bladder cancer. Nat Genet, 2008. 40: 1307.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794855
55.Varma, M., et al. Dataset for the reporting of urinary tract carcinoma-biopsy and transurethral resection specimen: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR). Mod Pathol, 2020. 33: 700.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31685965
56.Paner, G.P., et al. Further characterization of the muscle layers and lamina propria of the urinary bladder by systematic histologic mapping: implications for pathologic staging of invasive urothelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2007. 31: 1420.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17721199
57.Weiner, A.B., et al. Tumor Location May Predict Adverse Pathology and Survival Following Definitive Treatment for Bladder Cancer: A National Cohort Study. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 304.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31200845
58.Varinot, J., et al. Full analysis of the prostatic urethra at the time of radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer: impact on final disease stage. Virchows Arch, 2009. 455: 449.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19841937
59.Hansel, D.E., et al. A contemporary update on pathology standards for bladder cancer: transurethral resection and radical cystectomy specimens. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23088996
60.Herr, H.W. Pathologic evaluation of radical cystectomy specimens. Cancer, 2002. 95: 668.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12209761
61.Fajkovic, H., et al. Extranodal extension is a powerful prognostic factor in bladder cancer patients with lymph node metastasis. Eur Urol, 2013. 64: 837.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877503
62.Fritsche, H.M., et al. Prognostic value of perinodal lymphovascular invasion following radical cystectomy for lymph node-positive urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 739.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23079053
63.Neuzillet, Y., et al. Positive surgical margins and their locations in specimens are adverse prognosis features after radical cystectomy in non-metastatic carcinoma invading bladder muscle: results from a nationwide case-control study. BJU Int, 2013. 111: 1253.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23331375
64.Baltaci, S., et al. Reliability of frozen section examination of obturator lymph nodes and impact on lymph node dissection borders during radical cystectomy: results of a prospective multicentre study by the Turkish Society of Urooncology. BJU Int, 2011. 107: 547.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20633004
65.Jimenez, R.E., et al. Grading the invasive component of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and its relationship with progression-free survival. Am J Surg Pathol, 2000. 24: 980.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10895820
66.Veskimae, E., et al. What Is the Prognostic and Clinical Importance of Urothelial and Nonurothelial Histological Variants of Bladder Cancer in Predicting Oncological Outcomes in Patients with Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer? A European Association of Urology Muscle Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel Systematic Review. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 625.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31601522
67.Sjodahl, G., et al. A molecular taxonomy for urothelial carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2012. 18: 3377.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22553347
68.Choi, W., et al. Identification of distinct basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer with different sensitivities to frontline chemotherapy. Cancer Cell, 2014. 25: 152.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24525232
69.Sauter, G., et al. Tumours of the urinary system: non-invasive urothelial neoplasias. WHO classification of tumors of the urinary system and male genital organs, Lyon, France., 2004.
70.Moch, H., et al. The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26935559
71.WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. WHO Classification of Tumours - Urinary and Male Genital Tumours. IARC, Lyon, France, 2022.
72.Comperat, E., et al. What’s new in WHO fifth edition - urinary tract. Histopathology, 2022. 81: 439.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35942645
73.Willis, D.L., et al. Clinical outcomes of cT1 micropapillary bladder cancer. J Urol, 2015. 193: 1129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25254936
74.Comperat, E., et al. Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathological analysis of 72 cases. Pathology, 2010. 42: 650.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21080874
75.Beltran, A.L., et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of nested carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch, 2014. 465: 199.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24878757
76.Soave, A., et al. Does the extent of variant histology affect oncological outcomes in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy? Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 21 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25465301
77.Masson-Lecomte, A., et al. Oncological outcomes of advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer with a micropapillary variant after radical cystectomy and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. World J Urol, 2015. 33: 1087.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25179011
78.Seisen, T., et al. Impact of histological variants on the outcomes of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection. Curr Opin Urol, 2014. 24: 524.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25051021
79.Willis, D.L., et al. Micropapillary bladder cancer: current treatment patterns and review of the literature. Urol Oncol, 2014. 32: 826.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24931270
80.Sood, A., et al. Long-Term Oncological Outcomes in Patients Diagnosed With Nonmetastatic Plasmacytoid Variant of Bladder Cancer: A 20-Year University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience. J Urol, 2024. 211: 241.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37922370
81.Horwich, A., et al. EAU-ESMO consensus statements on the management of advanced and variant bladder cancer-an international collaborative multi-stakeholder effort: under the auspices of the EAU and ESMO Guidelines Committeesdagger. Ann Oncol, 2019. 30: 1697.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31740927
82.Witjes, J.A., et al. EAU-ESMO Consensus Statements on the Management of Advanced and Variant Bladder Cancer-An International Collaborative Multistakeholder Effort(dagger): Under the Auspices of the EAU-ESMO Guidelines Committees. Eur Urol, 2020. 77: 223.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31753752
83.Brierley JD, G.M., Wittekind C, TNM classification of malignant tumors. UICC International Union Against Cancer. 8th edn. 2016, Oxford.
http://www.uicc.org/resources/tnm/publications-resources
84.Jensen, J.B., et al. Incidence of occult lymph-node metastasis missed by standard pathological examination in patients with bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 2011. 45: 419.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21767245
85.Mariappan, P., et al. Good quality white-light transurethral resection of bladder tumours (GQ-WLTURBT) with experienced surgeons performing complete resections and obtaining detrusor muscle reduces early recurrence in new non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: validation across time and place and recommendation for benchmarking. BJU Int, 2012. 109: 1666.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044434
86.Comperat, E., et al. Dataset for the reporting of carcinoma of the bladder-cystectomy, cystoprostatectomy and diverticulectomy specimens: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR). Virchows Arch, 2020. 476: 521.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31915958
87.Magers, M.J., et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of ypT0N0 urothelial carcinoma following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and cystectomy. J Clin Pathol, 2019. 72: 550.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31164444
88.Martini, A., et al. Tumor downstaging as an intermediate endpoint to assess the activity of neoadjuvant systemic therapy in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer, 2019. 125: 3155.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31150110
89.Fossa, S.D., et al. Clinical significance of the “palpable mass” in patients with muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy after pre-operative radiotherapy. Br J Urol, 1991. 67: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1993277
90.Wijkstrom, H., et al. Evaluation of clinical staging before cystectomy in transitional cell bladder carcinoma: a long-term follow-up of 276 consecutive patients. Br J Urol, 1998. 81: 686.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9634042
91.Ploeg, M., et al. Discrepancy between clinical staging through bimanual palpation and pathological staging after cystectomy. Urol Oncol, 2012. 30: 247.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20451418
92.Blick, C.G., et al. Evaluation of diagnostic strategies for bladder cancer using computed tomography (CT) urography, flexible cystoscopy and voided urine cytology: results for 778 patients from a hospital haematuria clinic. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22122739
93.Wong, V.K., et al. Imaging and Management of Bladder Cancer. Cancers (Basel), 2021. 13: 1396.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33808614
94.Lokeshwar, V.B., et al. Bladder tumor markers beyond cytology: International Consensus Panel on bladder tumor markers. Urology, 2005. 66: 35.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399415
95.Raitanen, M.P., et al. Differences between local and review urinary cytology in diagnosis of bladder cancer. An interobserver multicenter analysis. Eur Urol, 2002. 41: 284.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12180229
96.van Rhijn, B.W., et al. Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance: a systematic review. Eur Urol, 2005. 47: 736.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925067
97.Wojcik, E.M., et al., The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology, ed. E.M. Wojcik, Kurtycz, D.F.I., Rosenthal, D,L. . 2022, Switzerland.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-88686-8
98.Mariappan, P., et al. Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimen is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 843.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19524354
99.Stenzl, A., et al. Hexaminolevulinate guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 2010. 184: 1907.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20850152
100.Burger, M., et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with hexaminolevulinate cystoscopy: a meta-analysis of detection and recurrence based on raw data. Eur Urol, 2013. 64: 846.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23602406
101.Mazzucchelli, R., et al. Prediction of prostatic involvement by urothelial carcinoma in radical cystoprostatectomy for bladder cancer. Urology, 2009. 74: 385.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501882
102.Pettus, J.A., et al. Risk assessment of prostatic pathology in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatectomy. Eur Urol, 2008. 53: 370.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17689003
103.Matzkin, H., et al. Transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol, 1991. 146: 1207.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1942262
104.Mungan, M.U., et al. Risk factors for mucosal prostatic urethral involvement in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol, 2005. 48: 760.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005563
105.Kassouf, W., et al. Prostatic urethral biopsy has limited usefulness in counseling patients regarding final urethral margin status during orthotopic neobladder reconstruction. J Urol, 2008. 180: 164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18485384
106.Walsh, D.L., et al. Dilemmas in the treatment of urothelial cancers of the prostate. Urol Oncol, 2009. 27: 352.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18439852
107.Lebret, T., et al. Urethral recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Predictive value of preoperative latero-montanal biopsies and urethral frozen sections during prostatocystectomy. Eur Urol, 1998. 33: 170.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9519359
108.Donat, S.M., et al. The efficacy of transurethral biopsy for predicting the long-term clinical impact of prostatic invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 2001. 165: 1580.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11342921
109.von Rundstedt, F.C., et al. Transurethral biopsy of the prostatic urethra is associated with final apical margin status at radical cystoprostatectomy. J Clin Urol, 2016. 9: 404.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27818773
110.Kates, M., et al. Accuracy of urethral frozen section during radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2016. 34: 532 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27432433
111.Comperat, E.M., et al. Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma and The New “World Health Organisation Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs 2016”. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 457.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29366854
112.AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. 2017, Cham, Switzerland.
https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319406176
113.Amin, M.B., et al. The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more “personalized” approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin, 2017. 67: 93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28094848
114.Tan, W.S., et al. Can Renal and Bladder Ultrasound Replace Computerized Tomography Urogram in Patients Investigated for Microscopic Hematuria? J Urol, 2018. 200: 973.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29702097
115.Mallampati, G.K., et al. MR imaging of the bladder. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am, 2004. 12: 545.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15271370
116.Rajesh, A., et al. Bladder cancer: evaluation of staging accuracy using dynamic MRI. Clin Radiol, 2011. 66: 1140.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21924408
117.Necchi, A., et al. Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System use predicting the outcome of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2024. 133: 214.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37803523
118.Panebianco, V., et al. Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Bladder Cancer: Development of VI-RADS (Vesical Imaging-Reporting And Data System). Eur Urol, 2018. 74: 294.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29755006
119.Del Giudice, F., et al. Prospective Assessment of Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) and Its Clinical Impact on the Management of High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Patients Candidate for Repeated Transurethral Resection. Eur Urol, 2020. 77: 101.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31699526
120.Metwally, M.I., et al. The validity, reliability, and reviewer acceptance of VI-RADS in assessing muscle invasion by bladder cancer: a multicenter prospective study. Eur Radiol, 2021. 31: 6949.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33606105
121.Arita, Y., et al. Diagnostic Value of the Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma with Variant Histology. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023. 6: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35933266
122.Bicchetti, M., et al. A novel pathway to detect muscle-invasive bladder cancer based on integrated clinical features and VI-RADS score on MRI: results of a prospective multicenter study. Radiol Med, 2022. 127: 881.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35763251
123.Woo, S., et al. Diagnostic Performance of Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System for the Prediction of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32199915
124.Bryan, R.T., et al. Comparing an Imaging-guided Pathway with the Standard Pathway for Staging Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Preliminary Data from the BladderPath Study. Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 12.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33653635
125.Panebianco, V., et al. Clinical application of bladder MRI and the Vesical Imaging-Reporting And Data System. Nat Rev Urol, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38036666
126.Thomsen, H.S., Stacul, F., Bellin, M-F., Bongartz, G., et al ESUR Guidelines on Contrast Agents 10.0. 2018. 2021.
https://www.esur.org/fileadmin/content/2019/ESUR_Guidelines_10.0_Final_Version.pdf
127.Watanabe, M., et al. Clinical validity of non-contrast-enhanced VI-RADS: prospective study using 3-T MRI with high-gradient magnetic field. Eur Radiol, 2022. 32: 7513.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35554648
128.Kim, B., et al. Bladder tumor staging: comparison of contrast-enhanced CT, T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging, dynamic gadolinium-enhanced imaging, and late gadolinium-enhanced imaging. Radiology, 1994. 193: 239.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8090898
129.Paik, M.L., et al. Limitations of computerized tomography in staging invasive bladder cancer before radical cystectomy. J Urol, 2000. 163: 1693.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10799162
130.Cowan, N.C., et al. Multidetector computed tomography urography for diagnosing upper urinary tract urothelial tumour. BJU Int, 2007. 99: 1363.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17428251
131.Hurel, S., et al. Influence of preoperative factors on the oncologic outcome for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. World J Urol, 2015. 33: 335.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24810657
132.Verhoest, G., et al. Predictive factors of recurrence and survival of upper tract urothelial carcinomas. World J Urol, 2011. 29: 495.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21681525
133.Takahashi, N., et al. Gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance urography for upper urinary tract malignancy. J Urol, 2010. 183: 1330.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20171676
134.Kim, J.K., et al. Bladder cancer: analysis of multi-detector row helical CT enhancement pattern and accuracy in tumor detection and perivesical staging. Radiology, 2004. 231: 725.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118111
135.Yang, W.T., et al. Comparison of dynamic helical CT and dynamic MR imaging in the evaluation of pelvic lymph nodes in cervical carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2000. 175: 759.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10954463
136.Barentsz, J.O., et al. MR imaging of the male pelvis. Eur Radiol, 1999. 9: 1722.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10602944
137.Lonati, C., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of preoperative lymph node staging of bladder cancer according to different lymph node locations: A multicenter cohort from the European Association of Urology - Young Academic Urologists. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 195 e27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35236621
138.Vind-Kezunovic, S., et al. Detection of Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Bladder Cancer using Maximum Standardised Uptake Value and (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography: Results from a High-volume Centre Including Long-term Follow-up. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753817
139.Mertens, L.S., et al. Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Staging of Bladder Cancer: A Continuing Clinical Controversy. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 95.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36202686
140.Ha, H.K., et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of F-18 FDG PET/CT for Preoperative Lymph Node Staging in Newly Diagnosed Bladder Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Oncology, 2018. 95: 31.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29847834
141.Einerhand, S.M.H., et al. 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Curr Opin Urol, 2020. 30: 654.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701719
142.Einerhand, S.M.H., et al. The Implementation of FDG PET/CT for Staging Bladder Cancer: Changes in the Detection and Characteristics of Occult Nodal Metastases at Upfront Radical Cystectomy? J Clin Med, 2023. 12.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37240473
143.Voskuilen, C.S., et al. Staging (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Changes Treatment Recommendation in Invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 366.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33583752
144.Richters, A., et al. Staging fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a nationwide population-based study. BJU Int, 2023. 132: 420.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37246479
145.Marandino, L., et al. [18F]Fluoro-Deoxy-Glucose positron emission tomography to evaluate lymph node involvement in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer receiving neoadjuvant pembrolizumab. Urol Oncol, 2021. 39: 235 e15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33071107
146.Girvin, F., et al. Pulmonary nodules: detection, assessment, and CAD. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2008. 191: 1057.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18806142
147.Heidenreich, A., et al. Imaging studies in metastatic urogenital cancer patients undergoing systemic therapy: recommendations of a multidisciplinary consensus meeting of the Association of Urological Oncology of the German Cancer Society. Urol Int, 2010. 85: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20693823
148.Furrer, M.A., et al. Routine Preoperative Bone Scintigraphy Has Limited Impact on the Management of Patients with Invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 1052.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33060038
149.Papageorgiou, I., et al. Whole-body MRI: a powerful alternative to bone scan for bone marrow staging without radiation and gadolinium enhancer. Clin Transl Oncol, 2020. 22: 1321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31858434
150.Yoshida, S., et al. Role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in predicting sensitivity to chemoradiotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2012. 83: e21.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22414281
151.Bandini, M., et al. The Value of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Sequences to Assist in the Decision Making of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 829.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32605888
152.Hafeez, S., et al. Assessing Bladder Radiotherapy Response With Quantitative Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2022. 34: 630.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35534398
153.Ko, W.S., et al. Predictive Value of 18 F-FDG PET/CT for Assessment of Tumor Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Bladder Cancer. Clin Nucl Med, 2023. 48: 574.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36976654
154.Pecoraro, M., et al. Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) for assessment of response to systemic therapy for bladder cancer: preliminary report. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2022. 47: 763.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34919160
155.Kozikowski, M., et al. Role of Radiomics in the Prediction of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 728.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34099417
156.Piccardo, A., et al. Role of (64)CuCl(2) PET/CT in Detecting and Staging Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Comparison with Contrast-Enhanced CT and (18)F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med, 2024. 65: 1357.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39054284
157.Unterrainer, L.M., et al. [(68 )Ga]Ga-FAPI-46 PET/CT for locoregional lymph node staging in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder prior to cystectomy: initial experiences from a pilot analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 2024. 51: 1786.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38236427
158.Civelek, A.C., et al. Clinical value of (18)FDG PET/MRI in muscle-invasive, locally advanced, and metastatic bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2021. 39: 787 e17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34140245
159.Rietbergen, D.D.D., et al. Evaluation of the Hybrid Tracer Indocyanine Green- 99m Tc-Nanocolloid for Sentinel Node Biopsy in Bladder Cancer-A Prospective Pilot Study. Clin Nucl Med, 2022. 47: 774.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35713891
160.Game, X., et al. Radical cystectomy in patients older than 75 years: assessment of morbidity and mortality. Eur Urol, 2001. 39: 525.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11464032
161.Clark, P.E., et al. Radical cystectomy in the elderly: comparison of clincal outcomes between younger and older patients. Cancer, 2005. 104: 36.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15912515
162.May, M., et al. Results from three municipal hospitals regarding radical cystectomy on elderly patients. Int Braz J Urol, 2007. 33: 764.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199344
163.Ethun, C.G., et al. Frailty and cancer: Implications for oncology surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology. CA Cancer J Clin, 2017. 67: 362.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28731537
164.Miller, D.C., et al. The impact of co-morbid disease on cancer control and survival following radical cystectomy. J Urol, 2003. 169: 105.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478114
165.Haden, T.D., et al. Comparative Perioperative Outcomes in Septuagenarians and Octogenarians Undergoing Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer-Do Outcomes Differ? Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 895.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865996
166.Brown, A.S., et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: geriatric assessment methods for clinical decision-making. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1988. 36: 342.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3280648
167.Mayr, R., et al. Sarcopenia as a comorbidity-independent predictor of survival following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2018. 9: 505.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29479839
168.Lyon, T.D., et al. Sarcopenia and Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: 216.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31060857
169.Lawrentschuk, N., et al. Prevention and management of complications following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 983.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20227172
170.Donahue, T.F., et al. Risk factors for the development of parastomal hernia after radical cystectomy. J Urol, 2014. 191: 1708.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24384155
171.Djaladat, H., et al. The association of preoperative serum albumin level and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score on early complications and survival of patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2014. 113: 887.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23906037
172.Garg, T., et al. Preoperative serum albumin is associated with mortality and complications after radical cystectomy. BJU Int, 2014. 113: 918.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24053616
173.van Hattum, J.W., et al. The Effect of Metformin on Bladder Cancer Incidence and Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Bladder Cancer, 2022. 8: 211.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38993366/
174.Rochon, P.A., et al. Comorbid illness is associated with survival and length of hospital stay in patients with chronic disability. A prospective comparison of three comorbidity indices. Med Care, 1996. 34: 1093.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8911426
175.Williams, S.B., et al. Systematic Review of Comorbidity and Competing-risks Assessments for Bladder Cancer Patients. Eur Urol Oncol, 2018. 1: 91.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30345422
176.Zietman, A.L., et al. Organ-conserving approaches to muscle-invasive bladder cancer: future alternatives to radical cystectomy. Ann Med, 2000. 32: 34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10711576
177.Lughezzani, G., et al. A population-based competing-risks analysis of the survival of patients treated with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Cancer, 2011. 117: 103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20803606
178.Froehner, M., et al. Complications following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in the elderly. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 443.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19481861
179.Korc-Grodzicki, B., et al. Prevention of post-operative delirium in older patients with cancer undergoing surgery. J Geriatr Oncol, 2015. 6: 60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25454768
180.Soubeyran, P., et al. Screening for vulnerability in older cancer patients: the ONCODAGE Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study. PLoS One, 2014. 9: e115060.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25503576
181.Rockwood, K., et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ, 2005. 173: 489.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16129869
182.de Groot, V., et al. How to measure comorbidity. a critical review of available methods. J Clin Epidemiol, 2003. 56: 221.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12725876
183.Linn, B.S., et al. Cumulative illness rating scale. J Am Geriatr Soc, 1968. 16: 622.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5646906
184.Charlson, M.E., et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis, 1987. 40: 373.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3558716
185.Litwin, M.S., et al. Assessment of prognosis with the total illness burden index for prostate cancer: aiding clinicians in treatment choice. Cancer, 2007. 109: 1777.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17354226
186.Paleri, V., et al. Applicability of the adult comorbidity evaluation - 27 and the Charlson indexes to assess comorbidity by notes extraction in a cohort of United Kingdom patients with head and neck cancer: a retrospective study. J Laryngol Otol, 2002. 116: 200.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11893262
187.Greenfield, S., et al. The importance of co-existent disease in the occurrence of postoperative complications and one-year recovery in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Comorbidity and outcomes after hip replacement. Med Care, 1993. 31: 141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8433577
188.Kaplan, M.H., et al. The importance of classifying initial co-morbidity in evaluating the outcome of diabetes mellitus. J Chronic Dis, 1974. 27: 387.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4436428
189.Farhat, J.S., et al. Are the frail destined to fail? Frailty index as predictor of surgical morbidity and mortality in the elderly. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2012. 72: 1526.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22695416
190.Mayr, R., et al. Predictive capacity of four comorbidity indices estimating perioperative mortality after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. BJU Int, 2012. 110: E222.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22314129
191.Morgan, T.M., et al. Predicting the probability of 90-day survival of elderly patients with bladder cancer treated with radical cystectomy. J Urol, 2011. 186: 829.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21788035
192.Abdollah, F., et al. Development and validation of a reference table for prediction of postoperative mortality rate in patients treated with radical cystectomy: a population-based study. Ann Surg Oncol, 2012. 19: 309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21701925
193.Koppie, T.M., et al. Age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity score is associated with treatment decisions and clinical outcomes for patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Cancer, 2008. 112: 2384.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18404699
194.Bolenz, C., et al. Management of elderly patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: guideline concordance and predictors of overall survival. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 1324.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20500510
195.Yoo, S., et al. Does radical cystectomy improve overall survival in octogenarians with muscle-invasive bladder cancer? Korean J Urol, 2011. 52: 446.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21860763
196.Mayr, R., et al. Comorbidity and performance indices as predictors of cancer-independent mortality but not of cancer-specific mortality after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 662.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22534059
197.Hall, W.H., et al. An electronic application for rapidly calculating Charlson comorbidity score. BMC Cancer, 2004. 4: 94.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610554
198.Extermann, M., et al. Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients. J Clin Oncol, 1998. 16: 1582.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9552069
199.Blagden, S.P., et al. Performance status score: do patients and their oncologists agree? Br J Cancer, 2003. 89: 1022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12966419
200.Logothetis, C.J., et al. Escalated MVAC with or without recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the initial treatment of advanced malignant urothelial tumors: results of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol, 1995. 13: 2272.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7666085
201.von der Maase, H., et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in advanced or metastatic bladder cancer: results of a large, randomized, multinational, multicenter, phase III study. J Clin Oncol, 2000. 18: 3068.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001674
202.Niegisch, G., et al. Prognostic factors in second-line treatment of urothelial cancers with gemcitabine and paclitaxel (German Association of Urological Oncology trial AB20/99). Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 1087.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21839579
203.Cohen, H.J., et al. A controlled trial of inpatient and outpatient geriatric evaluation and management. N Engl J Med, 2002. 346: 905.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907291
204.Balducci, L., et al. General guidelines for the management of older patients with cancer. Oncology (Williston Park), 2000. 14: 221.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11195414
205.Castagneto, B., et al. Single-agent gemcitabine in previously untreated elderly patients with advanced bladder carcinoma: response to treatment and correlation with the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Oncology, 2004. 67: 27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15459492
206.Dutta, R., et al. Effect of tumor location on survival in urinary bladder adenocarcinoma: A population-based analysis. Urol Oncol, 2016. 34: 531 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27427223
207.Mathieu, R., et al. The prognostic role of lymphovascular invasion in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Nat Rev Urol, 2016. 13: 471.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27431340
208.Kimura, S., et al. Prognostic Value of Concomitant Carcinoma In Situ in the Radical Cystectomy Specimen: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Urol, 2019. 201: 46.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30077559
209.Svatek, R.S., et al. Intravesical tumor involvement of the trigone is associated with nodal metastasis in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Urology, 2014. 84: 1147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25174656
210.Donat, S.M., et al. Mechanisms of prostatic stromal invasion in patients with bladder cancer: clinical significance. J Urol, 2001. 165: 1117.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11257650
211.Paner, G.P., et al. Challenges in Pathologic Staging of Bladder Cancer: Proposals for Fresh Approaches of Assessing Pathologic Stage in Light of Recent Studies and Observations Pertaining to Bladder Histoanatomic Variances. Adv Anat Pathol, 2017. 24: 113.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28398951
212.Moschini, M., et al. Impact of the Level of Urothelial Carcinoma Involvement of the Prostate on Survival after Radical Cystectomy. Bladder Cancer, 2017. 3: 161.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28824943
213.Wu, S., et al. Pretreatment Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictor in Bladder Cancer and Metastatic or Unresectable Urothelial Carcinoma Patients: a Pooled Analysis of Comparative Studies. Cell Physiol Biochem, 2018. 46: 1352.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29689562
214.Ojerholm, E., et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a bladder cancer biomarker: Assessing prognostic and predictive value in SWOG 8710. Cancer, 2017. 123: 794.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27787873
215.Ku, J.H., et al. Lymph node density as a prognostic variable in node-positive bladder cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 2015. 15: 447.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26027955
216.Lee, D., et al. Lymph node density vs. the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM nodal staging system in node-positive bladder cancer in patients undergoing extended or super-extended pelvic lymphadenectomy. Urol Oncol, 2017. 35: 151 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28139370
217.Oszwald, A., et al. Pathological reporting of cystectomy lymph nodes: a retrospective analysis of experience in Paris. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 4029.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33743060
218.Jensen, J.B., et al. Evaluation of different lymph node (LN) variables as prognostic markers in patients undergoing radical cystectomy and extended LN dissection to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery. BJU Int, 2012. 109: 388.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21851538
219.Bruins, H.M., et al. Critical evaluation of the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM nodal staging system in patients with lymph node-positive disease after radical cystectomy. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 671.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575915
220.Robertson, A.G., et al. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cell, 2017. 171: 540.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28988769
221.Choi, W., et al. Intrinsic basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol, 2014. 11: 400.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24960601
222.Kamoun, A., et al. A Consensus Molecular Classification of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol, 2020. 77: 420.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31563503
223.Abudurexiti, M., et al. Development and External Validation of a Novel 12-Gene Signature for Prediction of Overall Survival in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol, 2019. 9: 856.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31552180
224.Morera, D.S., et al. Clinical Parameters Outperform Molecular Subtypes for Predicting Outcome in Bladder Cancer: Results from Multiple Cohorts, Including TCGA. J Urol, 2020. 203: 62.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31112107
225.Comperat, E., et al. The Genitourinary Pathology Society Update on Classification of Variant Histologies, T1 Substaging, Molecular Taxonomy, and Immunotherapy and PD-L1 Testing Implications of Urothelial Cancers. Adv Anat Pathol, 2021. 28: 196.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34128484
226.Pietzak, E.J., et al. Genomic Differences Between “Primary” and “Secondary” Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer as a Basis for Disparate Outcomes to Cisplatin-based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30290956
227.Xia, L., et al. Pathologic and survival outcomes following radical cystectomy for “progressive” and “de novo” muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A meta-analysis stratified by neoadjuvant chemotherapy status. Urol Oncol, 2024. 42: 333 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38697874
228.Motterle, G., et al. Predicting Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Focus, 2020. 6: 642.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31708469
229.Shariat, S.F., et al. Association of angiogenesis related markers with bladder cancer outcomes and other molecular markers. J Urol, 2010. 183: 1744.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299037
230.Plimack, E.R., et al. Defects in DNA Repair Genes Predict Response to Neoadjuvant Cisplatin-based Chemotherapy in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 959.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238431
231.Van Allen, E.M., et al. Somatic ERCC2 mutations correlate with cisplatin sensitivity in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Discov, 2014. 4: 1140.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25096233
232.Magliocco, A.M., et al. Analysis of MRE11 and Mortality Among Adults With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Managed With Trimodality Therapy. JAMA Netw Open, 2022. 5: e2242378.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36383379
233.Efstathiou, J.A., et al. Impact of Immune and Stromal Infiltration on Outcomes Following Bladder-Sparing Trimodality Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 59.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30712971
234.Miyamoto, D.T., et al. Molecular biomarkers in bladder preservation therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Lancet Oncol, 2018. 19: e683.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30507435
235.Kamran, S.C., et al. Genomic Tumor Correlates of Clinical Outcomes Following Organ-Sparing Chemoradiation Therapy for Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res, 2023. 29: 5116.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37870965
236.Plimack, E.R., et al. Correlative Analysis of ATM, RB1, ERCC2, and FANCC Mutations and Pathologic Complete Response After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Results from the SWOG S1314 Trial. Eur Urol, 2024. 86: 297.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39003201
237.Loriot, Y., et al. Erdafitinib in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2019. 381: 338.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31340094
238.Pal, S.K., et al. Efficacy of BGJ398, a Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1-3 Inhibitor, in Patients with Previously Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma with FGFR3 Alterations. Cancer Discov, 2018. 8: 812.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29848605
239.Loriot, Y., et al. Erdafitinib or Chemotherapy in Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2023. 389: 1961.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37870920
240.Klumper, N., et al. Membranous NECTIN-4 Expression Frequently Decreases during Metastatic Spread of Urothelial Carcinoma and Is Associated with Enfortumab Vedotin Resistance. Clin Cancer Res, 2023. 29: 1496.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36534531
241.Klumper, N., et al. NECTIN4 Amplification Is Frequent in Solid Tumors and Predicts Enfortumab Vedotin Response in Metastatic Urothelial Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2024. 42: 2446.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38657187
242.Meric-Bernstam, F., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients With HER2-Expressing Solid Tumors: Primary Results From the DESTINY-PanTumor02 Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2024. 42: 47.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37870536
243.Rosenberg, J.E., et al. Atezolizumab in patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma who have progressed following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet, 2016. 387: 1909.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26952546
244.European Medicines Agency. EMA restricts use of Keytruda and Tecentriq in bladder cancer. Press release 2018. Date accessed December 2021.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/ema-restricts-use-keytruda-tecentriq-bladder-cancer
245.Kandoth, C., et al. Mutational landscape and significance across 12 major cancer types. Nature, 2013. 502: 333.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24132290
246.Sharma, P., et al. Nivolumab monotherapy in recurrent metastatic urothelial carcinoma (CheckMate 032): a multicentre, open-label, two-stage, multi-arm, phase 1/2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2016. 17: 1590.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733243
247.Powles, T., et al. Clinical efficacy and biomarker analysis of neoadjuvant atezolizumab in operable urothelial carcinoma in the ABACUS trial. Nat Med, 2019. 25: 1706.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31686036
248.Necchi, A., et al. Pembrolizumab as Neoadjuvant Therapy Before Radical Cystectomy in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma (PURE-01): An Open-Label, Single-Arm, Phase II Study. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36: 3353.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30343614
249.Mariathasan, S., et al. TGFbeta attenuates tumour response to PD-L1 blockade by contributing to exclusion of T cells. Nature, 2018. 554: 544.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29443960
250.Wang, L., et al. EMT- and stroma-related gene expression and resistance to PD-1 blockade in urothelial cancer. Nat Commun, 2018. 9: 3503.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30158554
251.Powles, T., et al. ctDNA guiding adjuvant immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma. Nature, 2021. 595: 432.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34135506
252.Christensen, E., et al. Early Detection of Metastatic Relapse and Monitoring of Therapeutic Efficacy by Ultra-Deep Sequencing of Plasma Cell-Free DNA in Patients With Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37: 1547.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31059311
253.Lindskrog, S.V., et al. Circulating Tumor DNA Analysis in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: Insights from Biological Analysis and Extended Clinical Follow-up. Clin Cancer Res, 2023. 29: 4797.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37782315
254.ClinicalTrials/gov. A Study of Atezolizumab Versus Placebo as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With High-Risk Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Who Are ctDNA Positive Following Cystectomy (IMvigor011) NCT04660344. Date accessed December 2022.
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04660344
255.Bellmunt, J., et al. Putative Biomarkers of Clinical Benefit With Pembrolizumab in Advanced Urothelial Cancer: Results from the KEYNOTE-045 and KEYNOTE-052 Landmark Trials. Clin Cancer Res, 2022. 28: 2050.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35247908
256.Liu, C., et al. Integrative tumour mutation burden with CD39 and PD-L1 for the prediction of response to PD-L1 blockade and adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients. Br J Cancer, 2022. 127: 1718.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35999267
257.Stein, J.P., et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19: 666.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157016
258.Stein, J.P., et al. Radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of a standard procedure. World J Urol, 2006. 24: 296.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16518661
259.Dalbagni, G., et al. Cystectomy for bladder cancer: a contemporary series. J Urol, 2001. 165: 1111.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11257649
260.David, K.A., et al. Low incidence of perioperative chemotherapy for stage III bladder cancer 1998 to 2003: a report from the National Cancer Data Base. J Urol, 2007. 178: 451.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17561135
261.Porter, M.P., et al. Patterns of use of systemic chemotherapy for Medicare beneficiaries with urothelial bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2011. 29: 252.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19450992
262.Ravi, P., et al. Optimal pathological response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results from a global, multicentre collaboration. BJU Int, 2021. 128: 607.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33909949
263.Sanchez-Ortiz, R.F., et al. An interval longer than 12 weeks between the diagnosis of muscle invasion and cystectomy is associated with worse outcome in bladder carcinoma. J Urol, 2003. 169: 110.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478115
264.Stein, J.P. Contemporary concepts of radical cystectomy and the treatment of bladder cancer. J Urol, 2003. 169: 116.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478116
265.Boeri, L., et al. Delaying Radical Cystectomy After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer is Associated with Adverse Survival Outcomes. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 390.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31277775
266.Pfail, J.L., et al. Survival of Patients with Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder with Residual Disease at Time of Cystectomy: A Comparative Survival Analysis of Treatment Modalities in the National Cancer Database. Bladder Cancer, 2020. 6: 265.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.3233/BLC-200303
267.Pfister, C., et al. Randomized Phase III Trial of Dose-dense Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin, or Gemcitabine and Cisplatin as Perioperative Chemotherapy for Patients with Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Analysis of the GETUG/AFU V05 VESPER Trial Secondary Endpoints: Chemotherapy Toxicity and Pathological Responses. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 214.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32868138
268.Arora, A., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy does not increase peri-operative morbidity following radical cystectomy. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 1697.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35488914
269.Sherif, A., et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatinum based combination chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: a combined analysis of two Nordic studies. Eur Urol, 2004. 45: 297.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15036674
270.Kimura, S., et al. Impact of Gender on Chemotherapeutic Response and Oncologic Outcomes in Patients Treated With Radical Cystectomy and Perioperative Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2020. 18: 78.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31889669
271.D’Andrea, D., et al. Impact of sex on response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 639 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32057595
272.Grossman, H.B., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med, 2003. 349: 859.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12944571
273.International Collaboration of, T., et al. International phase III trial assessing neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: long-term results of the BA06 30894 trial. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29: 2171.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21502557
274.Sherif, A., et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin-methotrexate chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer -- Nordic cystectomy trial 2. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 2002. 36: 419.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12623505
275.Sengelov, L., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and methotrexate in patients with muscle-invasive bladder tumours. Acta Oncol, 2002. 41: 447.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12442921
276.Shipley, W.U., et al. Phase III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with selective bladder preservation by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy: initial results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89-03. J Clin Oncol, 1998. 16: 3576.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9817278
277.Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis, C. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet, 2003. 361: 1927.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12801735
278.Winquist, E., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol, 2004. 171: 561.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14713760
279.Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis, C. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: update of a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data advanced bladder cancer (ABC) meta-analysis collaboration. Eur Urol, 2005. 48: 202.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939524
280.Orsatti, M., et al. Alternating chemo-radiotherapy in bladder cancer: a conservative approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1995. 33: 173.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7642415
281.Abol-Enein H., et al. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in the treatment of invasive transitional bladder cancer. A controlled prospective randomized study. Br J Urol 1997. 79 174.
282.Malmstrom, P.U., et al. Five-year followup of a prospective trial of radical cystectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Nordic Cystectomy Trial I. The Nordic Cooperative Bladder Cancer Study Group. J Urol, 1996. 155: 1903.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8618283
283.Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. International collaboration of trialists. Lancet, 1999. 354: 533.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10470696
284.Yin, M., et al. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Two-Step Meta-Analysis. Oncologist, 2016. 21: 708.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27053504
285.Galsky, M.D., et al. Comparative effectiveness of gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin as neoadjuvant therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer, 2015. 121: 2586.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25872978
286.Yuh, B.E., et al. Pooled analysis of clinical outcomes with neoadjuvant cisplatin and gemcitabine chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 2013. 189: 1682.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23123547
287.Lee, F.C., et al. Pathologic Response Rates of Gemcitabine/Cisplatin versus Methotrexate/Vinblastine/Adriamycin/Cisplatin Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer. Adv Urol, 2013. 2013: 317190.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382958
288.Dash, A., et al. A role for neoadjuvant gemcitabine plus cisplatin in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: a retrospective experience. Cancer, 2008. 113: 2471.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18823036
289.Choueiri, T.K., et al. Neoadjuvant dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin with pegfilgrastim support in muscle-invasive urothelial cancer: pathologic, radiologic, and biomarker correlates. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 1889.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821883
290.Plimack, E.R., et al. Accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin is safe, effective, and efficient neoadjuvant treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of a multicenter phase II study with molecular correlates of response and toxicity. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 1895.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24821881
291.Peyton, C.C., et al. Downstaging and Survival Outcomes Associated With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Regimens Among Patients Treated With Cystectomy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. JAMA Oncol, 2018. 4: 1535.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30178038
292.Pfister, C., et al. Perioperative dose-dense methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (VESPER): survival endpoints at 5 years in an open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol, 2024. 25: 255.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38142702
293.Pfister, C., et al. Dose-Dense Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin or Gemcitabine and Cisplatin as Perioperative Chemotherapy for Patients With Nonmetastatic Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Results of the GETUG-AFU V05 VESPER Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2022. 40: 2013.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35254888
294.Hemenway, G., et al. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with Accelerated Methotrexate, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin, and Cisplatin in Patients with Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Age-stratified Analysis on Safety and Efficacy. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023. 6: 431.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35792045
295.Anari, F., et al. Neoadjuvant Dose-dense Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Results of a Phase 2 Trial. Eur Urol Oncol, 2018. 1: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30420974
296.Iyer, G., et al. Multicenter Prospective Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Dose-Dense Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36: 1949.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29742009
297.Osterman, C.K., et al. Efficacy of Split Schedule Versus Conventional Schedule Neoadjuvant Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Oncologist, 2019. 24: 688.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30728277
298.D’Andrea, D., et al. The Impact of Primary Versus Secondary Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer at Diagnosis on the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 41: 74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35813257
299.Vetterlein, M.W., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer with variant histology. Cancer, 2017. 123: 4346.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28743155
300.Chakiryan, N.H., et al. Pathological Downstaging and Survival Outcomes Associated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Variant Histology Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2021. 206: 924.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34032503
301.Allory, Y., et al. Impact of Divergent Differentiation and/or Histological Subtype of Urothelial Carcinoma on Patient Outcomes in the GETUG-AFU V05 VESPER Trial. J Urol, 2024. 211: 564.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38153961
302.Rosenblatt, R., et al. Pathologic downstaging is a surrogate marker for efficacy and increased survival following neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 1229.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22189383
303.Voskuilen, C.S., et al. Multicenter Validation of Histopathologic Tumor Regression Grade After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Muscle-invasive Bladder Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2019. 43: 1600.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31524642
304.Sjodahl, G., et al. Different Responses to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Urothelial Carcinoma Molecular Subtypes. Eur Urol, 2022. 81: 523.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34782206
305.Takata, R., et al. Predicting response to methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancers through genome-wide gene expression profiling. Clin Cancer Res, 2005. 11: 2625.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15814643
306.Takata, R., et al. Validation study of the prediction system for clinical response of M-VAC neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Sci, 2007. 98: 113.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17116130
307.Miron, B., et al. Defects in DNA Repair Genes Confer Improved Long-term Survival after Cisplatin-based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 544.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32165095
308.Szabados, B., et al. Final Results of Neoadjuvant Atezolizumab in Cisplatin-ineligible Patients with Muscle-invasive Urothelial Cancer of the Bladder. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 212.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35577646
309.Basile, G., et al. Neoadjuvant Pembrolizumab and Radical Cystectomy in Patients with Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer: 3-Year Median Follow-Up Update of PURE-01 Trial. Clin Cancer Res, 2022. 28: 5107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36190522
310.van Dijk, N., et al. Preoperative ipilimumab plus nivolumab in locoregionally advanced urothelial cancer: the NABUCCO trial. Nat Med, 2020. 26: 1839.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33046870
311.Gao, J., et al. Neoadjuvant PD-L1 plus CTLA-4 blockade in patients with cisplatin-ineligible operable high-risk urothelial carcinoma. Nat Med, 2020. 26: 1845.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33046869
312.Rose, T.L., et al. Phase II Study of Gemcitabine and Split-Dose Cisplatin Plus Pembrolizumab as Neoadjuvant Therapy Before Radical Cystectomy in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 3140.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34428076
313.Funt, S.A., et al. Neoadjuvant Atezolizumab With Gemcitabine and Cisplatin in Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Multicenter, Single-Arm, Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2022. 40: 1312.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35089812
314.Galsky, M.D., et al. Gemcitabine and cisplatin plus nivolumab as organ-sparing treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a phase 2 trial. Nat Med, 2023. 29: 2825.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37783966
315.Powles, T., et al. Perioperative Durvalumab with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Operable Bladder Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39282910
316.Iwata, T., et al. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery for upper and lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 659.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31255542
317.Zaghloul, M.S., et al. Adjuvant Sandwich Chemotherapy Plus Radiotherapy vs Adjuvant Chemotherapy Alone for Locally Advanced Bladder Cancer After Radical Cystectomy: A Randomized Phase 2 Trial. JAMA Surg, 2018. 153: e174591.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29188298
318.Zaghloul, M.S., et al. The Value and Safety of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy After Radical Cystectomy in Locally Advanced Urothelial Bladder Cancer: A Controlled Randomized Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2024. 120: 658.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38879088
319.Murthy, V., et al. Bladder Adjuvant Radiation Therapy (BART): Acute and Late Toxicity From a Phase III Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39353477
320.Fonteyne, V., et al. Adjuvant Radiotherapy After Radical Cystectomy for Patients with High-risk Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Results of a Multicentric Phase II Trial. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1238.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34893458
321.Ballas, L., et al. Tolerance of Orthotopic Ileal Neobladders to Radiotherapy: A Multi-institutional Retrospective Study. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2017. 15: 711.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28558986
322.Slack, N.H., et al. Five-year follow-up results of a collaborative study of therapies for carcinoma of the bladder. J Surg Oncol, 1977. 9: 393.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/330958
323.Smith, J.A., Jr., et al. Treatment of advanced bladder cancer with combined preoperative irradiation and radical cystectomy versus radical cystectomy alone: a phase III intergroup study. J Urol, 1997. 157: 805.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072571
324.Ghoneim, M.A., et al. Randomized trial of cystectomy with or without preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the bilharzial bladder. J Urol, 1985. 134: 266.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3894693
325.Anderstrom, C., et al. A prospective randomized study of preoperative irradiation with cystectomy or cystectomy alone for invasive bladder carcinoma. Eur Urol, 1983. 9: 142.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6861819
326.Blackard, C.E., et al. Results of a clinical trial of surgery and radiation in stages II and 3 carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol, 1972. 108: 875.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5082739
327.Vassantachart, A., et al. Feasibility and Outcomes of Orthotopic Ileal Neobladder Reconstruction Following Pelvic Irradiation. Urology, 2021. 148: 198.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32979377
328.Huncharek, M., et al. Planned preoperative radiation therapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer; results of a meta-analysis. Anticancer Res, 1998. 18: 1931.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9677446
329.El-Monim, H.A., et al. A prospective randomized trial for postoperative vs. preoperative adjuvant radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2013. 31: 359.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21353794
330.Lenis, A.T., et al. Urinary Diversion. JAMA, 2020. 324: 2222.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33258891
331.Russell, B., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Delay in Radical Cystectomy and the Effect on Survival in Bladder Cancer Patients. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 239.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31668714
332.Fahmy, O., et al. Clinicopathological Features and Prognostic Value of Incidental Prostatic Adenocarcinoma in Radical Cystoprostatectomy Specimens: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 13,140 Patients. J Urol, 2017. 197: 385.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27569436
333.Cornford, P., et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG Prostate Cancer Guidelines, Edition presented at the 40th EAU Congress, Madrid, 2025.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer
334.Hernandez, V., et al. Oncological and functional outcomes of sexual function-preserving cystectomy compared with standard radical cystectomy in men: A systematic review. Urol Oncol, 2017. 35: 539 e17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28495555
335.Voigt, M., et al. Influence of Simple and Radical Cystectomy on Sexual Function and Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Female Patients: A Scoping Review of the Literature. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 408.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029621
336.Djaladat, H., et al. Reproductive organ involvement in female patients undergoing radical cystectomy for urothelial bladder cancer. J Urol, 2012. 188: 2134.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083874
337.Lobo, N., et al. Gynaecological organ involvement in females undergoing radical cystectomy: a multicentre study. BJU Int, 2024. 133: 474.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38105508
338.Ali-El-Dein, B., et al. Preservation of the internal genital organs during radical cystectomy in selected women with bladder cancer: a report on 15 cases with long term follow-up. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2013. 39: 358.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23422323
339.Bree, K.K., et al. Contemporary Rates of Gynecologic Organ Involvement in Females with Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Review of Women Undergoing Radical Cystectomy following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. J Urol, 2021. 206: 577.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33872050
340.Temkin, S.M., et al. Ovarian Cancer Prevention in High-risk Women. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2017. 60: 738.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28957949
341.Veskimae, E., et al. Systematic review of the oncological and functional outcomes of pelvic organ-preserving radical cystectomy (RC) compared with standard RC in women who undergo curative surgery and orthotopic neobladder substitution for bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 12.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28220653
342.Patel, S.H., et al. Safety and Efficacy of Reproductive Organ-Sparing Radical Cystectomy in Women With Variant Histology and Advanced Stage. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2022. 20: 60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34896022
343.Gupta, N., et al. Practice Patterns Regarding Female Reproductive Organ-Sparing and Nerve-Sparing Radical Cystectomy Among Urologic Oncologists in the United States. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2023. 21: e236.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36801170
344.Bai, S., et al. The Feasibility and Safety of Reproductive Organ Preserving Radical Cystectomy for Elderly Female Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Propensity Score-matched Study. Urology, 2019. 125: 138.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30445122
345.Simone, G., et al. Stage-specific impact of extended versus standard pelvic lymph node dissection in radical cystectomy. Int J Urol, 2013. 20: 390.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970939
346.Jensen, J.B., et al. Extended versus limited lymph node dissection in radical cystectomy: impact on recurrence pattern and survival. Int J Urol, 2012. 19: 39.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22050425
347.Zehnder, P., et al. Super extended versus extended pelvic lymph node dissection in patients undergoing radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a comparative study. J Urol, 2011. 186: 1261.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21849183
348.Gschwend, J.E., et al. Extended Versus Limited Lymph Node Dissection in Bladder Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy: Survival Results from a Prospective, Randomized Trial. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 604.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30337060
349.Lerner, S.P., et al. Standard or Extended Lymphadenectomy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 2024. 391: 1206.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2401497
350.Rai, B.P., et al. Robotic versus open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019. 4: CD011903.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016718
351.Khan, M.S., et al. A Single-centre Early Phase Randomised Controlled Three-arm Trial of Open, Robotic, and Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy (CORAL). Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 613.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26272237
352.Khetrapal, P., et al. Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy Versus Open Radical Cystectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Perioperative, Oncological, and Quality of Life Outcomes Using Randomized Controlled Trials. Eur Urol, 2023. 84: 393.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37169638
353.Mastroianni, R., et al. Open Radical Cystectomy versus Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion: Early Outcomes of a Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial. J Urol, 2022. 207: 982.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34986007
354.Maibom, S.L., et al. Open vs robot-assisted radical cystectomy (BORARC): a double-blinded, randomised feasibility study. BJU Int, 2022. 130: 102.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34657367
355.Catto, J.W.F., et al. Effect of Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy With Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion vs Open Radical Cystectomy on 90-Day Morbidity and Mortality Among Patients With Bladder Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2022. 327: 2092.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35569079
356.Faraj, K.S., et al. Robot Assisted Radical Cystectomy vs Open Radical Cystectomy: Over 10 years of the Mayo Clinic Experience. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 862.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31526651
357.Wei, L., et al. Accurate Quantification of Residual Cancer Cells in Pelvic Washing Reveals Association with Cancer Recurrence Following Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy. J Urol, 2019. 201: 1105.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30730413
358.Wijburg, C.J., et al. Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy Versus Open Radical Cystectomy in Bladder Cancer Patients: A Multicentre Comparative Effectiveness Study. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 609.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33446375
359.Goh, A.C., et al. A Population-based Study of Ureteroenteric Strictures After Open and Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy. Urology, 2020. 135: 57.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31618656
360.Magnusson, J., et al. Cumulative incidence of ureteroenteric strictures after radical cystectomy in a population-based Swedish cohort. Scand J Urol, 2021. 55: 361.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34313191
361.Hosseini, A., et al. Ureteric stricture rates and management after robot-assisted radical cystectomy: a single-centre observational study. Scand J Urol, 2018. 52: 244.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30103644
362.Amin, K.A., et al. Predictors of Benign Ureteroenteric Anastomotic Strictures After Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion. Urology, 2020. 144: 225.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29964128
363.Faraj, K.S., et al. Effect of intracorporeal urinary diversion on the incidence of benign ureteroenteric stricture after cystectomy. Int J Urol, 2021. 28: 593.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33594730
364.Ahmadi, N., et al. Use of indocyanine green to minimise uretero-enteric strictures after robotic radical cystectomy. BJU Int, 2019. 124: 302.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30815976
365.Reesink, D.J., et al. Evaluation of Ureteroenteric Anastomotic Strictures after the Introduction of Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion: Results from a Large Tertiary Referral Center. J Urol, 2021. 205: 1119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33249976
366.Yang, L.S., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life outcomes after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Surg Oncol, 2016. 25: 281.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27566035
367.Cerruto, M.A., et al. Health-Related Quality of Life after Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer in Elderly Patients with Ileal Orthotopic Neobladder or Ileal Conduit: Results from a Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study Using Validated Questionnaires. Urol Int, 2018. 100: 346.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29514144
368.Korkes, F., et al. Bricker ileal conduit vs. Cutaneous ureterostomy after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a systematic review. Int Braz J Urol, 2022. 48: 18.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861058
369.Deliveliotis, C., et al. Urinary diversion in high-risk elderly patients: modified cutaneous ureterostomy or ileal conduit? Urology, 2005. 66: 299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16040096
370.Rezaee, M.E., et al. Ileal Conduit Versus Continent Urinary Diversion in Radical Cystectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study of 30-day Complications, Readmissions, and Mortality. Urology, 2022. 170: 139.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36007686
371.Izquierdo, L., et al. Radical cystectomy and orthotopic bladder substitution: surgical tricks and management of complications. Minerva Urol Nefrol, 2013. 65: 225.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24091476
372.Abol-Enein, H., et al. Functional results of orthotopic ileal neobladder with serous-lined extramural ureteral reimplantation: experience with 450 patients. J Urol, 2001. 165: 1427.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11342891
373.Thoeny, H.C., et al. Is ileal orthotopic bladder substitution with an afferent tubular segment detrimental to the upper urinary tract in the long term? J Urol, 2002. 168: 2030.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12394702
374.Yossepowitch, O., et al. Orthotopic urinary diversion after cystectomy for bladder cancer: implications for cancer control and patterns of disease recurrence. J Urol, 2003. 169: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478130
375.Laukhtina, E., et al. Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2021. 39: 806.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34266740
376.Wiesner, C., et al. Continent cutaneous urinary diversion: long-term follow-up of more than 800 patients with ileocecal reservoirs. World J Urol, 2006. 24: 315.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16676186
377.Check, D.K., et al. Decision Regret Related to Urinary Diversion Choice among Patients Treated with Cystectomy. J Urol, 2020. 203: 159.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31441673
378.Roth, B., et al. Positive Pre-cystectomy Biopsies of the Prostatic Urethra or Bladder Neck Do Not Necessarily Preclude Orthotopic Bladder Substitution. J Urol, 2019. 201: 909.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30694935
379.Stein, J.P., et al. Pathological guidelines for orthotopic urinary diversion in women with bladder cancer: a review of the literature. J Urol, 2007. 178: 756.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17631333
380.Gakis, G., et al. [Benefits and risks of orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in female patients]. Aktuelle Urol, 2011. 42: 109.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21437834
381.Lebret, T., et al. After cystectomy, is it justified to perform a bladder replacement for patients with lymph node positive bladder cancer? Eur Urol, 2002. 42: 344.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12361899
382.Nieder, A.M., et al. Urethral recurrence after cystoprostatectomy: implications for urinary diversion and monitoring. Urology, 2004. 64: 950.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15533484
383.Xing, W., et al. Comparison of Health-Related Quality of Life Between Ileal Conduit Diversion and Orthotopic Neobladder in Women: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol, 2022. 12: 862884.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35419290
384.Gershman, B., et al. Comparative impact of continent and incontinent urinary diversion on long-term renal function after radical cystectomy in patients with preoperative chronic kidney disease 2 and chronic kidney disease 3a. Int J Urol, 2015. 22: 651.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25881721
385.Molenaar, C.J.L., et al. Effect of Multimodal Prehabilitation on Reducing Postoperative Complications and Enhancing Functional Capacity Following Colorectal Cancer Surgery: The PREHAB Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg, 2023. 158: 572.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36988937
386.Williams, S.B., et al. Reporting Radical Cystectomy Outcomes Following Implementation of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocols: A Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 719.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32624275
387.Xu, W., et al. Postoperative Pain Management after Radical Cystectomy: Comparing Traditional versus Enhanced Recovery Protocol Pathway. J Urol, 2015. 194: 1209.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26021824
388.Hammond, J., et al. Rates of venous thromboembolism among patients with major surgery for cancer. Ann Surg Oncol, 2011. 18: 3240.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21584837
389.Chiang, H.A., et al. Implementation of a Perioperative Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis Program for Patients Undergoing Radical Cystectomy on an Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol. Eur Urol Focus, 2020. 6: 74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30228076
390.Tikkinen , K.A.O., Cartwright, R., Gould, M.K., Naspro, R., Novara, G., Sandset,P.M., Violette, P.D., Guyatt, G.H., EAU Guidelines Thromboprophylaxis in Urological Surgery, in EAU Guidelines 2017: Arnhem, The Netherlands.
https://uroweb.org/guideline/thromboprophylaxis/
391.Bochner, B.H., et al. Comparing Open Radical Cystectomy and Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 1042.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25496767
392.Mossanen, M., et al. Examining the relationship between complications and perioperative mortality following radical cystectomy: a population-based analysis. BJU Int, 2019. 124: 40.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30499636
393.Demaegd, L., et al. Comparison of postoperative complications of ileal conduits versus orthotopic neobladders. Transl Androl Urol, 2020. 9: 2541.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33457228
394.Cicione, A., et al. Complications and quality of life of ileal conduit, orthotopic neobladder and ureterocutaneostomy: systematic review of reports using the Clavien-Dindo Classification. Minerva Urol Nefrol, 2020. 72: 408.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32734749
395.Haas, M., et al. The comprehensive complication index is associated with a significant increase in complication severity between 30 and 90 days after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2021. 47: 1163.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33046281
396.Furrer, M.A., et al. The Comprehensive Complication Index CCI: A proposed modification to optimize short-term complication reporting after cystectomy and urinary diversion. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 291 e9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638668
397.Hu, M., et al. Sharpening the focus on causes and timing of readmission after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Cancer, 2014. 120: 1409.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24477968
398.Liedberg, F., et al. Cystectomy for bladder cancer in Sweden - short-term outcomes after centralization. Scand J Urol, 2024. 59: 84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38685576
399.Parker, W.P., et al. Utilization and Outcomes of Radical Cystectomy for High-grade Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer in Elderly Patients. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2017.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28844793
400.Diamant, E., et al. Effectiveness of Early Radical Cystectomy for High-Risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cancers, 2022. 14: 3797.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/15/3797
401.Nielsen, M.E., et al. Association of hospital volume with conditional 90-day mortality after cystectomy: an analysis of the National Cancer Data Base. BJU Int, 2014. 114: 46.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24219110
402.Sari Motlagh, R., et al. Impact of hospital and surgeon volumes on short-term and long-term outcomes of radical cystectomy. Curr Opin Urol, 2020. 30: 701.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32732625
403.Schulz, G.B., et al. Surgical High-risk Patients With ASA >/= 3 Undergoing Radical Cystectomy: Morbidity, Mortality, and Predictors for Major Complications in a High-volume Tertiary Center. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2018. 16: e1141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30174234
404.Hossain, D., Madaan, S. . Use of Clavien-Dindo classification in urology part 1 – pelvic surgery. Urology News 2016. 20.
405.Reesink, D.J., et al. Hospital variation in treatment patterns and oncological outcomes for patients with muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer in the Netherlands. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 1469.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35397692
406.Shabsigh, A., et al. Defining early morbidity of radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer using a standardized reporting methodology. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18675501
407.Buchner, A., et al. Dramatic impact of blood transfusion on cancer-specific survival after radical cystectomy irrespective of tumor stage. Scand J Urol, 2017. 51: 130.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28332428
408.Antoni, S., et al. Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Global Overview and Recent Trends. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 96.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27370177
409.Fahmy, O., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the oncological long-term outcomes after trimodality therapy and radical cystectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29102254
410.Darwish, C., et al. Trends in Treatment Strategies and Comparison of Outcomes in Lymph Node Positive Bladder Cancer: An Analysis of the National Cancer Database. Urology, 2020. 146: 168.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32866509
411.Bruins, H.M., et al. The Importance of Hospital and Surgeon Volume as Major Determinants of Morbidity and Mortality After Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Recommendations by the European Association of Urology Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer Guideline Panel. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 131.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31866215
412.Richters, A., et al. Hospital volume is associated with postoperative mortality after radical cystectomy for treatment of bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2021. 128: 511.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33404154
413.Llorente, C., et al. Effect of hospital volume on 90-day mortality after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer in Spain. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 1221.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31302754
414.Pyrgidis, N., et al. The effect of hospital caseload on perioperative mortality, morbidity and costs in bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy: results of the German nationwide inpatient data. World J Urol, 2024. 42: 19.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38197902
415.Duchesne, G.M., et al. A randomized trial of hypofractionated schedules of palliative radiotherapy in the management of bladder carcinoma: results of medical research council trial BA09. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2000. 47: 379.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10802363
416.Maisch, P., et al. Outcomes of palliative cystectomy in patients with locally advanced pT4 bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2021. 39: 368 e11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33431328
417.Pieretti, A., et al. Complications and Outcomes of Salvage Cystectomy after Trimodality Therapy. J Urol, 2021. 206: 29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33617327
418.Zlotta, A.R., et al. Radical cystectomy versus trimodality therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a multi-institutional propensity score matched and weighted analysis. Lancet Oncol, 2023. 24: 669.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37187202
419.James, N.D., et al. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366: 1477.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22512481
420.Kulkarni, G.S., et al. Propensity Score Analysis of Radical Cystectomy Versus Bladder-Sparing Trimodal Therapy in the Setting of a Multidisciplinary Bladder Cancer Clinic. J Clin Oncol, 2017. 35: 2299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28410011
421.Eswara, J.R., et al. Complications and long-term results of salvage cystectomy after failed bladder sparing therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 2012. 187: 463.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177159
422.Ghahestani, S.M., et al. Palliative treatment of intractable hematuria in context of advanced bladder cancer: a systematic review. Urol J, 2009. 6: 149.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19711266
423.Srinivasan, V., et al. A comparison of two radiotherapy regimens for the treatment of symptoms from advanced bladder cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 1994. 6: 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7513538
424.Herr, H.W. Conservative management of muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer: prospective experience. J Urol, 1987. 138: 1162.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3669160
425.Herr, H.W. Transurethral resection of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: 10-year outcome. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19: 89.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11134199
426.Holmang, S., et al. Long-term followup of all patients with muscle invasive (stages T2, T3 and T4) bladder carcinoma in a geographical region. J Urol, 1997. 158: 389.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9224309
427.Solsona, E., et al. Feasibility of radical transurethral resection as monotherapy for selected patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 2010. 184: 475.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20620402
428.Shelley, M.D., et al. Surgery versus radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2002: CD002079.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11869621
429.Booth, C.M., et al. Curative therapy for bladder cancer in routine clinical practice: a population-based outcomes study. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2014. 26: 506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954284
430.Korpics, M.C., et al. Concurrent chemotherapy is associated with improved survival in elderly patients with bladder cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Cancer, 2017. 123: 3524.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28581675
431.Choudhury, A., et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy in locally advanced bladder cancer: an individual patient data meta-analysis of the BC2001 and BCON trials. Lancet Oncol, 2021. 22: 246.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33539743
432.Korpics, M., et al. Maximizing survival in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing curative bladder-preserving radiotherapy: the impact of radiotherapy dose escalation. Journal of Radiation Oncology, 2017. 6: 387.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13566-017-0319-2
433.Hafeez, S., et al. Clinical Outcomes of Image Guided Adaptive Hypofractionated Weekly Radiation Therapy for Bladder Cancer in Patients Unsuitable for Radical Treatment. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2017. 98: 115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28586948
434.Marcq, G., et al. Benefit of Whole-Pelvis Radiation for Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: An Inverse Probability Treatment Weighted Analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2024: JCO2302718.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39361935
435.Milosevic, M., et al. Radiotherapy for bladder cancer. Urology, 2007. 69: 80.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17280910
436.Sondergaard, J., et al. A comparison of morbidity following conformal versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy for urinary bladder cancer. Acta Oncol, 2014. 53: 1321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24980045
437.Tonoli, S., et al. Radical radiotherapy for bladder cancer: retrospective analysis of a series of 459 patients treated in an Italian institution. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2006. 18: 52.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16477920
438.McLaren, D.B., et al. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer in the elderly. Radiother Oncol, 1997. 43: 171.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9192963
439.Galsky, M.D., et al. A consensus definition of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Lancet Oncol, 2011. 12: 211.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21376284
440.Galsky, M.D., et al. Treatment of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer “unfit” for Cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29: 2432.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21555688
441.Sternberg, C.N., et al. Can patient selection for bladder preservation be based on response to chemotherapy? Cancer, 2003. 97: 1644.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12655521
442.Kachnic, L.A., et al. Bladder preservation by combined modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol, 1997. 15: 1022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9060542
443.Als, A.B., et al. Long-term survival after gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: focus on supplementary treatment strategies. Eur Urol, 2007. 52: 478.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17383078
444.Moran, G.W., et al. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy of Chemotherapy with Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors as Definitive Therapy for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer, 2017. 3: 245.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29152549
445.Audenet, F., et al. Effectiveness of Transurethral Resection plus Systemic Chemotherapy as Definitive Treatment for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer in Population Level Data. J Urol, 2018. 200: 996.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29879397
446.Ploussard, G., et al. Critical analysis of bladder sparing with trimodal therapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 120.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24613684
447.Kool, R., et al. Benefit of Neoadjuvant Cisplatin-based Chemotherapy for Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients Treated with Radiation-based Therapy in a Real-world Setting: An Inverse Probability Treatment Weighted Analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38326142
448.Giacalone, N.J., et al. Long-term Outcomes After Bladder-preserving Tri-modality Therapy for Patients with Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: An Updated Analysis of the Massachusetts General Hospital Experience. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 952.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28081860
449.Mak, R.H., et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer after selective bladder-preserving combined-modality therapy: a pooled analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocols 8802, 8903, 9506, 9706, 9906, and 0233. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 3801.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25366678
450.Suer, E., et al. Significance of second transurethral resection on patient outcomes in muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with bladder-preserving multimodal therapy. World J Urol, 2016. 34: 847.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26462931
451.Efstathiou, J.A., et al. Long-term outcomes of selective bladder preservation by combined-modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer: the MGH experience. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 705.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101114
452.Amestoy, F., et al. Review of hypo-fractionated radiotherapy for localized muscle invasive bladder cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2019. 142: 76.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31377435
453.Merten, R., et al. Long-Term Experience of Chemoradiotherapy Combined with Deep Regional Hyperthermia for Organ Preservation in High-Risk Bladder Cancer (Ta, Tis, T1, T2). Oncologist, 2019. 24: e1341.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31292267
454.Hall, E., et al. Chemoradiotherapy in Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: 10-yr Follow-up of the Phase 3 Randomised Controlled BC2001 Trial. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 273.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35577644
455.Coen, J.J., et al. Bladder Preservation With Twice-a-Day Radiation Plus Fluorouracil/Cisplatin or Once Daily Radiation Plus Gemcitabine for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: NRG/RTOG 0712-A Randomized Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30433852
456.de Haar-Holleman, A., et al. Chemoradiation for muscle-invasive bladder cancer using 5-fluorouracil versus capecitabine: A nationwide cohort study. Radiother Oncol, 2023. 183: 109584.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36863459
457.Dahl, D.M., et al. Long-term Outcomes of Chemoradiation for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer in Noncystectomy Candidates. Final Results of NRG Oncology RTOG 0524-A Phase 1/2 Trial of Paclitaxel + Trastuzumab with Daily Radiation or Paclitaxel Alone with Daily Irradiation. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024. 7: 83.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37442672
458.Hoskin, P.J., et al. Radiotherapy with concurrent carbogen and nicotinamide in bladder carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2010. 28: 4912.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20956620
459.Qiu, J., et al. Comparing Long-Term Survival Outcomes for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients Who Underwent with Radical Cystectomy and Bladder-Sparing Trimodality Therapy: A Multicentre Cohort Analysis. J Oncol, 2022. 2022: 7306198.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35607328
460.Bruck, K., et al. Disease-Free Survival of Patients With Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated With Radical Cystectomy Versus Bladder-Preserving Therapy: A Nationwide Study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2024. 118: 41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37517601
461.Swinton, M., et al. Bladder-Sparing Treatment With Radical Dose Radiotherapy Is an Effective Alternative to Radical Cystectomy in Patients With Clinically Node-Positive Nonmetastatic Bladder Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2023. 41: 4406.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37478391
462.Sanchez, A., et al. Incidence, Clinicopathological Risk Factors, Management and Outcomes of Nonmuscle Invasive Recurrence after Complete Response to Trimodality Therapy for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2018. 199: 407.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28870862
463.Krasnow, R.E., et al. Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Histologic Variants of Urothelial Cancer Treated with Trimodality Bladder-sparing Therapy. Eur Urol, 2017. 72: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28040351
464.Halstuch, D., et al. The Impact of Histologic Subtypes on Clinical Outcomes After Radiation-Based Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2024. 212: 710.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39051515
465.Fischer-Valuck, B.W., et al. A propensity analysis comparing definitive chemo-radiotherapy for muscle-invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder vs. urothelial carcinoma of the bladder using the National Cancer Database. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 2019. 15: 38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30656221
466.Janopaul-Naylor, J.R., et al. Bladder preserving chemoradiotherapy compared to surgery for variants of urothelial carcinoma and other tumors types involving the bladder: An analysis of the National Cancer Database. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol, 2021. 26: 30.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33294644
467.Efstathiou, J.A., et al. Late pelvic toxicity after bladder-sparing therapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer: RTOG 89-03, 95-06, 97-06, 99-06. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27: 4055.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19636019
468.Huddart, R.A., et al. Patient-reported Quality of Life Outcomes in Patients Treated for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer with Radiotherapy +/- Chemotherapy in the BC2001 Phase III Randomised Controlled Trial. Eur Urol, 2020. 77: 260.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31843338
469.Sherry, A.D., et al. Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy is Superior to Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy in the Trimodality Management of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer with Daily Cone Beam Computed Tomography Optimization. J Radiat Oncol, 2019. 8: 395.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33343830
470.Mak, K.S., et al. Quality of Life in Long-term Survivors of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 2016. 96: 1028.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27727064
471.Donat, S.M., et al. Potential impact of postoperative early complications on the timing of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a high-volume tertiary cancer center experience. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18640770
472.Sylvester, R., et al. The role of adjuvant combination chemotherapy after cystectomy in locally advanced bladder cancer: what we do not know and why. Ann Oncol, 2000. 11: 851.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10997813
473.Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis, C. Adjuvant chemotherapy in invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data Advanced Bladder Cancer (ABC) Meta-analysis Collaboration. Eur Urol, 2005. 48: 189.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939530
474.Leow, J.J., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: a 2013 updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 42.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24018020
475.Cognetti, F., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine versus chemotherapy at relapse in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer submitted to radical cystectomy: an Italian, multicenter, randomized phase III trial. Ann Oncol, 2012. 23: 695.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21859900
476.Paz-Ares, L.G., et al. Randomized phase III trial comparing adjuvant paclitaxel/gemcitabine/cisplatin (PGC) to observation in patients with resected invasive bladder cancer: Results of the Spanish Oncology Genitourinary Group (SOGUG) 99/01 study. J Clin Oncol (Meeting Abstracts), 2010. 28: LBA4518
http://meeting.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/18_suppl/LBA4518
477.Stadler, W.M., et al. Phase III study of molecularly targeted adjuvant therapy in locally advanced urothelial cancer of the bladder based on p53 status. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29: 3443.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810677
478.Powles, T., et al. Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with platinum-treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor211): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2018. 391: 748.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29268948
479.Freiha, F., et al. A randomized trial of radical cystectomy versus radical cystectomy plus cisplatin, vinblastine and methotrexate chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 1996. 155: 495.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8558644
480.Stockle, M., et al. Adjuvant polychemotherapy of nonorgan-confined bladder cancer after radical cystectomy revisited: long-term results of a controlled prospective study and further clinical experience. J Urol, 1995. 153: 47.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7966789
481.Skinner, D.G., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy following cystectomy benefits patients with deeply invasive bladder cancer. Semin Urol, 1990. 8: 279.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2284533
482.Lehmann, J., et al. Adjuvant cisplatin plus methotrexate versus methotrexate, vinblastine, epirubicin, and cisplatin in locally advanced bladder cancer: results of a randomized, multicenter, phase III trial (AUO-AB 05/95). J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23: 4963.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15939920
483.Studer, U.E., et al. Adjuvant cisplatin chemotherapy following cystectomy for bladder cancer: results of a prospective randomized trial. J Urol, 1994. 152: 81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8201695
484.Advanced Bladder Cancer Meta-analysis Collaborators, G. Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Individual Participant Data from Randomised Controlled Trials. Eur Urol, 2022. 81: 50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34802798
485.Svatek, R.S., et al. The effectiveness of off-protocol adjuvant chemotherapy for patients with urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Clin Cancer Res, 2010. 16: 4461.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20651056
486.Sternberg, C.N., et al. Immediate versus deferred chemotherapy after radical cystectomy in patients with pT3-pT4 or N+ M0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (EORTC 30994): an intergroup, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2015. 16: 76.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25498218
487.Galsky, M.D., et al. Effectiveness of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Bladder Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2016. 34: 825.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26786930
488.Berg, S., et al. Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with adverse features and variant histology at radical cystectomy for muscle-invasive carcinoma of the bladder: Does histologic subtype matter? Cancer, 2019. 125: 1449.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30620387
489.Bajorin, D.F., et al. Adjuvant Nivolumab versus Placebo in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384: 2102.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34077643
490.Galsky, M.D., et al. Disease-free Survival Analysis for Patients with High-risk Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma from the Randomized CheckMate 274 Trial by PD-L1 Combined Positive Score and Tumor Cell Score. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 432.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36868932
491.Witjes, J.A., et al. Health-related Quality of Life with Adjuvant Nivolumab After Radical Resection for High-risk Muscle-invasive Urothelial Carcinoma: Results from the Phase 3 CheckMate 274 Trial. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 553.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35288066
492.Apolo, A.B., et al. Adjuvant Pembrolizumab versus Observation in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39282902
493.Bellmunt, J., et al. Adjuvant atezolizumab versus observation in muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor010): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2021. 22: 525.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33721560
494.U.S. Food & Drug Adminstration. FDA approves nivolumab for adjuvant treatment of urothelial carcinoma. Access date December 2022.
495.Hussain, S.A., et al. A study of split-dose cisplatin-based neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Oncol Lett, 2012. 3: 855.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22741006
496.van der Heijden, M.S., et al. Nivolumab plus Gemcitabine-Cisplatin in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2023. 389: 1778.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37870949
497.Powles, T., et al. Enfortumab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab in Untreated Advanced Urothelial Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2024. 390: 875.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38446675
498.Hussain, S.A., et al. A phase I/II study of gemcitabine and fractionated cisplatin in an outpatient setting using a 21-day schedule in patients with advanced and metastatic bladder cancer. Br J Cancer, 2004. 91: 844.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15292922
499.Morales-Barrera, R., et al. Cisplatin and gemcitabine administered every two weeks in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma and impaired renal function. Eur J Cancer, 2012. 48: 1816.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22595043
500.De Santis, M., et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/ carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer “unfit” for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: phase II--results of EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27: 5634.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19786668
501.Hoimes, C.J., et al. Enfortumab Vedotin Plus Pembrolizumab in Previously Untreated Advanced Urothelial Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2023. 41: 22.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36041086
502.O’Donnell, P.H., et al. Enfortumab Vedotin With or Without Pembrolizumab in Cisplatin-Ineligible Patients With Previously Untreated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2023. 41: 4107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37369081
503.Bellmunt, J., et al. New therapeutic challenges in advanced bladder cancer. Semin Oncol, 2012. 39: 598.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23040256
504.von der Maase, H., et al. Long-term survival results of a randomized trial comparing gemcitabine plus cisplatin, with methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, plus cisplatin in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2005. 23: 4602.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16034041
505.Sternberg, C.N., et al. Randomized phase III trial of high-dose-intensity methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (MVAC) chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus classic MVAC in advanced urothelial tract tumors: European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Protocol no. 30924. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19: 2638.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352955
506.Sternberg, C.N., et al. Seven year update of an EORTC phase III trial of high-dose intensity M-VAC chemotherapy and G-CSF versus classic M-VAC in advanced urothelial tract tumours. Eur J Cancer, 2006. 42: 50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16330205
507.Bellmunt, J., et al. Randomized phase III study comparing paclitaxel/cisplatin/gemcitabine and gemcitabine/cisplatin in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer without prior systemic therapy: EORTC Intergroup Study 30987. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30: 1107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22370319
508.Rosenberg, J.E., et al. Randomized Phase III Trial of Gemcitabine and Cisplatin With Bevacizumab or Placebo in Patients With Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: Results of CALGB 90601 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 2486.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33989025
509.Galsky, M.D., et al. Comparative effectiveness of cisplatin-based and carboplatin-based chemotherapy for treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 2012. 23: 406.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21543626
510.Bamias, A., et al. Impact of contemporary patterns of chemotherapy utilization on survival in patients with advanced cancer of the urinary tract: a Retrospective International Study of Invasive/Advanced Cancer of the Urothelium (RISC). Ann Oncol, 2018. 29: 361.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29077785
511.Galsky, M.D., et al. Randomized Double-Blind Phase II Study of Maintenance Pembrolizumab Versus Placebo After First-Line Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2020. 38: 1797.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32271672
512.Powles, T., et al. Avelumab Maintenance Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383: 1218.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32945632
513.Grivas, P., et al. Patient-reported Outcomes from JAVELIN Bladder 100: Avelumab First-line Maintenance Plus Best Supportive Care Versus Best Supportive Care Alone for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 320.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35654659
514.Powles, T., et al. Avelumab First-Line Maintenance for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: Results From the JAVELIN Bladder 100 Trial After >/=2 Years of Follow-Up. J Clin Oncol, 2023. 41: 3486.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37071838
515.Sternberg, C.N., et al. Chemotherapy with an every-2-week regimen of gemcitabine and paclitaxel in patients with transitional cell carcinoma who have received prior cisplatin-based therapy. Cancer, 2001. 92: 2993.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11753976
516.Meluch, A.A., et al. Paclitaxel and gemcitabine chemotherapy for advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract: a phase II trial of the Minnie pearl cancer research network. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19: 3018.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408496
517.Calabro, F., et al. Gemcitabine and paclitaxel every 2 weeks in patients with previously untreated urothelial carcinoma. Cancer, 2009. 115: 2652.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19396817
518.De Santis, M., et al. Vinflunine-gemcitabine versus vinflunine-carboplatin as first-line chemotherapy in cisplatin-unfit patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma: results of an international randomized phase II trial (JASINT1). Ann Oncol, 2016. 27: 449.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26673352
519.Balar, A.V., et al. First-line pembrolizumab in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic urothelial cancer (KEYNOTE-052): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol, 2017. 18: 1483.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28967485
520.Balar, A.V., et al. Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet, 2017. 389: 67.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27939400
521.Balar, A.V., et al. Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma: results from KEYNOTE-045 and KEYNOTE-052 after up to 5 years of follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2023. 34: 289.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36494006
522.Iacovelli, R., et al. First-line avelumab for patients with PD-L1-positive metastatic or locally advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin. Ann Oncol, 2022. 33: 1179.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35926813
523.Rosenberg, J.E., et al. Durvalumab Plus Olaparib in Previously Untreated, Platinum-Ineligible Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: A Multicenter, Randomized, Phase II Trial (BAYOU). J Clin Oncol, 2023. 41: 43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35737919
524.Galsky, M.D., et al. Atezolizumab with or without chemotherapy in metastatic urothelial cancer (IMvigor130): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2020. 395: 1547.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32416780
525.Powles, T., et al. Pembrolizumab alone or combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy as first-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma (KEYNOTE-361): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2021. 22: 931.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34051178
526.Powles, T., et al. Durvalumab alone and durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (DANUBE): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020. 21: 1574.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32971005
527.Grande, E., et al. Atezolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy in untreated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor130): final overall survival analysis results from a randomised, controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol, 2024. 25: 29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38101433
528.Bamias, A., et al. Atezolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy in untreated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor130): final overall survival analysis from a randomised, controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol, 2024. 25: 46.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38101431
529.Wong, R.L., et al. Efficacy of Platinum Rechallenge in Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma After Previous Platinum-Based Chemotherapy for Metastatic Disease. Oncologist, 2021. 26: 1026.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34355457
530.Oing, C., et al. Second Line Chemotherapy for Advanced and Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Vinflunine and Beyond-A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature. J Urol, 2016. 195: 254.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26410730
531.Raggi, D., et al. Second-line single-agent versus doublet chemotherapy as salvage therapy for metastatic urothelial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol, 2016. 27: 49.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26487582
532.Albers, P., et al. Randomized phase III trial of 2nd line gemcitabine and paclitaxel chemotherapy in patients with advanced bladder cancer: short-term versus prolonged treatment [German Association of Urological Oncology (AUO) trial AB 20/99]. Ann Oncol, 2011. 22: 288.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20682548
533.Fechner, G., et al. Randomised phase II trial of gemcitabine and paclitaxel second-line chemotherapy in patients with transitional cell carcinoma (AUO Trial AB 20/99). Int J Clin Pract, 2006. 60: 27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16409425
534.Bellmunt, J., et al. Phase III trial of vinflunine plus best supportive care compared with best supportive care alone after a platinum-containing regimen in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelial tract. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27: 4454.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19687335
535.Petrylak, D.P., et al. Ramucirumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum-based therapy (RANGE): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2017. 390: 2266.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28916371
536.Petrylak, D.P., et al. Ramucirumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum-based therapy (RANGE): overall survival and updated results of a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020. 21: 105.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31753727
537.Bellmunt, J., et al. Pembrolizumab as Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2017. 376: 1015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28212060
538.Powles, T., et al. MPDL3280A (anti-PD-L1) treatment leads to clinical activity in metastatic bladder cancer. Nature, 2014. 515: 558.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428503
539.Sharma, P., et al. Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2017. 18: 312.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28131785
540.Grimm, M.O., et al. Tailored immunotherapy approach with nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma after platinum-based chemotherapy (TITAN-TCC): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2023. 24: 347.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36868252
541.Postow, M.A., et al. Immune-Related Adverse Events Associated with Immune Checkpoint Blockade. N Engl J Med, 2018. 378: 158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29320654
542.Brahmer, J.R., et al. Management of Immune-Related Adverse Events in Patients Treated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36: 1714.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29442540
543.Maher, V.E., et al. Analysis of the Association Between Adverse Events and Outcome in Patients Receiving a Programmed Death Protein 1 or Programmed Death Ligand 1 Antibody. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37: 2730.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31116675
544.Rosenberg, J.E., et al. Pivotal Trial of Enfortumab Vedotin in Urothelial Carcinoma After Platinum and Anti-Programmed Death 1/Programmed Death Ligand 1 Therapy. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37: 2592.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31356140
545.Chang, E., et al. FDA Approval Summary: Enfortumab Vedotin for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2021. 27: 922.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32962979
546.European Medicines Agency. Padcev - enfortumab vedotin, 2021. Access date December 2022.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/summaries-opinion/padcev
547.Yu, E.Y., et al. Enfortumab vedotin after PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in cisplatin-ineligible patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (EV1397645928201): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2021. 22: 872.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33991512
548.Powles, T., et al. Enfortumab Vedotin in Previously Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2021. 384: 1125.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33577729
549.Rosenberg, J.E., et al. EV-301 long-term outcomes: 24-month findings from the phase III trial of enfortumab vedotin versus chemotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced urothelial carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 2023. 34: 1047.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37678672
550.Tagawa, S.T., et al. TROPHY-U-01: A Phase II Open-Label Study of Sacituzumab Govitecan in Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Progressing After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy and Checkpoint Inhibitors. J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 2474.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33929895
551.Loriot, Y., et al. TROPHY-U-01, a phase II open-label study of sacituzumab govitecan in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma progressing after platinum-based chemotherapy and checkpoint inhibitors: updated safety and efficacy outcomes. Ann Oncol, 2024. 35: 392.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38244927
552.Grivas, P., et al. Sacituzumab Govitecan in Combination With Pembrolizumab for Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Cancer That Progressed After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy: TROPHY-U-01 Cohort 3. J Clin Oncol, 2024. 42: 1415.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38261969
553.Robertson, A.G., et al. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Cell, 2018. 174: 1033.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30096301
554.Siefker-Radtke, A.O., et al. Efficacy and safety of erdafitinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: long-term follow-up of a phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol, 2022. 23: 248.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35030333
555.Siefker-Radtke, A.O., et al. Erdafitinib versus pembrolizumab in pretreated patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer with select FGFR alterations: cohort 2 of the randomized phase III THOR trial. Ann Oncol, 2024. 35: 107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37871702
556.Sternberg, C.N., et al. FORT-1: Phase II/III Study of Rogaratinib Versus Chemotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Selected Based on FGFR1/3 mRNA Expression. J Clin Oncol, 2023. 41: 629.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36240478
557.Sheng, X., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Disitamab Vedotin in Patients With Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: A Combined Analysis of Two Phase II Clinical Trials. J Clin Oncol, 2024. 42: 1391.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37988648
558.Birtle, A., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (the POUT trial): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2020. 395: 1268.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32145825
559.Bamias, A., et al. Definition and Diagnosis of Oligometastatic Bladder Cancer: A Delphi Consensus Study Endorsed by the European Association of Urology, European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology, and European Society of Medical Oncology Genitourinary Faculty. Eur Urol, 2023. 84: 381.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37217391
560.Seisen, T., et al. Efficacy of High-Intensity Local Treatment for Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Propensity Score-Weighted Analysis From the National Cancer Data Base. J Clin Oncol, 2016. 34: 3529.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27269944
561.Fischer-Valuck, B.W., et al. Association Between Local Radiation Therapy to the Primary Bladder Tumor and Overall Survival for Patients with Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Receiving Systemic Chemotherapy. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 246.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35249864
562.Lehmann, J., et al. Surgery for metastatic urothelial carcinoma with curative intent: the German experience (AUO AB 30/05). Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 1293.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19058907
563.Palma, D.A., et al. Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for the Comprehensive Treatment of Oligometastatic Cancers: Long-Term Results of the SABR-COMET Phase II Randomized Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2020. 38: 2830.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32484754
564.Aboudaram, A., et al. Consolidative Radiotherapy for Metastatic Urothelial Bladder Cancer Patients with No Progression and with No More than Five Residual Metastatic Lesions Following First-Line Systemic Therapy: A Retrospective Analysis. Cancers (Basel), 2023. 15: 1161.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36831503
565.Bertucci, A., et al. Retrospective Analysis of a Cohort of Patients with Metastatic Bladder Cancer with Metastatic Sites Limited to the Pelvis and Retroperitoneum Treated at a Single Institution between 2009 and 2020. Cancers (Basel), 2023. 15: 2069.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37046728
566.Angrisani, A., et al. Oligometastatic Urothelial Cancer and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review and an Updated Insight of Current Evidence and Future Directions. Cancers (Basel), 2024. 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39335172
567.Coleman, R.E. Metastatic bone disease: clinical features, pathophysiology and treatment strategies. Cancer Treat Rev, 2001. 27: 165.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11417967
568.Rosiello, G., et al. Sex- and age-related differences in the distribution of bladder cancer metastases. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2021. 51: 976.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33558890
569.Aapro, M., et al. Guidance on the use of bisphosphonates in solid tumours: recommendations of an international expert panel. Ann Oncol, 2008. 19: 420.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17906299
570.Zaghloul, M.S., et al. A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in bony metastatic bladder cancer. Int J Clin Oncol, 2010. 15: 382.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20354750
571.Henry, D.H., et al. Randomized, double-blind study of denosumab versus zoledronic acid in the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced cancer (excluding breast and prostate cancer) or multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29: 1125.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21343556
572.Rosen, L.S., et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with nonsmall cell lung carcinoma and other solid tumors: a randomized, Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cancer, 2004. 100: 2613.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15197804
573.Smith, A.B., et al. Impact of bladder cancer on health-related quality of life. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 549.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28990272
574.Smith, A.B., et al. Quality of Life and Health State Utilities in Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer, 2022. 8: 55.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38994519/
575.Cella, D.F., et al. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy scale: development and validation of the general measure. J Clin Oncol, 1993. 11: 570.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8445433
576.Aaronson, N.K., et al. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1993. 85: 365.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8433390
577.Ware, J.E., Jr., et al. The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection. Med Care, 1992. 30: 473.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1593914
578.Gilbert, S.M., et al. Development and validation of the Bladder Cancer Index: a comprehensive, disease specific measure of health related quality of life in patients with localized bladder cancer. J Urol, 2010. 183: 1764.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299056
579.Bessa, A., et al. Unmet needs in sexual health in bladder cancer patients: a systematic review of the evidence. BMC Urol, 2020. 20: 64.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32493286
580.Westhofen, T., et al. Baseline Health-related Quality of Life Predicts Bladder Cancer-specific Survival Following Radical Cystectomy. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1659.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35184991
581.Ayyash, O., et al. New Mental Health Diagnosis as a Prognostic Factor for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2023. 21: e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36446679
582.Kitamura, H., et al. Effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on health-related quality of life in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results from JCOG0209, a randomized phase III study. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2020. 50: 1464.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32699909
583.Cerruto, M.A., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of non RCT’s on health related quality of life after radical cystectomy using validated questionnaires: Better results with orthotopic neobladder versus ileal conduit. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2016. 42: 343.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26620844
584.Mastroianni, R., et al. Comparison of Patient-reported Health-related Quality of Life Between Open Radical Cystectomy and Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy with Intracorporeal Urinary Diversion: Interim Analysis of a Randomised Controlled Trial. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 465.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33712389
585.Becerra, M.F., et al. Health Related Quality of Life of Patients with Bladder Cancer in the RAZOR Trial: A Multi-Institutional Randomized Trial Comparing Robot versus Open Radical Cystectomy. J Urol, 2020. 204: 450.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32271690
586.Clements, M.B., et al. Health-related Quality of Life After Robotic-assisted vs Open Radical Cystectomy: Analysis of a Randomized Trial. J Urol, 2023. 209: 901.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36724053
587.Philipps, L., et al. Differences in Quality of Life and Toxicity for Male and Female Patients following Chemo(radiotherapy) for Bladder Cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2023. 35: e336.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36906497
588.Francolini, G., et al. Quality of life after definitive treatment for bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol, 2024. 190: 110038.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38042498
589.Ballas, L.K., et al. Differences in Quality of Life Between Men and Women who Undergo Bladder Preservation with Trimodality Therapy. Bladder Cancer, 2021. 7: 279.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38993614
590.Grobet-Jeandin, E., et al. Health-related quality of life after curative treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol, 2023. 20: 279.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36653671
591.Fossa, S.D., et al. Quality of life in patients with muscle-infiltrating bladder cancer and hormone-resistant prostatic cancer. Eur Urol, 1989. 16: 335.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2476317
592.Nagele, U., et al. The rationale for radical cystectomy as primary therapy for T4 bladder cancer. World J Urol, 2007. 25: 401.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17525849
593.Fokdal, L., et al. Radical radiotherapy for urinary bladder cancer: treatment outcomes. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther, 2006. 6: 269.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16445379
594.Rodel, C., et al. Combined-modality treatment and selective organ preservation in invasive bladder cancer: long-term results. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20: 3061.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118019
595.Vaughn, D.J., et al. Health-Related Quality-of-Life Analysis From KEYNOTE-045: A Phase III Study of Pembrolizumab Versus Chemotherapy for Previously Treated Advanced Urothelial Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36: 1579.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29590008
596.McGregor, B., et al. Health-related Quality of Life of Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer Treated with Enfortumab Vedotin after Platinum and PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Therapy: Results from Cohort 1 of the Phase 2 EV-201 Clinical Trial. Eur Urol, 2022. 81: 515.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35168844
597.Malkowicz, S.B., et al. Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Urology, 2007. 69: 3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17280906
598.Giannarini, G., et al. Do patients benefit from routine follow-up to detect recurrences after radical cystectomy and ileal orthotopic bladder substitution? Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 486.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20541311
599.Volkmer, B.G., et al. Oncological followup after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer-is there any benefit? J Urol, 2009. 181: 1587.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19233433
600.Boorjian, S.A., et al. Detection of asymptomatic recurrence during routine oncological followup after radical cystectomy is associated with improved patient survival. J Urol, 2011. 186: 1796.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21944088
601.Soukup, V., et al. Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 290.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609313
602.Mertens, L.S., et al. Consistencies in Follow-up After Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer: A Framework Based on Expert Practices Collaboratively Developed by the European Association of Urology Bladder Cancer Guideline Panels. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38906795
603.Huguet, J. Follow-up after radical cystectomy based on patterns of tumour recurrence and its risk factors. Actas Urol Esp, 2013. 37: 376.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23611464
604.Ghoneim, M.A., et al. Radical cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder: 2,720 consecutive cases 5 years later. J Urol, 2008. 180: 121.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18485392
605.Donat, S.M. Staged based directed surveillance of invasive bladder cancer following radical cystectomy: valuable and effective? World J Urol, 2006. 24: 557.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17009050
606.Mathers, M.J., et al. Is there evidence for a multidisciplinary follow-up after urological cancer? An evaluation of subsequent cancers. World J Urol, 2008. 26: 251.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421461
607.Vrooman, O.P., et al. Follow-up of patients after curative bladder cancer treatment: guidelines vs. practice. Curr Opin Urol, 2010. 20: 437.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20657286
608.Cagiannos, I., et al. Surveillance strategies after definitive therapy of invasive bladder cancer. Can Urol Assoc J, 2009. 3: S237.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019993
609.Bekku, K., et al. Could salvage surgery after chemotherapy have clinical impact on cancer survival of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma? Int J Clin Oncol, 2013. 18: 110.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22095246
610.Fahmy, O., et al. Urethral recurrence after radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29196179
611.Varol, C., et al. Treatment of urethral recurrence following radical cystectomy and ileal bladder substitution. J Urol, 2004. 172: 937.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15311003
612.Gakis, G., et al. Systematic Review on the Fate of the Remnant Urothelium after Radical Cystectomy. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 545.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27720534
613.Picozzi, S., et al. Upper urinary tract recurrence following radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: a meta-analysis on 13,185 patients. J Urol, 2012. 188: 2046.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083867
614.Sanderson, K.M., et al. Upper tract urothelial recurrence following radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: an analysis of 1,069 patients with 10-year followup. J Urol, 2007. 177: 2088.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17509294
615.Stewart-Merrill, S.B., et al. Evaluation of current surveillance guidelines following radical cystectomy and proposal of a novel risk-based approach. Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 339 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26031371
616.Martini, A., et al. Oncologic Surveillance for Variant Histology Bladder Cancer after Radical Cystectomy. J Urol, 2021. 206: 885.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34032498
617.Gupta, A., et al. Risk of fracture after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion for bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2014. 32: 3291.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25185104
618.Madersbacher, S., et al. Long-term outcome of ileal conduit diversion. J Urol, 2003. 169: 985.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12576827
619.Shah, S.H., et al. Ureteroenteric Strictures After Open Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion: The University of Southern California Experience. Urology, 2015. 86: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25987494
620.Nieuwenhuijzen, J.A., et al. Urinary diversions after cystectomy: the association of clinical factors, complications and functional results of four different diversions. Eur Urol, 2008. 53: 834.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17904276
621.Schmidt, B., et al. Renal Morbidity Following Radical Cystectomy in Patients with Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 35: 29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35024629
622.Wood, D.N., et al. Stomal complications of ileal conduits are significantly higher when formed in women with intractable urinary incontinence. J Urol, 2004. 172: 2300.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538253
623.Neal, D.E. Complications of ileal conduit diversion in adults with cancer followed up for at least five years. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1985. 290: 1695.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3924218
624.Shimko, M.S., et al. Long-term complications of conduit urinary diversion. J Urol, 2011. 185: 562.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168867
625.Clifford, T.G., et al. Prospective Evaluation of Continence Following Radical Cystectomy and Orthotopic Urinary Diversion Using a Validated Questionnaire. J Urol, 2016. 196: 1685.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27256205
626.Bartsch, G., et al. Urinary functional outcomes in female neobladder patients. World J Urol, 2014. 32: 221.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24317553
627.Stenzl, A., et al. Urethra-sparing cystectomy and orthotopic urinary diversion in women with malignant pelvic tumors. Cancer, 2001. 92: 1864.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11745259
628.Hautmann, R.E., et al. Functional Outcome and Complications following Ileal Neobladder Reconstruction in Male Patients without Tumor Recurrence. More than 35 Years of Experience from a Single Center. J Urol, 2021. 205: 174.