Guidelines

Penile Cancer

8. REFERENCES

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30.Kayes, O., et al. Molecular and genetic pathways in penile cancer. Lancet Oncol, 2007. 8: 420.

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31.Nordenvall, C., et al. Cancer risk among patients with condylomata acuminata. Int J Cancer, 2006. 119: 888.

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32.Lont, A.P., et al. Presence of high-risk human papillomavirus DNA in penile carcinoma predicts favorable outcome in survival. Int J Cancer, 2006. 119: 1078.

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33.Bezerra, A.L., et al. Human papillomavirus as a prognostic factor in carcinoma of the penis: analysis of 82 patients treated with amputation and bilateral lymphadenectomy. Cancer, 2001. 91: 2315.

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34.Bandini, M., et al. Association Between Human Papillomavirus Infection and Outcome of Perioperative Nodal Radiotherapy for Penile Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 802.

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35.Hölters, S., et al. Challenging the prognostic impact of the new WHO and TNM classifications with special emphasis on HPV status in penile carcinoma. Virchows Arch, 2019. 475: 211.

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36.Sand, F.L., et al. Prognostic Significance of HPV and p16 Status in Men Diagnosed with Penile Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2018. 27: 1123.

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37.Liu, H., et al. Human papillomavirus as a favorable prognostic factor in a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: A meta-analysis. J Med Virol, 2017. 89: 710.

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38.Urbute, A., et al. Prognostic Significance of HPV DNA and p16(INK4a) in Anal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2020. 29: 703.

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39.Zhang, J., et al. Prognostic Significance of P16(INK4a) Expression in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis. Biomed Res Int, 2018. 2018: 8345893.

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41.Mirghani, H., et al. Is there an increased risk of cancer among spouses of patients with an HPV-related cancer: A systematic review. Oral Oncol, 2017. 67: 138.

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42.de Bruijn, R.E., et al. Patients with penile cancer and the risk of (pre)malignant cervical lesions in female partners: a retrospective cohort analysis. BJU Int, 2013. 112: 905.

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43.Zhang, J., et al. The efficacy of vaccination to prevent human papilloma viruses infection at anal and oral: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health, 2021. 196: 165.

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44.Harder, T., et al. Efficacy, effectiveness and safety of vaccination against human papillomavirus in males: a systematic review. BMC Med, 2018. 16: 110.

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45.Elst, L., et al. HPV Vaccination: Does It Have a Role in Preventing Penile Cancer and Other Preneoplastic Lesions? Semin Oncol Nurs, 2022. 38: 151284.

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46.Tsen, H.F., et al. Risk factors for penile cancer: results of a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County (United States). Cancer Causes Control, 2001. 12: 267.

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47.Koifman, L., et al. Epidemiological aspects of penile cancer in Rio de Janeiro: evaluation of 230 cases. Int Braz J Urol, 2011. 37: 231.

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48.Van Howe, R.S., et al. The carcinogenicity of smegma: debunking a myth. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 2006. 20: 1046.

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49.Daling, J.R., et al. Penile cancer: importance of circumcision, human papillomavirus and smoking in in situ and invasive disease. Int J Cancer, 2005. 116: 606.

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50.Velazquez, E.F., et al. Limitations in the interpretation of biopsies in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol, 2004. 12: 139.

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51.Velazquez, E.F., et al. Lichen sclerosus in 68 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: frequent atypias and correlation with special carcinoma variants suggests a precancerous role. Am
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52.Teichman, J.M., et al. Noninfectious penile lesions. Am Fam Physician, 2010. 81: 167.

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53.Renaud-Vilmer, C., et al. Analysis of alterations adjacent to invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and their relationship with associated carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2010. 62: 284.

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54.Moch, H., et al. The 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part A: Renal, Penile, and Testicular Tumours. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 458.

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55.Chaux, A., et al. Metastatic tumors to the penis: a report of 17 cases and review of the literature. Int J Surg Pathol, 2011. 19: 597.

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56.Ebel, J.J., et al. Whole-mount evaluation of penectomies for penile cancer: feasibility, cost and comparison to routine sectioning. Histopathology, 2013. 63: 64.

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57.Corbishley C., et al. Standards and datasets for reporting cancers Dataset for penile and distal urethral cancer histopathology reports. 2015. 2022.

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58.Tang, V., et al. Should centralized histopathological review in penile cancer be the global standard? BJU Int, 2014. 114: 340.

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59.Vanthoor, J., et al. Making surgery safer by centralization of care: impact of case load in penile cancer. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 1385.

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60.Aumayr, K., et al. P16INK4A immunohistochemistry for detection of human papilloma virus-associated penile squamous cell carcinoma is superior to in-situ hybridization. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2013. 26: 611.

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61.Bezerra, S.M., et al. Human papillomavirus infection and immunohistochemical p16(INK4a) expression as predictors of outcome in penile squamous cell carcinomas. Hum Pathol, 2015. 46: 532.

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62.Mannweiler, S., et al. Two major pathways of penile carcinogenesis: HPV-induced penile cancers overexpress p16ink4a, HPV-negative cancers associated with dermatoses express p53, but lack p16ink4a overexpression. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2013. 69: 73.

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63.Corbishley M., et al. Carcinoma of the Penis and Distal Urethra Histopathology Reporting Guide 1st edition. International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting; Sydney, Australia. ISBN: 978-1-925687-05-7. 2017.

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64.Guimarães, G.C., et al. Front pattern of invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis: new prognostic factor for predicting risk of lymph node metastases. Urology, 2006. 68: 148.

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65.Sanchez, D.F., et al. What Is New in the Pathologic Staging of Penile Carcinoma in the 8th Edition of AJCC TNM Model: Rationale for Changes With Practical Stage-by-stage Category Diagnostic Considerations. Adv Anat Pathol, 2021. 28: 209.

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66.Sali, A.P., et al. Histopathological risk scoring system as a tool for predicting lymph nodal metastasis in penile squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology, 2019. 51: 696.

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67.Winters, B.R., et al. Predictors of Nodal Upstaging in Clinical Node Negative Patients With Penile Carcinoma: A National Cancer Database Analysis. Urology, 2016. 96: 29.

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68.Feng, M.A., et al. Concordance of lymphovascular invasion diagnosed in penile carcinoma with and without the immunohistochemical markers ERG and CD31. Histol Histopathol, 2016. 31: 293.

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69.Dorofte, L., et al. Low level of interobserver concordance in assessing histological subtype and tumor grade in patients with penile cancer may impair patient care. Virchows Arch, 2022. 480: 879.

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70.Cubilla, A.L. The role of pathologic prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. World J Urol, 2009. 27: 169.

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71.Zekan, D.S., et al. Prognostic predictors of lymph node metastasis in penile cancer: a systematic review. Int Braz J Urol, 2021. 47: 943.

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72.Fankhauser, C.D., et al. Lymphovascular and perineural invasion are risk factors for inguinal lymph node metastases in men with T1G2 penile cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2022. 148: 2231.

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73.Brierley, J., et al., TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 8th Edn. 2016.

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74.Li, Z., et al. Corpora Cavernos invasion vs. Corpus Spongiosum invasion in Penile Cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer, 2021. 12: 1960.

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75.Sali, A.P., et al. A comparative study of AJCC and the modified staging system in pT2/pT3 penile squamous cell carcinoma1398042195-1398042195a validation on an external data set. Histopathology, 2022. 80: 566.

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76.Zhang, Z.L., et al. The importance of extranodal extension in penile cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer, 2015. 15: 815.

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77.Gunia, S., et al. Does the width of the surgical margin of safety or premalignant dermatoses at the negative surgical margin affect outcome in surgically treated penile cancer? J Clin Pathol, 2014.
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78.Wang, J.Y., et al. Prognostic significance of the degree of extranodal extension in patients with penile carcinoma. Asian J Androl, 2014. 16: 437.

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79.Chaux, A., et al. The prognostic index: a useful pathologic guide for prediction of nodal metastases and survival in penile squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 2009. 33: 1049.

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80.Zito Marino, F., et al. Discrepancy of p16 immunohistochemical expression and HPV RNA in penile cancer. A multiplex in situ hybridization/immunohistochemistry approach study. Infect Agent Cancer, 2021. 16: 22.

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81.Cubilla, A.L., et al. Value of p16(INK)⁴(a) in the pathology of invasive penile squamous cell carcinomas: A report of 202 cases. Am J Surg Pathol, 2011. 35: 253.

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82.Canete-Portillo, S., et al. Report From the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) Consultation Conference on Molecular Pathology of Urogenital Cancers V: Recommendations on the Use of Immunohistochemical and Molecular Biomarkers in Penile Cancer. Am J Surg Pathol, 2020. 44: e80.

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84.Velazquez, E.F., et al. Histologic grade and perineural invasion are more important than tumor thickness as predictor of nodal metastasis in penile squamous cell carcinoma invading 5 to 10 mm. Am J Surg Pathol, 2008. 32: 974.

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85.Leijte, J.A., et al. Evaluation of current TNM classification of penile carcinoma. J Urol, 2008. 180: 933.

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86.Sun, M., et al. Development and external validation of a prognostic tool for prediction of cancer-specific mortality after complete loco-regional pathological staging for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. BJU Int, 2015. 116: 734.

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87.Li, Z.S., et al. Modification of N staging systems for penile cancer: a more precise prediction of prognosis. Br J Cancer, 2015. 113: 1746.

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88.Chipollini, J., et al. Patient presentation, differential diagnosis, and management of penile lesions. Can Urol Assoc J, 2019. 13: S2.

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89.Lont, A.P., et al. A comparison of physical examination and imaging in determining the extent of primary penile carcinoma. BJU Int, 2003. 91: 493.

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90.Bertolotto, M., et al. Primary and secondary malignancies of the penis: ultrasound features. Abdom Imaging, 2005. 30: 108.

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91.Kayes, O., et al. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the local staging of penile cancer. Eur Urol, 2007. 51: 1313.

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92.Hanchanale, V., et al. The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting the invasion of the tunica albuginea and the urethra during the primary staging of penile cancer. BJU Int, 2016. 117: 439.

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93.Krishna, S., et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of MRI in Local Staging (T Category) of Penile Cancer and the Value of Artificial Erection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2022. 219: 28.

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94.Bozzini, G., et al. Role of Penile Doppler US in the Preoperative Assessment of Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients: Results From a Large Prospective Multicenter European Study. Urology, 2016. 90: 131.

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95.Wood, H.M., et al. Anatomic considerations of the penis, lymphatic drainage, and biopsy of the sentinel node. Urol Clin North Am, 2010. 37: 327.

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96.Horenblas, S., et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. IV. Prognostic factors of survival: analysis of tumor, nodes and metastasis classification system. J Urol, 1994. 151: 1239.

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97.Srinivas, V., et al. Penile cancer: relation of extent of nodal metastasis to survival. J Urol, 1987.
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98.Kroon, B.K., et al. Patients with penile carcinoma benefit from immediate resection of clinically occult lymph node metastases. J Urol, 2005. 173: 816.

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99.Horenblas, S., et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. II. Treatment of the primary tumor.
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100.Woldu, S.L., et al. Usage and survival implications of surgical staging of inguinal lymph nodes in intermediate- to high-risk, clinical localized penile cancer: A propensity-score matched analysis. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 159.e7.

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101.Mueller-Lisse, U.G., et al. Functional imaging in penile cancer: PET/computed tomography, MRI, and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Curr Opin Urol, 2008. 18: 105.

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102.Leijte, J.A., et al. Prospective evaluation of hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in staging clinically node-negative patients with penile carcinoma. BJU Int, 2009. 104: 640.

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103.Schlenker, B., et al. Detection of inguinal lymph node involvement in penile squamous cell carcinoma by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT: a prospective single-center study. Urol Oncol, 2012. 30: 55.

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104.Jakobsen, J.K., et al. DaPeCa-7: comparative assessment of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) and conventional diagnostic CT in diagnosis of lymph node metastases, distant metastases and incidental findings in patients with invasive penile cancer. BJU Int, 2021. 127: 254.

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105.Sadeghi, R., et al. Accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/CT for diagnosing inguinal lymph node involvement in penile squamous cell carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Clin Nucl Med, 2012. 37: 436.

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106.Krishna, R.P., et al. Sonography: an underutilized diagnostic tool in the assessment of metastatic groin nodes. J Clin Ultrasound, 2008. 36: 212.

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107.Kroon, B.K., et al. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology before sentinel node biopsy in patients with penile carcinoma. BJU Int, 2005. 95: 517.

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108.Lee, E.W.C., et al. High diagnostic accuracy of inguinal ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration followed by dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in men with impalpable and palpable inguinal lymph nodes. BJU Int, 2022. 130: 331.

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109.Graafland, N.M., et al. Prognostic factors for occult inguinal lymph node involvement in penile carcinoma and assessment of the high-risk EAU subgroup: a two-institution analysis of 342 clinically node-negative patients. Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 742.

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110.Catalona, W.J. Modified inguinal lymphadenectomy for carcinoma of the penis with preservation of saphenous veins: technique and preliminary results. J Urol, 1988. 140: 306.

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111.Protzel, C., et al. Lymphadenectomy in the surgical management of penile cancer. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 1075.

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112.d’Ancona, C.A., et al. Long-term followup of penile carcinoma treated with penectomy and bilateral modified inguinal lymphadenectomy. J Urol, 2004. 172: 498.

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113.Thyavihally, Y.B., et al. Comparative study of perioperative and survival outcomes after video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VEIL) and open inguinal lymph node dissection (O-ILND) in the management of inguinal lymph nodes in carcinoma of the penis. J Robot Surg, 2021. 15: 905.

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114.Wever, L., et al. Incidence and risk factor analysis of complications after sentinel node biopsy for penile cancer. BJU Int, 2022. 130: 486.

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115.Gopman, J.M., et al. Predicting postoperative complications of inguinal lymph node dissection for penile cancer in an international multicentre cohort. BJU Int, 2015. 116: 196.

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116.Gómez-Ferrer, A., et al. A single-center comparison of our initial experiences in treating penile and urethral cancer with video-endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy (VEIL) and later experiences in melanoma cases. Front Surg, 2022. 9: 870857.

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117.Muñoz Guillermo, V., et al. [Video endoscopic inguinal lymphadenectomy in penile cancer: Systematic review]. Arch Esp Urol, 2019. 72: 992.

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118.Horenblas, S., et al. Detection of occult metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis using a dynamic sentinel node procedure. J Urol, 2000. 163: 100.

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