5. REFERENCES
1.Radmayr, C., et al. EAU Guidelines on Paediatric Urology 2025. Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Milan 2025. ISBN 978-94-92671-29-5.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/paediatric-urology
2.Martinez-Pineiro, L., et al. EAU Guidelines on Urethral Trauma. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 791.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20122789
3.Summerton, D.J., et al. EAU guidelines on iatrogenic trauma. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 628.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22717550
4.Lumen, N., et al. Review of the current management of lower urinary tract injuries by the EAU Trauma Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 925.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25576009
5.Serafetinides, E., et al. Review of the current management of upper urinary tract injuries by the EAU Trauma Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 930.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25578621
6.Serafetinidis, E., et al. Summary Paper of the Updated 2023 European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urological Trauma. Eur Urol Focus, 2024. 10: 475.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37968186
7.Phillips, B. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009. 1998.
8.Guyatt, G.H., et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 1049.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467413
9.Observatory, W.G.H., Global health estimates: Leading causes of death. 2019.
10.WHO. World Health Orgainzation - The top 10 causes of death. 2024.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
11.WHO. World Health Organization - Injuries and violence. 2024.
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/injuries-and-violence
12.Observatory, W.G.H. Global health estimates: Leading causes of DALYs. Disease Burden 2000-2021. 2019.
13.Kozar, R.A., et al. Organ injury scaling 2018 update: Spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2018. 85: 1119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462622
14.Moore, E.E., et al. Organ injury scaling: spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma, 1989. 29: 1664.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2593197
15.Monstrey, S.J., et al. Urological trauma and severe associated injuries. Br J Urol, 1987. 60: 393.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3427315
16.MacKenzie, E.J., et al. A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. N Engl J Med, 2006. 354: 366.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16436768
17.Caterson, E.J., et al. Boston bombings: a surgical view of lessons learned from combat casualty care and the applicability to Boston’s terrorist attack. J Craniofac Surg, 2013. 24: 1061.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23851738
18.Baloche, P., et al. Impact of Hospital Volume on the Outcomes of Renal Trauma Management. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 37: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35243394
19.Feliciano DV, M.E., Mattox KL. , Trauma damage control, in Trauma, F.D. Mattox KL, Moore EE, Editor. 2000, McGraw-Hill: New York.
20.Hirshberg, A., et al. ‘Damage control’ in trauma surgery. Br J Surg, 1993. 80: 1501.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8298911
21.Rignault, D.P. Recent progress in surgery for the victims of disaster, terrorism, and war--Introduction. World J Surg, 1992. 16: 885.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1462624
22.Rotondo, M.F., et al. ‘Damage control’: an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. J Trauma, 1993. 35: 375.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8371295
23.Coccolini, F., et al. Kidney and uro-trauma: WSES-AAST guidelines. World J Emerg Surg, 2019. 14: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31827593
24.Slater, M.S., et al. Terrorism in America. An evolving threat. Arch Surg, 1997. 132: 1059.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9336502
25.Frykberg, E.R. Medical management of disasters and mass casualties from terrorist bombings: how can we cope? J Trauma, 2002. 53: 201.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169923
26.Jacobs, L.M., Jr., et al. An emergency medical system approach to disaster planning. J Trauma, 1979. 19: 157.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/458880
27.Eberle, B.M., et al. Thromboembolic prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with blunt solid abdominal organ injuries undergoing nonoperative management: current practice and outcomes. J Trauma, 2011. 70: 141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21217492
28.Barrera, L.M., et al. Thromboprophylaxis for trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013: CD008303.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23543562
29.Werner, Z., et al. Implementation of a Standardized Renal Trauma Protocol at a Level 1 Trauma Center: 7-Year Protocol and 10-Year Institutional Review. Res Rep Urol, 2022. 14: 79.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35321535
30.Meng, M.V., et al. Renal trauma: indications and techniques for surgical exploration. World J Urol, 1999. 17: 71.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10367364
31.Wessells, H., et al. Renal injury and operative management in the United States: results of a population-based study. J Trauma, 2003. 54: 423.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12634519
32.Sujenthiran, A., et al. Is Nonoperative Management the Best First-line Option for High-grade Renal trauma? A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 290.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753890
33.Mingoli, A., et al. Operative and nonoperative management for renal trauma: comparison of outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2017. 13: 1127.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28894376
34.Santucci, R.A., et al. Evaluation and management of renal injuries: consensus statement of the renal trauma subcommittee. BJU Int, 2004. 93: 937.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15142141
35.Kansas, B.T., et al. Incidence and management of penetrating renal trauma in patients with multiorgan injury: extended experience at an inner city trauma center. J Urol, 2004. 172: 1355.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15371841
36.Najibi, S., et al. Civilian gunshot wounds to the genitourinary tract: incidence, anatomic distribution, associated injuries, and outcomes. Urology, 2010. 76: 977.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20605196
37.Koch, G.E., et al. Expectant Management of Blunt Grade III Renal Injuries: Early Discharge Outcomes From a Level I Trauma Center. Urology, 2022. 168: 222.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35680044
38.Shariat, S.F., et al. Evidence-based validation of the predictive value of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma kidney injury scale. J Trauma, 2007. 62: 933.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17426551
39.Santucci, R.A., et al. Validation of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma organ injury severity scale for the kidney. J Trauma, 2001. 50: 195.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11242281
40.Brigode, W., et al. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Organ Injury Scale is Associated With Cystoscopic and Percutaneous Urologic Procedures in Renal Injuries. Am Surg, 2023. 89: 3385.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36867835
41.Keihani, S., et al. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma renal injury grading scale: Implications of the 2018 revisions for injury reclassification and predicting bleeding interventions. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2020. 88: 357.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31876692
42.Sierink, J.C., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of immediate total-body computed tomography compared with selective radiological imaging of injured patients. Br J Surg, 2012. 99 Suppl 1: 52.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22441856
43.Huber-Wagner, S., et al. Effect of whole-body CT during trauma resuscitation on survival: a retrospective, multicentre study. Lancet, 2009. 373: 1455.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19321199
44.Cachecho, R., et al. Management of the trauma patient with pre-existing renal disease. Crit Care Clin, 1994. 10: 523.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7922736
45.Cozar, J.M., et al. [Management of injury of the solitary kidney]. Arch Esp Urol, 1990. 43: 15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2331159
46.Sebastia, M.C., et al. Renal trauma in occult ureteropelvic junction obstruction: CT findings. Eur Radiol, 1999. 9: 611.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10354870
47.Buchberger, W., et al. [Diagnosis and staging of blunt kidney trauma. A comparison of urinalysis, i.v. urography, sonography and computed tomography]. Rofo, 1993. 158: 507.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8507839
48.Carroll, P.R., et al. Renovascular trauma: risk assessment, surgical management, and outcome. J Trauma, 1990. 30: 547.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2342137
49.Schmidlin, F.R., et al. The higher injury risk of abnormal kidneys in blunt renal trauma. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1998. 32: 388.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9925001
50.Chandhoke, P.S., et al. Detection and significance of microscopic hematuria in patients with blunt renal trauma. J Urol, 1988. 140: 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3379684
51.Heyns, C.F. Renal trauma: indications for imaging and surgical exploration. BJU Int, 2004. 93: 1165.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15142132
52.Sheth S, C.D., Remer EM et al. . ACR Appropriateness Criteria® renal trauma. . 2012.
http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=43881
53.Morey, A.F., et al. Urotrauma: AUA guideline. J Urol, 2014. 192: 327.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857651
54.McCombie, S.P., et al. The conservative management of renal trauma: a literature review and practical clinical guideline from Australia and New Zealand. BJU Int, 2014. 114 Suppl 1: 13.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25124459
55.Heller, M.T., et al. MDCT of renal trauma: correlation to AAST organ injury scale. Clin Imaging, 2014. 38: 410.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24667041
56.Fischer, W., et al. JOURNAL CLUB: Incidence of Urinary Leak and Diagnostic Yield of Excretory Phase CT in the Setting of Renal Trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2015. 204: 1168.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26001225
57.Colling, K.P., et al. Computed tomography scans with intravenous contrast: low incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in blunt trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014. 77: 226.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25058246
58.Valentino, M., et al. Contrast-enhanced US evaluation in patients with blunt abdominal trauma(). J Ultrasound, 2010. 13: 22.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23396012
59.Mihalik, J.E., et al. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the evaluation of solid abdominal organ injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2012. 73: 1100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22832765
60.Cagini, L., et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in blunt abdominal trauma. Crit Ultrasound J, 2013. 5 Suppl 1: S9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902930
61.Ku, J.H., et al. Is there a role for magnetic resonance imaging in renal trauma? Int J Urol, 2001. 8: 261.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389740
62.Leppaniemi, A., et al. MRI and CT in blunt renal trauma: an update. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 1997. 18: 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9163832
63.Malaeb, B., et al. Should blunt segmental vascular renal injuries be considered an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Grade 4 renal injury? J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014. 76: 484.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458054
64.Hakam, N., et al. Grade V renal trauma management: results from the multi-institutional genito-urinary trauma study. World J Urol, 2023. 41: 1983.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37356027
65.Prihadi, J.C., et al. Conservative management in high-grade renal trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2024. 134: 351.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38566265
66.Bjurlin, M.A., et al. Impact of Trauma Center Designation and Interfacility Transfer on Renal Trauma Outcomes: Evidence for Universal Management. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 1135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29934273
67.Schmidlin, F.R., et al. [The conservative treatment of major kidney injuries]. Ann Urol (Paris), 1997. 31: 246.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9480627
68.Thall, E.H., et al. Conservative management of penetrating and blunt Type III renal injuries. Br J Urol, 1996. 77: 512.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8777609
69.Alsikafi, N.F., et al. Nonoperative management outcomes of isolated urinary extravasation following renal lacerations due to external trauma. J Urol, 2006. 176: 2494.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17085140
70.Buckley, J.C., et al. Selective management of isolated and nonisolated grade IV renal injuries. J Urol, 2006. 176: 2498.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17085141
71.Locke, J.A., et al. Management of high-grade renal traumas with collecting system injuries. Can Urol Assoc J, 2021. 15: E588.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33999807
72.Moudouni, S.M., et al. Management of major blunt renal lacerations: is a nonoperative approach indicated? Eur Urol, 2001. 40: 409.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11713395
73.Keihani, S., et al. Contemporary management of high-grade renal trauma: Results from the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Genitourinary Trauma study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2018. 84: 418.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29298242
74.Elliott, S.P., et al. Renal arterial injuries: a single center analysis of management strategies and outcomes. J Urol, 2007. 178: 2451.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17937955
75.Sartorelli, K.H., et al. Nonoperative management of hepatic, splenic, and renal injuries in adults with multiple injuries. J Trauma, 2000. 49: 56.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10912858
76.Toutouzas, K.G., et al. Nonoperative management of blunt renal trauma: a prospective study. Am Surg, 2002. 68: 1097.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12516817
77.Dugi, D.D., 3rd, et al. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade 4 renal injury substratification into grades 4a (low risk) and 4b (high risk). J Urol, 2010. 183: 592.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20018329
78.Hammer, C.C., et al. Effect of an institutional policy of nonoperative treatment of grades I to IV renal injuries. J Urol, 2003. 169: 1751.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12686825
79.Jawas, A., et al. Management algorithm for complete blunt renal artery occlusion in multiple trauma patients: case series. Int J Surg, 2008. 6: 317.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18590988
80.Keihani, S., et al. A nomogram predicting the need for bleeding interventions after high-grade renal trauma: Results from the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multi-institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS). J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2019. 86: 774.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30741884
81.Armenakas, N.A., et al. Indications for nonoperative management of renal stab wounds. J Urol, 1999. 161: 768.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10022681
82.Jansen, J.O., et al. Selective non-operative management of abdominal gunshot wounds: survey of practise. Injury, 2013. 44: 639.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341771
83.El Hechi, M.W., et al. Contemporary management of penetrating renal trauma - A national analysis. Injury, 2020. 51: 32.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31540800
84.Bernath, A.S., et al. Stab wounds of the kidney: conservative management in flank penetration. J Urol, 1983. 129: 468.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6834529
85.Wessells, H., et al. Criteria for nonoperative treatment of significant penetrating renal lacerations. J Urol, 1997. 157: 24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8976207
86.du Plessis, W.M., et al. High grade renal trauma: Does the mechanism of penetrating injury influence renal salvage rate? Injury, 2022. 53: 76.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34456038
87.DuBose, J., et al. Selective non-operative management of solid organ injury following abdominal gunshot wounds. Injury, 2007. 38: 1084.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544428
88.Shefler, A., et al. [The role of nonoperative management of penetrating renal trauma]. Harefuah, 2007. 146: 345.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17674549
89.Hope, W.W., et al. Non-operative management in penetrating abdominal trauma: is it feasible at a Level II trauma center? J Emerg Med, 2012. 43: 190.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22051843
90.Raza, S.J., et al. Outcomes of renal salvage for penetrating renal trauma: a single institution experience. Can J Urol, 2018. 25: 9323.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29900820
91.Liguori, G., et al. The role of angioembolization in the management of blunt renal injuries: a systematic review. BMC Urol, 2021. 21: 104.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34362352
92.Charbit, J., et al. What are the specific computed tomography scan criteria that can predict or exclude the need for renal angioembolization after high-grade renal trauma in a conservative management strategy? J Trauma, 2011. 70: 1219.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610436
93.Lin, W.C., et al. Computed tomographic imaging in determining the need of embolization for high-grade blunt renal injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013. 74: 230.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23271099
94.Lanchon, C., et al. High Grade Blunt Renal Trauma: Predictors of Surgery and Long-Term Outcomes of Conservative Management. A Prospective Single Center Study. J Urol, 2016. 195: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26254724
95.Shoobridge, J.J., et al. A 9-year experience of renal injury at an Australian level 1 trauma centre. BJU Int, 2013. 112 Suppl 2: 53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23418742
96.van der Wilden, G.M., et al. Successful nonoperative management of the most severe blunt renal injuries: a multicenter study of the research consortium of New England Centers for Trauma. JAMA Surg, 2013. 148: 924.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23945834
97.Baboudjian, M., et al. Factors Predictive of Selective Angioembolization Failure for Moderate- to High-grade Renal Trauma: A French Multi-institutional Study. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 253.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33509672
98.Kwon, H., et al. Volume preservation of a shattered kidney after blunt trauma by superselective renal artery embolization. Diagn Interv Radiol, 2022. 28: 72.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35142614
99.Salvatori, F., et al. Endovascular management of vascular renal injuries: outcomes and comparison between traumatic and iatrogenic settings. Urologia, 2022. 89: 167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34011230
100.Huber, J., et al. Selective transarterial embolization for posttraumatic renal hemorrhage: a second try is worthwhile. J Urol, 2011. 185: 1751.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21420122
101.Hakam, N., et al. Utility and Outcome of Angioembolization for High-Grade Renal Trauma Management in a Large Hospital-Based Trauma Registry. J Urol, 2022. 207: 1077.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34981946
102.Hotaling, J.M., et al. Analysis of diagnostic angiography and angioembolization in the acute management of renal trauma using a national data set. J Urol, 2011. 185: 1316.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21334643
103.Saour, M., et al. Effect of renal angioembolization on post-traumatic acute kidney injury after high-grade renal trauma: a comparative study of 52 consecutive cases. Injury, 2014. 45: 894.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24456608
104.Xu, H., et al. A Comparative Study of Conservation, Endovascular Embolization Therapy, and Surgery for Blunt Renal Trauma. Med Sci Monit, 2020. 26: e922802.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32372763
105.Moolman, C., et al. Nonoperative management of penetrating kidney injuries: a prospective audit. J Urol, 2012. 188: 169.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591960
106.Koch, G.E., et al. The Impact of Delayed-Phase Imaging at Admission on the Management of Urinary Extravasation in High-Grade Renal Trauma. J Urol, 2021. 206: 1373.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34288717
107.Davis, P., et al. Assessing the usefulness of delayed imaging in routine followup for renal trauma. J Urol, 2010. 184: 973.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20643462
108.Deininger, C., et al. On the black slope: analysis of the course of a blunt renal trauma collective in a winter sports region. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 2022. 48: 2125.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34914004
109.Aziz, H.A., et al. Management of adult renal trauma: a practice management guideline from the eastern association for the surgery of trauma. BMC Surg, 2023. 23: 22.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36707832
110.Lindner, A.K., et al. Do we need repeated CT imaging in uncomplicated blunt renal injuries? Experiences of a high-volume urological trauma centre. World J Emerg Surg, 2022. 17: 38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35799209
111.Hadjipavlou, M., et al. Managing penetrating renal trauma: experience from two major trauma centres in the UK. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 928.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29438587
112.Pallares-Mendez, R., et al. Predictive factors for nephrectomy in renal trauma; assessment of a 6-point score. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 2023. 49: 2241.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35670816
113.Husmann, D.A., et al. Major renal lacerations with a devitalized fragment following blunt abdominal trauma: a comparison between nonoperative (expectant) versus surgical management. J Urol, 1993. 150: 1774.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8230501
114.Glykas, I., et al. Conservative management of grade 4 and 5 renal injuries: A high-volume trauma center experience. Urologia, 2021. 88: 287.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34075839
115.McAninch, J.W., et al. Renal reconstruction after injury. J Urol, 1991. 145: 932.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2016804
116.Robert, M., et al. Management of major blunt renal lacerations: surgical or nonoperative approach? Eur Urol, 1996. 30: 335.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8931966
117.Nash, P.A., et al. Nephrectomy for traumatic renal injuries. J Urol, 1995. 153: 609.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7861494
118.Heo, Y., et al. Medial visceral rotations: the Cattell-Braasch vs. the Mattox maneuvers. Trauma Image and Procedure, 2020. 5: 39.
http://traumaimpro.org/journal/view.php?number=83
119.Salotto, J., et al., Trauma Laparotomy: Principles and Techniques, in Trauma, 8e, E.E. Moore, et al., Editors. 2017, McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY.
https://accesssurgery.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=2057&sectionid=156215659
120.Rostas, J., et al. Intraoperative management of renal gunshot injuries: is mandatory exploration of Gerota’s fascia necessary? Am J Surg, 2016. 211: 783.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26867480
121.Santucci, R.A., et al. Grade IV renal injuries: evaluation, treatment, and outcome. World J Surg, 2001. 25: 1565.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11775193
122.Davis, K.A., et al. Predictors of the need for nephrectomy after renal trauma. J Trauma, 2006. 60: 164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456451
123.Gross, M.G., et al. Outcomes and Predictors of Delayed Intervention After Renal Trauma. Am Surg, 2024. 90: 2170.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38605637
124.Wright, J.L., et al. Renal and extrarenal predictors of nephrectomy from the national trauma data bank. J Urol, 2006. 175: 970.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469594
125.DiGiacomo, J.C., et al. The role of nephrectomy in the acutely injured. Arch Surg, 2001. 136: 1045.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11529828
126.Brandes, S.B., et al. Reconstructive surgery for trauma of the upper urinary tract. Urol Clin North Am, 1999. 26: 183.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10086060
127.Shekarriz, B., et al. The use of fibrin sealant in urology. J Urol, 2002. 167: 1218.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11832701
128.Knudson, M.M., et al. Outcome after major renovascular injuries: a Western trauma association multicenter report. J Trauma, 2000. 49: 1116.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11130498
129.Tillou, A., et al. Renal vascular injuries. Surg Clin North Am, 2001. 81: 1417.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11766183
130.Tasian, G.E., et al. Evaluation of renal function after major renal injury: correlation with the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Injury Scale. J Urol, 2010. 183: 196.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913819
131.Fiard, G., et al. Long-term renal function assessment with dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy after conservative treatment of major renal trauma. J Urol, 2012. 187: 1306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22341289
132.Wessells, H., et al. Preservation of renal function after reconstruction for trauma: quantitative assessment with radionuclide scintigraphy. J Urol, 1997. 157: 1583.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9112481
133.Montgomery, R.C., et al. Posttraumatic renovascular hypertension after occult renal injury. J Trauma, 1998. 45: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9680021
134.Heyns, C.F., et al. Increasing role of angiography and segmental artery embolization in the management of renal stab wounds. J Urol, 1992. 147: 1231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1569655
135.Monstrey, S.J., et al. Renal trauma and hypertension. J Trauma, 1989. 29: 65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2911106
136.Lebech, A., et al. [Hypertension following blunt kidney injury]. Ugeskr Laeger, 1990. 152: 994.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2183457
137.Wang, K.T., et al. Late development of renal arteriovenous fistula following gunshot trauma--a case report. Angiology, 1998. 49: 415.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9591535
138.Elliott, S.P., et al. Ureteral injuries: external and iatrogenic. Urol Clin North Am, 2006. 33: 55.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16488280
139.Blackwell, R.H., et al. Complications of Recognized and Unrecognized Iatrogenic Ureteral Injury at Time of Hysterectomy: A Population Based Analysis. J Urol, 2018. 199: 1540.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29408429
140.Pereira, B.M., et al. A review of ureteral injuries after external trauma. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 2010. 18: 6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20128905
141.McGeady, J.B., et al. Current epidemiology of genitourinary trauma. Urol Clin North Am, 2013. 40: 323.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905930
142.Siram, S.M., et al. Ureteral trauma: patterns and mechanisms of injury of an uncommon condition. Am J Surg, 2010. 199: 566.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20359576
143.Brandes, S., et al. Diagnosis and management of ureteric injury: an evidence-based analysis. BJU Int, 2004. 94: 277.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15291852
144.Johnson, D.B., et al. Complications of ureteroscopy. Urol Clin North Am, 2004. 31: 157.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15040412
145.Chou, M.T., et al. Prophylactic ureteral catheterization in gynecologic surgery: a 12-year randomized trial in a community hospital. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct, 2009. 20: 689.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19165412
146.Delacroix, S.E., Jr., et al. Urinary tract injures: recognition and management. Clin Colon Rectal Surg, 2010. 23: 104.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21629628
147.Visco, A.G., et al. Cost-effectiveness of universal cystoscopy to identify ureteral injury at hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol, 2001. 97: 685.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11339916
148.Halabi, W.J., et al. Ureteral injuries in colorectal surgery: an analysis of trends, outcomes, and risk factors over a 10-year period in the United States. Dis Colon Rectum, 2014. 57: 179.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24401879
149.Ding, G., et al. Etiology and Ureteral Reconstruction Strategy for Iatrogenic Ureteral Injuries: A Retrospective Single-Center Experience. Urol Int, 2021. 105: 470.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33744882
150.Mayo, J.S., et al. Ureteral injuries in colorectal surgery and the impact of laparoscopic and robotic-assisted approaches. Surg Endosc, 2021. 35: 2805.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32591939
151.Petersen, S.S., et al. Rate of Urologic Injury with Robotic Hysterectomy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 2018. 25: 867.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29337210
152.Benson, C.R., et al. Bladder and ureteral injuries during benign hysterectomy: an observational cohort analysis in New York State. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 2049.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30406476
153.Chang, E.J., et al. Vesicoureteral Injury during Benign Hysterectomy: Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Surgery versus Laparotomy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 2020. 27: 1354.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31743796
154.Loftus, C.J., et al. Ureteral Wall Injury with Ureteral Access Sheaths: A Randomized Prospective Trial. J Endourol, 2020. 34: 932.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30526031
155.Schoenthaler, M., et al. Postureteroscopic lesion scale: a new management modified organ injury scale--evaluation in 435 ureteroscopic patients. J Endourol, 2012. 26: 1425.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22698147
156.Fulla, J., et al. Ureteral Diameter as Predictor of Ureteral Injury during Ureteral Access Sheath Placement. J Urol, 2021. 205: 159.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32717166
157.Kim, J.K., et al. Silodosin for Prevention of Ureteral Injuries Resulting from Insertion of a Ureteral Access Sheath: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 572.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33741297
158.Schimpf, M.O., et al. Universal ureteral stent placement at hysterectomy to identify ureteral injury: a decision analysis. BJOG, 2008. 115: 1151.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18518875
159.Hesselman, S., et al. Effect of remote cesarean delivery on complications during hysterectomy: a cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2017. 217: 564 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735704
160.Kunkle, D.A., et al. Delayed diagnosis of traumatic ureteral injuries. J Urol, 2006. 176: 2503.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17085143
161.Parpala-Sparman, T., et al. Increasing numbers of ureteric injuries after the introduction of laparoscopic surgery. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 2008. 42: 422.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18609278
162.Medina, D., et al. Ureteral trauma: preoperative studies neither predict injury nor prevent missed injuries. J Am Coll Surg, 1998. 186: 641.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632150
163.Serkin, F.B., et al. Combat urologic trauma in US military overseas contingency operations. J Trauma, 2010. 69 Suppl 1: S175.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20622614
164.Alabousi, A., et al. Multi-modality imaging of the leaking ureter: why does detection of traumatic and iatrogenic ureteral injuries remain a challenge? Emerg Radiol, 2017. 24: 417.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28451770
165.Orcutt, D., et al. Ureteral Injuries Secondary to Blunt Abdominal Trauma: A 15-Year Review of Presentation, Management, and Outcomes at a Level 1 Trauma Center. Urology, 2022. 164: 248.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35278492
166.Coakley, K.M., et al. Prophylactic Ureteral Catheters for Colectomy: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Based Analysis. Dis Colon Rectum, 2018. 61: 84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29215477
167.Brollo, P.P., et al. Preventing iatrogenic ureteral injury in colorectal surgery: a comprehensive and systematic review of the last 2 decades of literature and future perspectives. Surg Today, 2024. 54: 291.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36593285
168.Yanagisawa, T., et al. Iatrogenic ureteric injury during abdominal or pelvic surgery: a meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 540.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36196670
169.Hird, A.E., et al. Does prophylactic ureteric stenting at the time of colorectal surgery reduce the risk of ureteric injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis, 2021. 23: 1060.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33340227
170.White, L.A., et al. Intraureteral indocyanine green augments ureteral identification and avoidance during complex robotic-assisted colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis, 2021. 23: 718.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33064915
171.Kanabur, P., et al. Use of Indocyanine Green for Intraoperative Ureteral Identification in Nonurologic Surgery. JAMA Surg, 2020. 155: 520.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32186665
172.Kominsky, H.D., et al. Does Timing of Diagnosis and Management of Iatrogenic Ureter Injuries Affect Outcomes? Experience From a Tertiary Center. Urology, 2021. 149: 240.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33309708
173.Fontana, F., et al. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Management of Ureteral Iatrogenic Leakage after Gynecologic Surgery. Diagnostics (Basel), 2021. 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33922190
174.Mazzon, G., et al. Long-term Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Rendezvous Procedures to Treat Complex Ureteric Strictures and Injuries. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2023. 49: 53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36874605
175.Kim, T.N., et al. Three different laparoscopic techniques for the management of iatrogenic ureteral injury: A multi-institutional study with medium-term outcomes. Asian J Surg, 2021. 44: 964.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33608203
176.Smith, T.G., 3rd, et al. Damage control maneuvers for urologic trauma. Urol Clin North Am, 2013. 40: 343.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23905932
177.Mendonca, S.J., et al. Real-World Practice Patterns Favor Minimally Invasive Methods over Ureteral Reconstruction in the Initial Treatment of Severe Blunt Ureteral Trauma: A National Trauma Data Bank Analysis. J Urol, 2021. 205: 470.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32897815
178.Koukouras, D., et al. Percutaneous minimally invasive management of iatrogenic ureteral injuries. J Endourol, 2010. 24: 1921.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20964484
179.El Abd, A.S., et al. Immediate and late management of iatrogenic ureteric injuries: 28 years of experience. Arab J Urol, 2015. 13: 250.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26609443
180.Png, J.C., et al. Principles of ureteric reconstruction. Curr Opin Urol, 2000. 10: 207.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10858898
181.Tracey, A.T., et al. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic repair of ureteral injury: an evidence-based review of techniques and outcomes. Minerva Urol Nefrol, 2018. 70: 231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29595044
182.Khan, F., et al. Management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults. Nat Rev Urol, 2014. 11: 629.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25287785
183.Burks, F.N., et al. Management of iatrogenic ureteral injury. Ther Adv Urol, 2014. 6: 115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883109
184.Wenske, S., et al. Outcomes of distal ureteral reconstruction through reimplantation with psoas hitch, Boari flap, or ureteroneocystostomy for benign or malignant ureteral obstruction or injury. Urology, 2013. 82: 231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23642933
185.Chung, B.I., et al. The use of bowel for ureteral replacement for complex ureteral reconstruction: long-term results. J Urol, 2006. 175: 179.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16406903
186.Armatys, S.A., et al. Use of ileum as ureteral replacement in urological reconstruction. J Urol, 2009. 181: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19013597
187.Meng, M.V., et al. Expanded experience with laparoscopic nephrectomy and autotransplantation for severe ureteral injury. J Urol, 2003. 169: 1363.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12629362
188.Decaestecker, K., et al. Robot-assisted Kidney Autotransplantation: A Minimally Invasive Way to Salvage Kidneys. Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 198.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30093358
189.Zhao, L.C., et al. Robotic Ureteral Reconstruction Using Buccal Mucosa Grafts: A Multi-institutional Experience. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 419.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29239749
190.Elawdy, M.M., et al. Iatrogenic ureteral injuries: a case series analysis with an emphasis on the predictors of late ureteral strictures and unfavorable outcome in different surgical specialties. Int Urogynecol J, 2021. 32: 3031.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33175225
191.Ficarra, V., et al. A Contemporary Case Series of Complex Surgical Repair of Surgical/Endoscopic Injuries to the Abdominal Ureter. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 1476.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32814683
192.Pereira, B.M., et al. Bladder injuries after external trauma: 20 years experience report in a population-based cross-sectional view. World J Urol, 2013. 31: 913.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22544337
193.Figler, B.D., et al. Multi-disciplinary update on pelvic fracture associated bladder and urethral injuries. Injury, 2012. 43: 1242.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22592152
194.Wirth, G.J., et al. Advances in the management of blunt traumatic bladder rupture: experience with 36 cases. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 1344.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438556
195.Deibert, C.M., et al. The association between operative repair of bladder injury and improved survival: results from the National Trauma Data Bank. J Urol, 2011. 186: 151.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21575961
196.Matlock, K.A., et al. Blunt traumatic bladder rupture: a 10-year perspective. Am Surg, 2013. 79: 589.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23711268
197.Johnsen, N.V., et al. Epidemiology of Blunt Lower Urinary Tract Trauma With and Without Pelvic Fracture. Urology, 2017. 102: 234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28043650
198.Cho, J., et al. Severe Bleeding in Pelvic Fractures: Considerations in Planning Damage Control. Am Surg, 2018. 84: 267.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29580357
199.Johnsen, N.V., et al. Evaluating the Role of Operative Repair of Extraperitoneal Bladder Rupture Following Blunt Pelvic Trauma. J Urol, 2016. 195: 661.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26318983
200.Lui, J.L., et al. Alcohol Intoxication Is Associated With Bladder Injury and Bladder Surgical Repair in Patients Sustaining Motor Vehicle Collisions. J Urol, 2022. 208: 1090.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35917522
201.Gomez, R.G., et al. Consensus statement on bladder injuries. BJU Int, 2004. 94: 27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15217426
202.Cinman, N.M., et al. Gunshot wounds to the lower urinary tract: a single-institution experience. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013. 74: 725.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425728
203.Al-Azzawi, I.S., et al. Lower genitourinary trauma in modern warfare: the experience from civil violence in Iraq. Injury, 2014. 45: 885.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24485550
204.Williams, M., et al. Management of combat-related urological trauma in the modern era. Nat Rev Urol, 2013. 10: 504.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23877722
205.Cordon, B.H., et al. Iatrogenic nonendoscopic bladder injuries over 24 years: 127 cases at a single institution. Urology, 2014. 84: 222.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24857278
206.Ford, A.A., et al. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017. 7: CD006375.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28756647
207.Golan, S., et al. Transurethral resection of bladder tumour complicated by perforation requiring open surgical repair - clinical characteristics and oncological outcomes. BJU Int, 2011. 107: 1065.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20860654
208.El Hayek, O.R., et al. Evaluation of the incidence of bladder perforation after transurethral bladder tumor resection in a residency setting. J Endourol, 2009. 23: 1183.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19530900
209.Sugihara, T., et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes including severe bladder injury between monopolar and bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a population based comparison. J Urol, 2014. 192: 1355.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893311
210.Venkatramani, V., et al. Monopolar versus bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a single center, parallel arm, randomized, controlled trial. J Urol, 2014. 191: 1703.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24333244
211.Collado, A., et al. Early complications of endoscopic treatment for superficial bladder tumors. J Urol, 2000. 164: 1529.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11025697
212.Eidelman, E., et al. Injury severity score associated with concurrent bladder injury in patients with blunt urethral injury. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 983.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30178288
213.Pereira, B.M., et al. Penetrating bladder trauma: a high risk factor for associated rectal injury. Adv Urol, 2014. 2014: 386280.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24527030
214.Tarney, C.M. Bladder Injury During Cesarean Delivery. Curr Womens Health Rev, 2013. 9: 70.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876830
215.Clarke-Pearson, D.L., et al. Complications of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol, 2013. 121: 654.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23635631
216.Chill, H.H., et al. Urinary bladder injury during cesarean delivery: risk factors and the role of retrograde bladder filling. Int Urogynecol J, 2021. 32: 1801.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33386865
217.Balbay, M.D., et al. The actual incidence of bladder perforation following transurethral bladder surgery. J Urol, 2005. 174: 2260.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280794
218.Manikandan, R., et al. Percutaneous peritoneal drainage for intraperitoneal bladder perforations during transurethral resection of bladder tumors. J Endourol, 2003. 17: 945.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14744369
219.Patel, B.N., et al. Imaging of iatrogenic complications of the urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Radiol Clin North Am, 2014. 52: 1101.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25173661
220.Lehnert, B.E., et al. Lower male genitourinary trauma: a pictorial review. Emerg Radiol, 2014. 21: 67.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052083
221.Quagliano, P.V., et al. Diagnosis of blunt bladder injury: A prospective comparative study of computed tomography cystography and conventional retrograde cystography. J Trauma, 2006. 61: 410.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917459
222.Ramchandani, P., et al. Imaging of genitourinary trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2009. 192: 1514.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19457813
223.Alperin, M., et al. Conservative management of postoperatively diagnosed cystotomy. Urology, 2009. 73: 1163 e17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18514295
224.Ogah, J., et al. Minimally invasive synthetic suburethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women: a short version Cochrane review. Neurourol Urodyn, 2011. 30: 284.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21412819
225.Teeluckdharry, B., et al. Urinary Tract Injury at Benign Gynecologic Surgery and the Role of Cystoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol, 2015. 126: 1161.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26551173
226.Stember, D.S., et al. Outcomes of abdominal wall reservoir placement in inflatable penile prosthesis implantation: a safe and efficacious alternative to the space of Retzius. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 605.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286533
227.Oh, J.S., et al. Effectiveness of the combat pelvic protection system in the prevention of genital and urinary tract injuries: An observational study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2015. 79: S193.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26406430
228.Nieder, A.M., et al. Transurethral bladder tumor resection: intraoperative and postoperative complications in a residency setting. J Urol, 2005. 174: 2307.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280830
229.Pansadoro, A., et al. Conservative treatment of intraperitoneal bladder perforation during transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Urology, 2002. 60: 682.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12385934
230.Urry, R.J., et al. The incidence, spectrum and outcomes of traumatic bladder injuries within the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service. Injury, 2016. 47: 1057.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26854075
231.Inaba, K., et al. Selective nonoperative management of torso gunshot wounds: when is it safe to discharge? J Trauma, 2010. 68: 1301.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20539173
232.Anderson, R.E., et al. Current Management of Extraperitoneal Bladder Injuries: Results from the Multi-Institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS). J Urol, 2020. 204: 538.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32259467
233.Yao, H.H., et al. Lower risk of pelvic metalware infection with operative repair of concurrent bladder rupture. ANZ J Surg, 2018. 88: 560.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29124851
234.Khabiri, S.S., et al. Extraperitoneal Bladder Injuries Associated With Pelvic Fracture Requiring Internal Fixation: What Is the Evidence? Am Surg, 2021. 87: 1203.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33350852
235.Culhane, J., et al. Minimally invasive management versus open surgery in the treatment of penetrating bladder injuries: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Urol, 2021. 21: 138.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34583674
236.Lee, J.S., et al. Urologic complications following obstetric and gynecologic surgery. Korean J Urol, 2012. 53: 795.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23185673
237.Traxer, O., et al. Technique and complications of transurethral surgery for bladder tumours. BJU Int, 2004. 94: 492.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15329099
238.MacDonald, S., et al. Complications of Transvaginal Mesh for Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Stress Urinary Incontinence: Tips for Prevention, Recognition, and Management. Eur Urol Focus, 2016. 2: 260.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28723371
239.Inaba, K., et al. Prospective evaluation of the utility of routine postoperative cystogram after traumatic bladder injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013. 75: 1019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24256676
240.Jensen, A.S., et al. Iatrogenic bladder and ureteral injuries following gynecological and obstetric surgery. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 2023. 307: 511.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36181563
241.Johnsen, N.V., et al. Clinical Utility of Routine Follow-up Cystography in the Management of Traumatic Bladder Ruptures. Urology, 2018. 113: 230.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29174624
242.Barratt, R.C., et al. Pelvic fracture urethral injury in males-mechanisms of injury, management options and outcomes. Transl Androl Urol, 2018. 7: S29.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29644168
243.Latini, J.M., et al. SIU/ICUD Consultation On Urethral Strictures: Epidemiology, etiology, anatomy, and nomenclature of urethral stenoses, strictures, and pelvic fracture urethral disruption injuries. Urology, 2014. 83: S1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24210733
244.Falcone, M., et al. Current Management of Penile Fracture: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev, 2018. 6: 253.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28874325
245.Barros, R., et al. Primary urethral reconstruction results in penile fracture. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2018. 100: 21.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29022780
246.Shebl, S.E. The presentation and outcomes of penile fracture with associated urethral injury: A systematic literature review. Arch Ital Urol Androl, 2023. 95: 11082.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37259814
247.Bjurlin, M.A., et al. Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of penetrating external genital injuries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013. 74: 839.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23425745
248.Pandher, M., et al. Characterization of genital injuries secondary to foreign bodies from 2011 to 2020. Investig Clin Urol, 2023. 64: 66.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36629067
249.Palminteri, E., et al. Contemporary urethral stricture characteristics in the developed world. Urology, 2013. 81: 191.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153951
250.Davis, N.F., et al. Incidence, Cost, Complications and Clinical Outcomes of Iatrogenic Urethral Catheterization Injuries: A Prospective Multi-Institutional Study. J Urol, 2016. 196: 1473.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27317985
251.Croghan, S.M., et al. A Prospective Multi-Institutional Evaluation of Iatrogenic Urethral Catheterization Injuries. J Invest Surg, 2022. 35: 1761.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35948441
252.Bhatt, N.R., et al. A prospective audit on the effect of training and educational workshops on the incidence of urethral catheterization injuries. Can Urol Assoc J, 2017. 11: E302.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28761592
253.Kashefi, C., et al. Incidence and prevention of iatrogenic urethral injuries. J Urol, 2008. 179: 2254.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18423712
254.Lawton, J.D., et al. Characterization and Outcomes of Iatrogenic Urethral Catheterization Injuries. Urol Pract, 2024. 11: 385.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38215014
255.Price, D., et al. Outcomes of a Nurse-Led Difficult Urinary Catheter Team in an Academic Medical Center. J Nurs Care Qual, 2020. 35: 309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31972779
256.Bugeja, S., et al. A new urethral catheterisation device (UCD) to manage difficult urethral catheterisation. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 595.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30251050
257.Davis, N.F., et al. Clinical Evaluation of a Safety-device to Prevent Urinary Catheter Inflation Related Injuries. Urology, 2018. 115: 179.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29501711
258.Liao, X., et al. Effects of hydrophilic coated catheters on urethral trauma, microtrauma and adverse events with intermittent catheterization in patients with bladder dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol, 2022. 54: 1461.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35449382
259.Battaloglu, E., et al. Urethral injury in major trauma. Injury, 2019. 50: 1053.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30857738
260.Kassiri, B., et al. Management of Pelvic Trauma-Associated Urethral Injury in Men. Current Surgery Reports, 2023. 11: 243.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40137-023-00365-w
261.Koraitim, M.M. Effect of early realignment on length and delayed repair of postpelvic fracture urethral injury. Urology, 2012. 79: 912.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22342415
262.Nnabugwu, II, et al. Epidemiology of posterior urethral injury among adults with traumatic pelvic ring disruptions: a 10-year retrospective review from a trauma care centre in Southeast Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J, 2023. 45: 43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37575524
263.Mundy, A.R., et al. Urethral trauma. Part I: introduction, history, anatomy, pathology, assessment and emergency management. BJU Int, 2011. 108: 310.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771241
264.Mundy, A.R., et al. Pelvic fracture-related injuries of the bladder neck and prostate: their nature, cause and management. BJU Int, 2010. 105: 1302.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19874306
265.Mundy, A.R., et al. Urethral trauma. Part II: Types of injury and their management. BJU Int, 2011. 108: 630.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21854524
266.Blaschko, S.D., et al. The incidence of erectile dysfunction after pelvic fracture urethral injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arab J Urol, 2015. 13: 68.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26019983
267.McCormick, B.J., et al. A multicenter prospective cohort study of endoscopic urethral realignment versus suprapubic cystostomy after complete pelvic fracture urethral injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2023. 94: 344.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36121280
268.Sylla, P., et al. Urethral Injury and Other Urologic Injuries During Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision: An International Collaborative Study. Ann Surg, 2021. 274: e115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31567502
269.Patel, D.N., et al. Female urethral injuries associated with pelvic fracture: a systematic review of the literature. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 766.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28805298
270.Song, E., et al. Traumatic blunt urethral injuries in females A retrospective study of the National Trauma Data Bank. Can Urol Assoc J, 2023. 17: E116.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36758182
271.Gomes, C.M., et al. Update on complications of synthetic suburethral slings. Int Braz J Urol, 2017. 43: 822.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28266818
272.Brandes, S. Initial management of anterior and posterior urethral injuries. Urol Clin North Am, 2006. 33: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16488283
273.Gomez, R.G., et al. SIU/ICUD Consultation on Urethral Strictures: Pelvic fracture urethral injuries. Urology, 2014. 83: S48.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24210734
274.Black, P.C., et al. Urethral and bladder neck injury associated with pelvic fracture in 25 female patients. J Urol, 2006. 175: 2140.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16697821
275.Horiguchi, A., et al. Pubourethral Stump Angle Measured on Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Urethroplasty Type for Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury Repair. Urology, 2018. 112: 198.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29158171
276.Horiguchi, A., et al. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the management of male pelvic fracture urethral injury. Int J Urol, 2022. 29: 919.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34986514
277.Barros, R., et al. Urethral injury in penile fracture: a narrative review. Int Braz J Urol, 2020. 46: 152.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31961620
278.Kunkle, D.A., et al. Evaluation and management of gunshot wounds of the penis: 20-year experience at an urban trauma center. J Trauma, 2008. 64: 1038.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18404072
279.Zhang, Y., et al. Emergency treatment of male blunt urethral trauma in China: Outcome of different methods in comparison with other countries. Asian J Urol, 2018. 5: 78.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29736369
280.Gong, I.H., et al. Comparison of immediate primary repair and delayed urethroplasty in men with bulbous urethral disruption after blunt straddle injury. Korean J Urol, 2012. 53: 569.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22950003
281.Elgammal, M.A. Straddle injuries to the bulbar urethra: management and outcome in 53 patients. Int Braz J Urol, 2009. 35: 450.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19719861
282.Peng, X., et al. Straddle injuries to the bulbar urethra: What is the best choice for immediate management? J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2019. 87: 892.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205218
283.Wang, J., et al. Outcomes of early endoscopic realignment for blunt straddle injuries to the bulbar urethra: a single-center retrospective study. BMC Surg, 2022. 22: 33.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35090431
284.Maheshwari, P.N., et al. Immediate endoscopic management of complete iatrogenic anterior urethral injuries: a case series with long-term results. BMC Urol, 2005. 5: 13.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16281970
285.Tausch, T.J., et al. Gunshot wound injuries of the prostate and posterior urethra: reconstructive armamentarium. J Urol, 2007. 178: 1346.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17706720
286.Fendereski, K., et al. The Outcomes of Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries Stratified by Urethral Injury Severity: A Prospective Multi-institutional Genitourinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS). Urology, 2022. 170: 197.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36152870
287.Johnsen, N.V., et al. Risk of infectious complications in pelvic fracture urethral injury patients managed with internal fixation and suprapubic catheter placement. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2018. 85: 536.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29985241
288.Leddy, L.S., et al. Outcomes of endoscopic realignment of pelvic fracture associated urethral injuries at a level 1 trauma center. J Urol, 2012. 188: 174.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22591965
289.Elshout, P.J., et al. Outcomes of Early Endoscopic Realignment Versus Suprapubic Cystostomy and Delayed Urethroplasty for Pelvic Fracture-related Posterior Urethral Injuries: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus, 2017. 3: 545.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753868
290.Warner, J.N., et al. The management of the acute setting of pelvic fracture urethral injury (realignment vs. suprapubic cystostomy alone). Arab J Urol, 2015. 13: 7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26019971
291.Barrett, K., et al. Primary realignment vs suprapubic cystostomy for the management of pelvic fracture-associated urethral injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urology, 2014. 83: 924.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24680459
292.Tausch, T.J., et al. Unintended negative consequences of primary endoscopic realignment for men with pelvic fracture urethral injuries. J Urol, 2014. 192: 1720.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24972309
293.Horiguchi, A., et al. Primary Realignment for Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury Is Associated With Prolonged Time to Urethroplasty and Increased Stenosis Complexity. Urology, 2017. 108: 184.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28606774
294.Lumen, N., et al. Perineal anastomotic urethroplasty for posttraumatic urethral stricture with or without previous urethral manipulations: a review of 61 cases with long-term followup. J Urol, 2009. 181: 1196.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19152939
295.Scarberry, K., et al. Delayed Posterior Urethroplasty Following Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury: Do We Have to Wait 3 Months? Urology, 2018. 116: 193.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29545047
296.Aboutaieb, R., et al. [Surgical treatment of traumatic ruptures of the posterior urethra]. Prog Urol, 2000. 10: 58.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10785920
297.Sfaxi, M., et al. [Surgical treatment of post-traumatic complete urethral rupture: deferred urgent urethral suture or delayed repair?]. Prog Urol, 2006. 16: 464.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17069041
298.Horiguchi, A., et al. Surgical and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Delayed Anastomotic Urethroplasty for Male Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury at a Japanese Referral Center. J Clin Med, 2022. 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35268315
299.Mundy, A.R. Anastomotic urethroplasty. BJU Int, 2005. 96: 921.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16153236
300.Yepes, C., et al. Management of Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury: Is Supracrural Urethral Rerouting (Step 4) Becoming Anecdotical or Does It Remain in Force? J Clin Med, 2023. 12.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36983427
301.Lumen, N., et al., European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urethral Stricture. 2021/06/02 ed. 2022, Arhem, The Netherlands.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urethral-strictures
302.Brandes, S.B., et al. External genitalia gunshot wounds: a ten-year experience with fifty-six cases. J Trauma, 1995. 39: 266.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7674395
303.McCormick, C.S., et al. Male genital trauma at a level 1 trauma center. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 3283.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32077992
304.Monga, M., et al. Testicular Trauma. Adolesc Med, 1996. 7: 141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10359963
305.Frauscher, F., et al. US findings in the scrotum of extreme mountain bikers. Radiology, 2001. 219: 427.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11323467
306.de Peretti, F., et al. [Fuel tanks of motorcycles. Role in severe trauma of the pelvis]. Presse Med, 1993. 22: 61.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8493205
307.Herrmann, B., et al. Genital injuries in prepubertal girls from inline skating accidents. Pediatrics, 2002. 110: e16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165615
308.Lawson, J.S., et al. Catastrophic injuries to the eyes and testicles in footballers. Med J Aust, 1995. 163: 242.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7565208
309.Grigorian, A., et al. National analysis of testicular and scrotal trauma in the USA. Res Rep Urol, 2018. 10: 51.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30128306
310.Maxwell, B.G., et al. National patterns of injury and outcomes of gunshot wounds to the penis: A Trauma Quality Programs retrospective cohort analysis. Acute Med Surg, 2021. 8: e636.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33747534
311.Gaspar, S.S., et al. Sexual Urological Emergencies. Sex Med Rev, 2015. 3: 93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784550
312.Forrester, M.B. Penis Ring Injuries Treated at Emergency Departments. J Sex Marital Ther, 2022. 48: 103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33734034
313.Amer, T., et al. Penile Fracture: A Meta-Analysis. Urol Int, 2016. 96: 315.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26953932
314.Christian-Miller, N., et al. Risk factors for penile fracture compared with a surgical control cohort in the United States: the role of substance abuse. Asian J Androl, 2021. 23: 236.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33243961
315.Haas, C.A., et al. Penile fracture and testicular rupture. World J Urol, 1999. 17: 101.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10367369
316.Barros, R., et al. Lessons learned after 20 years’ experience with penile fracture. Int Braz J Urol, 2020. 46: 409.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32167705
317.Nicolaisen, G.S., et al. Rupture of the corpus cavernosum: surgical management. J Urol, 1983. 130: 917.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6632099
318.Tsang, T., et al. Penile fracture with urethral injury. J Urol, 1992. 147: 466.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1732623
319.De Luca, F., et al. Functional outcomes following immediate repair of penile fracture: a tertiary referral centre experience with 76 consecutive patients. Scand J Urol, 2017. 51: 170.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28125311
320.Phonsombat, S., et al. Penetrating external genital trauma: a 30-year single institution experience. J Urol, 2008. 180: 192.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18499189
321.Selikowitz, S.M. Penetrating high-velocity genitourinary injuries. Part I. Statistics mechanisms, and renal wounds. Urology, 1977. 9: 371.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/855062
322.Hudak, S.J., et al. Operative management of wartime genitourinary injuries at Balad Air Force Theater Hospital, 2005 to 2008. J Urol, 2009. 182: 180.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19450817
323.Cass, A.S., et al. Bilateral testicular injury from external trauma. J Urol, 1988. 140: 1435.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3193512
324.McAninch, J.W., et al. Major traumatic and septic genital injuries. J Trauma, 1984. 24: 291.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6368854
325.Michielsen, D., et al. Burns to the genitalia and the perineum. J Urol, 1998. 159: 418.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9649253
326.Nelius, T., et al. Genital piercings: diagnostic and therapeutic implications for urologists. Urology, 2011. 78: 998.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054364
327.Lee, J.Y., et al. Traumatic dislocation of testes and bladder rupture. Urology, 1992. 40: 506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1466102
328.Nagarajan, V.P., et al. Traumatic dislocation of testis. Urology, 1983. 22: 521.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6649208
329.Pollen, J.J., et al. Traumatic dislocation of the testes. J Trauma, 1982. 22: 247.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7069812
330.Shefi, S., et al. Traumatic testicular dislocation: a case report and review of published reports. Urology, 1999. 54: 744.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10754145
331.Cass, A.S., et al. Testicular injuries. Urology, 1991. 37: 528.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2038785
332.Wang, Z., et al. Diagnosis and management of testicular rupture after blunt scrotal trauma: a literature review. Int Urol Nephrol, 2016. 48: 1967.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27567912
333.Wasko, R., et al. Traumatic rupture of the testicle. J Urol, 1966. 95: 721.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5935538
334.Tchounzou, R., et al. Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Features, Treatment and Outcome of Coital Injuries of the Female Genital Tract Consecutive to Consensual Sexual Intercourse in the Limbe Regional Hospital. Sex Med, 2015. 3: 256.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26797059
335.Sotto, L.S., et al. Perigenital hematomas; analysis of forty-seven consecutive cases. Obstet Gynecol, 1958. 12: 259.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13578292
336.Husmann, D.A. Editorial Comment. Urology, 2019. 130: 174.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31345289
337.Okur, H., et al. Genitourinary tract injuries in girls. Br J Urol, 1996. 78: 446.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8881959
338.Goldman, H.B., et al. Traumatic injuries of the female external genitalia and their association with urological injuries. J Urol, 1998. 159: 956.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9474191
339.Agostini, E., et al. Improving clinical diagnostic accuracy and management of False penile fractures characterizing typical clinical presentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol, 2023. 41: 1785.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37326652
340.Karadeniz, T., et al. Penile fracture: differential diagnosis, management and outcome. Br J Urol, 1996. 77: 279.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8800899
341.Fedel, M., et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of suspected penile fracture with atypical clinical findings. J Urol, 1996. 155: 1924.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8618289
342.Pretorius, E.S., et al. MR imaging of the penis. Radiographics, 2001. 21 Spec No: S283.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598264
343.Uder, M., et al. MRI of penile fracture: diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up. Eur Radiol, 2002. 12: 113.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11868085
344.Buckley, J.C., et al. Diagnosis and management of testicular ruptures. Urol Clin North Am, 2006. 33: 111.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16488285
345.Spiesecke, P., et al. Diagnostic performance of MRI and US in suspicion of penile fracture. Transl Androl Urol, 2022. 11: 377.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35402188
346.Andipa, E., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound evaluation of penile and testicular masses. World J Urol, 2004. 22: 382.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15300391
347.Corrales, J.G., et al. Accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis after blunt testicular trauma. J Urol, 1993. 150: 1834.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8080482
348.Fournier, G.R., Jr., et al. Scrotal ultrasonography and the management of testicular trauma. Urol Clin North Am, 1989. 16: 377.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2652862
349.Kratzik, C., et al. Has ultrasound influenced the therapy concept of blunt scrotal trauma? J Urol, 1989. 142: 1243.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2681835
350.Martinez-Pineiro, L., Jr., et al. Value of testicular ultrasound in the evaluation of blunt scrotal trauma without haematocele. Br J Urol, 1992. 69: 286.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1568102
351.Micallef, M., et al. Ultrasound features of blunt testicular injury. Injury, 2001. 32: 23.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11164397
352.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Emergency management of blunt testicular trauma. Acad Emerg Med, 1995. 2: 639.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8521212
353.Patil, M.G., et al. The value of ultrasound in the evaluation of patients with blunt scrotal trauma. Injury, 1994. 25: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8168890
354.Churukanti, G.R., et al. Role of Ultrasonography for Testicular Injuries in Penetrating Scrotal Trauma. Urology, 2016. 95: 208.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27132505
355.Lee, S.H., et al. Trauma to male genital organs: a 10-year review of 156 patients, including 118 treated by surgery. BJU Int, 2008. 101: 211.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17922859
356.Muglia, V., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of scrotal diseases: when it makes the difference. Urology, 2002. 59: 419.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880084
357.Ramanathan, S., et al. Imaging in scrotal trauma: a European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) position statement. Eur Radiol, 2021. 31: 4918.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33449189
358.Presutti, R.J. Bite wounds. Early treatment and prophylaxis against infectious complications. Postgrad Med, 1997. 101: 243.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126216
359.Dreesen, D.W., et al. Current recommendations for the prophylaxis and treatment of rabies. Drugs, 1998. 56: 801.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9829154
360.Anderson, C.R. Animal bites. Guidelines to current management. Postgrad Med, 1992. 92: 134.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1614928
361.Gee, S., et al. on behalf of the North West Policy Group. Guidance for the Management of Human Bite Injuries. 2010.
http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1194947350692
362.Summerton, D.J., et al. Reconstructive surgery in penile trauma and cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol, 2005. 2: 391.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16474736
363.Mydlo, J.H., et al. Urethrography and cavernosography imaging in a small series of penile fractures: a comparison with surgical findings. Urology, 1998. 51: 616.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586616
364.Penbegul, N., et al. No evidence of depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction following penile fracture. Int J Impot Res, 2012. 24: 26.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21918532
365.Mazaris, E.M., et al. Penile fractures: immediate surgical approach with a midline ventral incision. BJU Int, 2009. 104: 520.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19239439
366.Kominsky, H., et al. Surgical reconstruction for penile fracture: a systematic review. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 75.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31685943
367.Virasoro, R., et al. Penile Amputation: Cosmetic and Functional Results. Sex Med Rev, 2015. 3: 214.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784611
368.Koller, C.R., et al. Self-Induced Trauma to the Genitalia: a Review of the Literature and Management Schemes. Curr Urol Rep, 2021. 22: 18.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33534050
369.Tiguert, R., et al. Management of shotgun injuries to the pelvis and lower genitourinary system. Urology, 2000. 55: 193.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688077
370.Altarac, S. Management of 53 cases of testicular trauma. Eur Urol, 1994. 25: 119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8137851
371.Cass, A.S., et al. Value of early operation in blunt testicular contusion with hematocele. J Urol, 1988. 139: 746.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3352037
372.Altarac, S. A case of testicle replantation. J Urol, 1993. 150: 1507.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8411440
373.Abid, A.F., et al. Penetrating Scrotal Injuries: A War Time Experience in a Civilian Setup. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2021. 9: 1198.
https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/6888
374.Sharma, G., et al. Sexual function outcomes and risk factors of erectile dysfunction after surgical repair of penile fracture. Turk J Urol, 2021. 47: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33052833
375.Bulbul, E., et al. Penile fracture: Tertiary care center experience and long-term complications after immediate repair. Andrology, 2022. 10: 560.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34939748
376.Bozzini, G., et al. Delaying Surgical Treatment of Penile Fracture Results in Poor Functional Outcomes: Results from a Large Retrospective Multicenter European Study. Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753754
377.Orvis, B.R., et al. Penile rupture. Urol Clin North Am, 1989. 16: 369.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2652861
378.Etabbal, A.M., et al. War-related penile injuries in Libya: Single-institution experience. Arab J Urol, 2018. 16: 250.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29892491
379.Starmer, B.Z., et al. Considerations in fertility preservation in cases of testicular trauma. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 466.