Guidelines

Testicular Cancer

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36.Tandstad, T., et al. Treatment of stage I seminoma, with one course of adjuvant carboplatin or surveillance, risk-adapted recommendations implementing patient autonomy: a report from the Swedish and Norwegian Testicular Cancer Group (SWENOTECA). Ann Oncol, 2016. 27: 1299.

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43.Lobo, J., et al. Interobserver Agreement in Vascular Invasion Scoring and the Added Value of Immunohistochemistry for Vascular Markers to Predict Disease Relapse in Stage I Testicular Nonseminomas. Am J Surg Pathol, 2019. 43: 1711.

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44.Verrill, C., et al. Reporting and Staging of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: The International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Testicular Cancer Consultation Conference Recommendations. Am J Surg Pathol, 2017. 41: e22.

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45.Mead, G.M., et al. The International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a new prognostic factor-based staging classification for metastatic germ cell tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 1997. 9: 207.

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46.Gillessen, S., et al. Predicting Outcomes in Men With Metastatic Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCT): Results From the IGCCCG Update Consortium. J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 1563.

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47.Beyer, J., et al. Survival and New Prognosticators in Metastatic Seminoma: Results From the IGCCCG-Update Consortium. J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 1553.

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48.Germa-Lluch, J.R., et al. Clinical pattern and therapeutic results achieved in 1490 patients with germ-cell tumours of the testis: the experience of the Spanish Germ-Cell Cancer Group (GG). Eur Urol, 2002. 42: 553.

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49.Angulo, J.C., et al. Clinicopathological study of regressed testicular tumors (apparent extragonadal germ cell neoplasms). J Urol, 2009. 182: 2303.

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50.Ager, M., et al. Radiological features characterising indeterminate testes masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 288.

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51.Chavarriaga, J., et al. Small Testicular Masses: Contemporary Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies, Future Directions, and Knowledge Gaps. Urol Oncol, 2023. 41: 331.

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52.Henriques, D., et al. Prevalence and Management of Incidental Testicular Masses-A Systematic Review. J Clin Med, 2022. 11: 5770.

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53.Tsili, A.C., et al. When to ask for an MRI of the scrotum. Andrology, 2021. 9: 1395.

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54.de Wit, M., et al. [18F]-FDG-PET in clinical stage I/II non-seminomatous germ cell tumours: results of the German multicentre trial. Ann Oncol, 2008. 19: 1619.

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55.Huddart, R.A., et al. 18fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the prediction of relapse in patients with high-risk, clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors: preliminary report of MRC Trial TE22--the NCRI Testis Tumour Clinical Study Group. J Clin Oncol, 2007. 25: 3090.

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56.Busch, J., et al. Can magnetic resonance imaging replace conventional computerized tomography for follow-up of patients with testicular cancer? A systematic review. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 2843.

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57.Pasoglou, V., et al. Whole Body MRI in the Detection of Lymph Node Metastases in Patients with Testicular Germ Cell Cancer. Life (Basel), 2022. 12.

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58.Feldman, D.R., et al. Brain Metastases in Patients With Germ Cell Tumors: Prognostic Factors and Treatment Options--An Analysis From the Global Germ Cell Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol, 2016. 34: 345.

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61.Dieckmann, K.P., et al. Serum Tumour Markers in Testicular Germ Cell Tumours: Frequencies of Elevated Levels and Extents of Marker Elevation Are Significantly Associated with Clinical Parameters and with Response to Treatment. Biomed Res Int, 2019. 2019: 5030349.

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62.Nicholson, B.D., et al. The diagnostic performance of current tumour markers in surveillance for recurrent testicular cancer: A diagnostic test accuracy systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol, 2019. 59: 15.

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63.Dieckmann, K.P., et al. Associations of serum levels of microRNA-371a-3p (M371) with risk factors for progression in nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumours clinical stage 1. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 317.

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64.Leao, R., et al. Circulating MicroRNAs, the Next-Generation Serum Biomarkers in Testicular Germ Cell Tumours: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 456.

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65.Belge, G., et al. Serum levels of microRNA-371a-3p are not elevated in testicular tumours of non-germ cell origin. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2021. 147: 435.

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66.Lafin, J., et al. Refining the serum miR-371a-3p test for viable germ cell tumor detection: identification and definition of an indeterminate range. Res Sq, 2023.

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67.Patel, H.D., et al. Testis-sparing surgery and scrotal violation for testicular masses suspicious for malignancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 344.

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68.Dieckmann, K.P., et al. Carcinoma in situ of the testis: review of biological and clinical features. Int J Cancer, 1999. 83: 815.

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69.Nason, G.J., et al. Partial orchiectomy: The Princess Margaret cancer centre experience. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 605 e19.

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70.Dieckmann, K.P., et al. Diagnosis of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN) in patients with testicular germ cell cancer: systematic two-site biopsies are more sensitive than a single random biopsy. Eur Urol, 2007. 51: 175.

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71.Fankhauser, C.D., et al. The Role of Frozen Section Examination During Inguinal Exploration in Men with Inconclusive Testicular Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 1400.

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72.Bieniek, J.M., et al. Prevalence and Management of Incidental Small Testicular Masses Discovered on Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Male Infertility. J Urol, 2018. 199: 481.

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73.Scandura, G., et al. Incidentally detected testicular lesions <10 mm in diameter: can orchidectomy be avoided? BJU Int, 2018. 121: 575.

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74.Favilla, V., et al. Oncological and functional outcomes of testis sparing surgery in small testicular mass: a systematic review. Minerva Urol Nephrol, 2021. 73: 431.

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75.Grogg, J.B., et al. Oncological and functional outcomes after testis-sparing surgery in patients with germ cell tumors: a systematic review of 285 cases. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 2293.

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76.Skoogh, J., et al. Feelings of loss and uneasiness or shame after removal of a testicle by orchidectomy: a population-based long-term follow-up of testicular cancer survivors. Int J Androl, 2011. 34: 183.

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77.Robinson, R., et al. Is it safe to insert a testicular prosthesis at the time of radical orchidectomy for testis cancer: an audit of 904 men undergoing radical orchidectomy. BJU Int, 2016. 117: 249.

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78.Dieckmann, K.P., et al. Prevalence of contralateral testicular intraepithelial neoplasia in patients with testicular germ cell neoplasms. J Clin Oncol, 1996. 14: 3126.

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79.Ruf, C.G., et al. Contralateral biopsies in patients with testicular germ cell tumours: patterns of care in Germany and recent data regarding prevalence and treatment of testicular intra-epithelial neoplasia. Andrology, 2015. 3: 92.

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80.Andreassen, K.E., et al. Risk of metachronous contralateral testicular germ cell tumors: a population-based study of 7,102 Norwegian patients (1953-2007). Int J Cancer, 2011. 129: 2867.

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81.Harland, S.J., et al. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the contralateral testis in testicular cancer: defining a high risk group. J Urol, 1998. 160: 1353.

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82.Tabernero, J., et al. Incidence of contralateral germ cell testicular tumors in South Europe: report of the experience at 2 Spanish university hospitals and review of the literature. J Urol, 2004. 171: 164.

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83.Albers, P., et al. Clinical course and histopathologic risk factor assessment in patients with bilateral testicular germ cell tumors. Urology, 1999. 54: 714.

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84.Heidenreich, A., et al. Contralateral testicular biopsy procedure in patients with unilateral testis cancer: is it indicated? Semin Urol Oncol, 2002. 20: 234.

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85.Giwercman, A., et al. Prevalence of carcinoma in situ and other histopathological abnormalities in testes of men with a history of cryptorchidism. J Urol, 1989. 142: 998.

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86.Souchon, R., et al. Contralateral testicular cancer in spite of TIN-negative double biopsies and interval cisplatin chemotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol, 2006. 182: 289.

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87.Moch, H., et al., WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. 4th ed. 2016, Lyon.

88.Berney, D.M., et al. Datasets for the reporting of neoplasia of the testis: recommendations from the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting. Histopathology, 2019. 74: 171.

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89.Kuczyk, M.A., et al. Alterations of the p53 tumor suppressor gene in carcinoma in situ of the testis. Cancer, 1996. 78: 1958.

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90.Force, U.S.P.S.T. Screening for testicular cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med, 2011. 154: 483.

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91.Ilic, D., et al. Screening for testicular cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011: CD007853.

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92.Chong, R.I.H., et al. Testicular self-examination for early detection of testicular cancer. World J Urol, 2023. 41: 941.

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93.Hoei-Hansen, C.E., et al. Carcinoma in situ testis, the progenitor of testicular germ cell tumours: a clinical review. Ann Oncol, 2005. 16: 863.

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94.Petersen, P.M., et al. Effect of graded testicular doses of radiotherapy in patients treated for carcinoma-in-situ in the testis. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20: 1537.

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95.Dieckmann, K.P., et al. Treatment of testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (intratubular germ cell neoplasia unspecified) with local radiotherapy or with platinum-based chemotherapy: a survey of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Ann Oncol, 2013. 24: 1332.

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96.Classen, J., et al. Radiotherapy with 16 Gy may fail to eradicate testicular intraepithelial neoplasia: preliminary communication of a dose-reduction trial of the German Testicular Cancer Study Group. Br J Cancer, 2003. 88: 828.

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97.Stephenson, A., et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Stage Testicular Cancer: AUA Guideline. J Urol, 2019. 202: 272.

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98.Christensen, T.B., et al. Effect of chemotherapy on carcinoma in situ of the testis. Ann Oncol, 1998. 9: 657.

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99.Mortensen, M.S., et al. Treatment options for carcinoma in situ testis. Int J Androl, 2011. 34: e32.

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100.Bokemeyer, C., et al. Extragonadal germ cell tumors of the mediastinum and retroperitoneum: results from an international analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2002. 20: 1864.

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101.Kollmannsberger, C., et al. Patterns of relapse in patients with clinical stage I testicular cancer managed with active surveillance. J Clin Oncol, 2015. 33: 51.

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102.Ruf, C.G., et al. Testicular germ cell tumours’ clinical stage I: comparison of surveillance with adjuvant treatment strategies regarding recurrence rates and overall survival-a systematic review. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 2889.

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103.Groll, R.J., et al. A comprehensive systematic review of testicular germ cell tumor surveillance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2007. 64: 182.

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104.Nayan, M., et al. Conditional Risk of Relapse in Surveillance for Clinical Stage I Testicular Cancer. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 120.

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105.Tandstad, T., et al. Management of seminomatous testicular cancer: a binational prospective population-based study from the Swedish norwegian testicular cancer study group. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29: 719.

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106.Chung, P., et al. Management of stage I seminomatous testicular cancer: a systematic review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 2010. 22: 6.

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107.Huang, M.M., et al. Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Non-risk-adapted Active Surveillance for Postorchiectomy Management of Clinical Stage I Seminoma. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 1409.

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108.Oliver, R.T., et al. Randomized trial of carboplatin versus radiotherapy for stage I seminoma: mature results on relapse and contralateral testis cancer rates in MRC TE19/EORTC 30982 study (ISRCTN27163214). J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29: 957.

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109.Fischer, S., et al. Outcome of Men With Relapse After Adjuvant Carboplatin for Clinical Stage I Seminoma. J Clin Oncol, 2017. 35: 194.

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110.Powles, T., et al. The long-term risks of adjuvant carboplatin treatment for stage I seminoma of the testis. Ann Oncol, 2008. 19: 443.

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112.van den Belt-Dusebout, A.W., et al. Treatment-specific risks of second malignancies and cardiovascular disease in 5-year survivors of testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2007. 25: 4370.

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113.Horwich, A., et al. Second cancer risk and mortality in men treated with radiotherapy for stage I seminoma. Br J Cancer, 2014. 110: 256.

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114.Patel, H.D., et al. Radiotherapy for stage I and II testicular seminomas: Secondary malignancies and survival. Urol Oncol, 2017. 35: 606 e1.

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115.Aparicio, J., et al. Patterns of relapse and treatment outcome after active surveillance or adjuvant carboplatin for stage I seminoma: a retrospective study of the Spanish Germ Cell Cancer Group. Clin Transl Oncol, 2021. 23: 58.

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116.Hamilton, R.J., et al. Treatment of Relapse of Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors on Surveillance. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37: 1919.

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117.Kollmannsberger, C., et al. Non-risk-adapted surveillance for patients with stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ-cell tumors: diminishing treatment-related morbidity while maintaining efficacy. Ann Oncol, 2010. 21: 1296.

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118.Nichols, C.R., et al. Active surveillance is the preferred approach to clinical stage I testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2013. 31: 3490.

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119.Donohue, J.P., et al. Retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy for clinical stage A testis cancer (1965 to 1989): modifications of technique and impact on ejaculation. J Urol, 1993. 149: 237.

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