Guidelines

Sexual and Reproductive Health

13. REFERENCES

1.Philips, B. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009. 
https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidencemarch-2009/

2.Guyatt, G.H., et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 1049. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467413

3.Salonia, A., et al. Paediatric and adult-onset male hypogonadism. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2019. 5: 38.  
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31147553

4.Nieschlag, E., et al., Andrology: Male Reproductive Health and Dysfunction, 3rd edn. Anamnesis and physical examination. 2010, Heidelberg. 
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-78355-8

5.Wu, F.C., et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis disruptions in older men are differentially linked to age and modifiable risk factors: the European Male Aging Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008. 93: 2737. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270261

6.Araujo, A.B., et al. Clinical review: Endogenous testosterone and mortality in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2011. 96: 3007. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21816776

7.Haring, R., et al. Low serum testosterone levels are associated with increased risk of mortality in a population-based cohort of men aged 20-79. Eur Heart J, 2010. 31: 1494. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164245

8.Wu, F.C., et al. Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. N Engl J Med, 2010. 363: 123. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20554979

9.Zarotsky, V., et al. Systematic literature review of the risk factors, comorbidities, and consequences of hypogonadism in men. Andrology, 2014. 2: 819. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25269643

10.Ding, E.L., et al. Sex differences of endogenous sex hormones and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 2006. 295: 1288. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537739

11.Corona, G., et al. Testosterone therapy in diabetes and pre-diabetes. Andrology, 2023. 11: 204. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36542412

12.Bonomi, M., et al. Klinefelter syndrome (KS): genetics, clinical phenotype and hypogonadism. J Endocrinol Invest, 2017. 40: 123. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27644703

13.Kanakis, G.A., et al. Klinefelter syndrome: more than hypogonadism. Metabolism, 2018. 86: 135. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29382506

14.Aksglaede, L., et al. 47,XXY Klinefelter syndrome: clinical characteristics and age-specific recommendations for medical management. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet, 2013. 163C: 55. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23345262

15.Pizzocaro, A., et al. Testosterone treatment in male patients with Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest, 2020. 43: 1675. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32567016

16.Bojesen, A., et al. Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2003. 88: 622. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574191

17.Santi, D., et al., Primary and Secondary Hypogonadism, in Endocrinology of the Testis and Male Reproduction, M. Simoni, et al., Editors. 2017, Springer International Publishing: Cham. 
https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-319-44441-3_24

18.Giannetta, E., et al. Subclinical male hypogonadism. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2012. 26: 539. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22863395

19.Tajar, A., et al. Characteristics of secondary, primary, and compensated hypogonadism in aging men: evidence from the European Male Ageing Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010. 95: 1810. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20173018

20.Corona, G., et al. Subclinical male hypogonadism. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino), 2021. 46: 252.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32969626

21.Isidori, A.M., et al. Adult- and late-onset male hypogonadism: the clinical practice guidelines of the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS) and the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE). J Endocrinol Invest, 2022. 45: 2385.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36018454

22.Rastrelli, G., et al. Pharmacotherapy of male hypogonadism. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 2023. 68: 102323.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36525815

23.Giagulli, V.A., et al. Critical evaluation of different available guidelines for late-onset hypogonadism. Andrology, 2020. 8: 1628. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32593233

24.Morelli, A., et al. Which patients with sexual dysfunction are suitable for testosterone replacement therapy? J Endocrinol Invest, 2007. 30: 880.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18075293

25.Kelly, D.M., et al. Testosterone and obesity. Obes Rev, 2015. 16: 581.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25982085

26.Wittert, G., et al. Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and testosterone in ageing men. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 2022. 23: 1233.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35834069

27.Ken-Dror, G., et al. Meta-analysis and construction of simple-to-use nomograms for approximating testosterone levels gained from weight loss in obese men. Andrology, 2024. 12: 297.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37345263

28.Muller, M., et al. Endogenous sex hormones and metabolic syndrome in aging men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005. 90: 2618. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15687322

29.Dhindsa, S., et al. Frequent occurrence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2004. 89: 5462.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15531498

30.Jones, T.H., et al. Testosterone replacement in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes and/or metabolic syndrome (the TIMES2 study). Diabetes Care, 2011. 34: 828.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21386088

31.Kalinchenko, S.Y., et al. Effects of testosterone supplementation on markers of the metabolic syndrome and inflammation in hypogonadal men with the metabolic syndrome: the double-blinded placebo-controlled Moscow study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2010. 73: 602.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20718771

32.Groti, K., et al. The impact of testosterone replacement therapy on glycemic control, vascular function, and components of the metabolic syndrome in obese hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Aging Male, 2018. 21: 158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29708829

33.Hackett, G., et al. Testosterone replacement therapy improves metabolic parameters in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes but not in men with coexisting depression: the BLAST study. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 840.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24308723

34.Wittert, G., et al. Testosterone treatment to prevent or revert type 2 diabetes in men enrolled in a lifestyle programme (T4DM): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2-year, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2021. 9: 32.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33338415

35.Yassin, A., et al. Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism Prevents Progression From Prediabetes to Type 2 Diabetes: Eight-Year Data From a Registry Study. Diabetes Care, 2019. 42: 1104. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30862651

36.Kapoor, D., et al. Testosterone replacement therapy improves insulin resistance, glycaemic control, visceral adiposity and hypercholesterolaemia in hypogonadal men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol, 2006. 154: 899.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728551

37.Hackett, G., et al. Long-term testosterone therapy in type 2 diabetes is associated with reduced mortality without improvement in conventional cardiovascular risk factors. BJU Int, 2019. 123: 519.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30216622

38.Muraleedharan, V., et al. Testosterone deficiency is associated with increased risk of mortality and testosterone replacement improves survival in men with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol, 2013. 169: 725.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23999642

39.Hackett, G., et al. Testosterone undecanoate improves sexual function in men with type 2 diabetes and severe hypogonadism: results from a 30-week randomized placebo-controlled study. BJU Int, 2016. 118: 804. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27124889

40.Corona, G., et al. The Role of testosterone treatment in patients with metabolic disorders. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2021. 14: 1091.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34085587

41.Corona, G., et al. THERAPY OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Testosterone supplementation and body composition: results from a meta-analysis study. Eur J Endocrinol, 2016. 174: R99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26537862

42.Saad, F., et al. Differential effects of 11 years of long-term injectable testosterone undecanoate therapy on anthropometric and metabolic parameters in hypogonadal men with normal weight, overweight and obesity in comparison with untreated controls: real-world data from a controlled registry study. Int J Obes (Lond), 2020. 44: 1264.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32060355

43.Rastrelli, G., et al. Low testosterone levels predict clinical adverse outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia patients. Andrology, 2021. 9: 88.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32436355

44.Salciccia, S., et al. Interplay between male testosterone levels and the risk for subsequent invasive respiratory assistance among COVID-19 patients at hospital admission. Endocrine, 2020. 70: 206.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33030665

45.Cinislioglu, A.E., et al. The relationship of serum testosterone levels with the clinical course and prognosis of COVID-19 disease in male patients: A prospective study. Andrology, 2022. 10: 24. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34288536

46.Kadihasanoglu, M., et al. SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia Affects Male Reproductive Hormone Levels: A Prospective, Cohort Study. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 256.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33468445

47.Salonia, A., et al. Severely low testosterone in males with COVID-19: A case-control study. Andrology, 2021. 9: 1043.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33635589

48.Dhindsa, S., et al. Association of Circulating Sex Hormones With Inflammation and Disease Severity in Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open, 2021. 4: e2111398. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34032853

49.Lanser, L., et al. Testosterone Deficiency Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021. 12: 694083.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34226825

50.Nie, X., et al. Multi-organ proteomic landscape of COVID-19 autopsies. Cell, 2021. 184: 775.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33503446

51.Dhindsa, S., et al. Association of Male Hypogonadism With Risk of Hospitalization for COVID-19. JAMA Netw Open, 2022. 5: e2229747.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34032853

52.Corona, G., et al. Andrological effects of SARS-Cov-2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest, 2022. 45: 2207.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35527294

53.Turner, H.E., et al. Gonadal function in men with chronic illness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1997. 47: 379.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9404435

54.Corona, G., et al. Is late-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism a specific age-dependent disease, or merely an epiphenomenon caused by accumulating disease-burden? Minerva Endocrinol, 2016. 41: 196.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26883937

55.Temiz, M.Z., et al. Investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in semen samples and the effects of COVID-19 on male sexual health by using semen analysis and serum male hormone profile: A cross-sectional, pilot study. Andrologia, 2021. 53: e13912.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33244788

56.Salonia, A., et al. Testosterone in males with COVID-19: a 12-month cohort study. Andrology, 2023. 11: 17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36251583

57.Salonia, A., et al. Testosterone in males with COVID-19: A 7-month cohort study. Andrology, 2022. 10: 34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34409772

58.Mohr, B.A., et al. Normal, bound and nonbound testosterone levels in normally ageing men: results from the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2005. 62: 64.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15638872

59.Grossmann, M., et al. A Perspective on Middle-Aged and Older Men With Functional Hypogonadism: Focus on Holistic Management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2017. 102: 1067.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28359097

60.Genchi, V.A., et al. Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Obesity-Related Male Hypogonadism. Int J Mol Sci, 2022. 23.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35897769

61.Tsutsumi, T., et al. Testosterone and Obesity in an Aging Society. Biomolecules, 2025. 15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41301438

62.Guay, A., et al. Does early morning versus late morning draw time influence apparent testosterone concentration in men aged > or =45 years? Data from the Hypogonadism In Males study. Int J Impot Res, 2008. 20: 162.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17637790

63.Gagliano-Juca, T., et al. Oral glucose load and mixed meal feeding lowers testosterone levels in healthy eugonadal men. Endocrine, 2019. 63: 149.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30191441

64.Caronia, L.M., et al. Abrupt decrease in serum testosterone levels after an oral glucose load in men: implications for screening for hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2013. 78: 291.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22804876

65.Millar, A.C., et al. Predicting low testosterone in aging men: a systematic review. CMAJ, 2016. 188: E321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27325129

66.Cayan, S., et al. Effect of serum total testosterone and its relationship with other laboratory parameters on the prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in SARS-CoV-2 infected male patients: a cohort study. Aging Male, 2020. 23: 1493.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32883151

67.Neeland, I.J., et al. Metabolic syndrome. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2024. 10: 77.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39420195

68.Rastrelli, G., et al. Testosterone and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 259.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30803920

69.Kelly, M.R., et al. Endogenous Diurnal Patterns of Adrenal and Gonadal Hormones During a 24-Hour Constant Routine After Simulated Shift Work. J Endocr Soc, 2022. 6: bvac153.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36330292

70.Huhtaniemi, I.T., et al. Comparison of serum testosterone and estradiol measurements in 3174 European men using platform immunoassay and mass spectrometry; relevance for the diagnostics in aging men. Eur J Endocrinol, 2012. 166: 983.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22423144

71.Rosner, W., et al. Toward excellence in testosterone testing: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010. 95: 4542.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20926540

72.Fiers, T., et al. Reassessing Free-Testosterone Calculation by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Direct Equilibrium Dialysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2018. 103: 2167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29618085

73.Vermeulen, A., et al. A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1999. 84: 3666.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10523012

74.Narinx, N., et al. A survey on measurement and reporting of total testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and free testosterone in clinical laboratories in Europe. Clin Chem Lab Med, 2025. 63: 1561.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40068942

75.Jayasena, C.N., et al. Standardising the biochemical confirmation of adult male hypogonadism: A joint position statement by the Society for Endocrinology and Association of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2024. 101: 531.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37393195

76.(CDC), C.f.D.C.a.P. Improving performance – HoSt. 2024.
https://www.cdc.gov/clinical-standardization-programs/php/hormones/improving-performance-host.html

77.Corona, G., et al. Meta-analysis of Results of Testosterone Therapy on Sexual Function Based on International Index of Erectile Function Scores. Eur Urol, 2017. 72: 1000.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28434676

78.Antonio, L., et al. Low Free Testosterone Is Associated with Hypogonadal Signs and Symptoms in Men with Normal Total Testosterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016. 101: 2647.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26909800

79.Rastrelli, G., et al. Symptomatic androgen deficiency develops only when both total and free testosterone decline in obese men who may have incident biochemical secondary hypogonadism: Prospective results from the EMAS. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2018. 89: 459.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29855071

80.Walravens, J., et al. SHBG Gene Polymorphisms and Their Influence on Serum SHBG, Total and Free Testosterone Concentrations in Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2025. 110: e641.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38652149

81.Ferlin, A., et al. Management of male factor infertility: position statement from the Italian Society of Andrology and Sexual Medicine (SIAMS) : Endorsing Organization: Italian Society of Embryology, Reproduction, and Research (SIERR). J Endocrinol Invest, 2022. 45: 1085.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35075609

82.Dalvi, M., et al. The prevalence of structural pituitary abnormalities by MRI scanning in men presenting with isolated hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2016. 84: 858.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26733239

83.Molitch, M.E. Diagnosis and Treatment of Pituitary Adenomas: A Review. JAMA, 2017. 317: 516.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28170483

84.Cipriani, S., et al. Biochemical predictors of structural hypothalamus-pituitary abnormalities detected by magnetic resonance imaging in men with secondary hypogonadism. J Endocrinol Invest, 2021. 44: 2785.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33970435

85.Lincoff, A.M., et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Testosterone-Replacement Therapy. N Engl J Med, 2023. 389: 107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37326322

86.Corona, G., et al. Testosterone treatment and cardiovascular and venous thromboembolism risk: what is 'new'? J Investig Med, 2017. 65: 964.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28495861

87.Champigneulle, B., et al. Are coagulation profiles in Andean highlanders with excessive erythrocytosis favouring hypercoagulability? Exp Physiol, 2024. 109: 899.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8122618

88.Gagnon, D.R., et al. Hematocrit and the risk of cardiovascular disease--the Framingham study: a 34-year follow-up. Am Heart J, 1994. 127: 674.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8122618

89.Corona, G., et al. Consequences of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Males; Sexual and Reproductive Perspective. World J Mens Health, 2022. 40: 165.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34169679

90.Colpi, G.M., et al. European Academy of Andrology guideline Management of oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia. Andrology, 2018. 6: 513.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30134082

91.Corona, G., et al. The pharmacotherapy of male hypogonadism besides androgens. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2015. 16: 369.’
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25523084

92.Mirone, V., et al. European Association of Urology Position Statement on the Role of the Urologist in the Management of Male Hypogonadism and Testosterone Therapy. Eur Urol, 2017. 72: 164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28249799

93.Nieschlag, E. Late-onset hypogonadism: a concept comes of age. Andrology, 2020. 8: 1506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31639279

94.Isidori, A.M., et al. A critical analysis of the role of testosterone in erectile function: from pathophysiology to treatment-a systematic review. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24050791

95.Huo, S., et al. Treatment of Men for "Low Testosterone": A Systematic Review. PLoS One, 2016. 11: e0162480.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27655114

96.Rastrelli, G., et al. Testosterone Replacement Therapy for Sexual Symptoms. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 464.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30803919

97.Elliott, J., et al. Testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 2017. 7: e015284.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29150464

98.Corona, G., et al. Androgens and male sexual function. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2022. 36: 101615.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35153145

99.Pencina, K.M., et al. Effect of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on Sexual Function and Hypogonadal Symptoms in Men with Hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2024. 109: 569.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37589949

100.Corona, G., et al. The role of testosterone in male sexual function. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 2022. 23: 1159.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35999483

101.Zhu, J., et al. Do testosterone supplements enhance response to phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in men with erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Androl Urol, 2020. 9: 591.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32420164

102.Snyder, P.J., et al. Lessons From the Testosterone Trials. Endocr Rev, 2018. 39: 369.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29522088

103.Cunningham, G.R., et al. Testosterone Treatment and Sexual Function in Older Men With Low Testosterone Levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2016. 101: 3096.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27355400

104.Nieschlag, E., et al. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Medical consequences of doping with anabolic androgenic steroids: effects on reproductive functions. Eur J Endocrinol, 2015. 173: R47.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25805894

105.Steeves, J.A., et al. Cross-sectional association between physical activity and serum testosterone levels in US men: results from NHANES 1999-2004. Andrology, 2016. 4: 465.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26991734

106.Lee, T.W., et al. Effects of Testosterone Replacement Therapy on Muscle Strength in Older Men with Low to Low-Normal Testosterone Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Gerontology, 2023. 69: 1157.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37494893

107.Rosen, R.C., et al. Quality of Life and Sexual Function Benefits of Long-Term Testosterone Treatment: Longitudinal Results From the Registry of Hypogonadism in Men (RHYME). J Sex Med, 2017. 14: 1104. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28781213

108.Smith, J.B., et al. Low Serum Testosterone in Outpatient Psychiatry Clinics: Addressing Challenges to the Screening and Treatment of Hypogonadism. Sex Med Rev, 2018. 6: 69.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29128270

109.Walther, A., et al. Association of Testosterone Treatment With Alleviation of Depressive Symptoms in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 2019. 76: 31.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30427999

110.Bhasin, S., et al. Depressive Syndromes in Men With Hypogonadism in the TRAVERSE Trial: Response to Testosterone-Replacement Therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2024. 109: 1814.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38205962

111.Nian, Y., et al. Testosterone replacement therapy improves health-related quality of life for patients with late-onset hypogonadism: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Andrologia, 2017. 49.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27389320

112.Corona, G., et al. Testosterone Deficiency and Risk of Cognitive Disorders in Aging Males. World J Mens Health, 2021. 39: 9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32378366

113.Isidori, A.M., et al. Outcomes of androgen replacement therapy in adult male hypogonadism: recommendations from the Italian society of endocrinology. J Endocrinol Invest, 2015. 38: 103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25384570

114.Corona, G., et al. Testosterone supplementation and body composition: results from a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Endocrinol Invest, 2016. 39: 967.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27241317

115.Traish, A.M. Testosterone and weight loss: the evidence. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes, 2014. 21: 313.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25105998

116.Saad, F., et al. Effects of long-term treatment with testosterone on weight and waist size in 411 hypogonadal men with obesity classes I-III: observational data from two registry studies. Int J Obes (Lond), 2016. 40: 162.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26219417

117.Bhasin, S., et al. Effect of Testosterone on Progression From Prediabetes to Diabetes in Men With Hypogonadism: A Substudy of the TRAVERSE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med, 2024. 184: 353.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38315466

118.Rochira, V., et al. EAA clinical guideline on management of bone health in the andrological outpatient clinic. Andrology, 2018. 6: 272.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29499097

119.Isidori, A.M., et al. Effects of testosterone on body composition, bone metabolism and serum lipid profile in middle-aged men: a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2005. 63: 280.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16117815

120.Tracz, M.J., et al. Testosterone use in men and its effects on bone health. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006. 91: 2011.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16720668

121.Corona, G., et al. Testosterone supplementation and bone parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. J Endocrinol Invest, 2022. 45: 911.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35041193

122.Fan, Y., et al. Diabetes mellitus and risk of hip fractures: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int, 2016. 27: 219.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26264604

123.Wang, J., et al. Increased risk of vertebral fracture in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int Orthop, 2016. 40: 1299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029481

124.Ng Tang Fui, M., et al. Effect of Testosterone Treatment on Bone Microarchitecture and Bone Mineral Density in Men: A 2-Year RCT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2021. 106: e3143.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33693907

125.Snyder, P.J., et al. Testosterone Treatment and Fractures in Men with Hypogonadism. N Engl J Med, 2024. 390: 203.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38231621

126.Grossmann, M. Hypogonadism and male obesity: Focus on unresolved questions. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2018. 89: 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29683196

127.Corona, G., et al. Body weight loss reverts obesity-associated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol, 2013. 168: 829.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23482592

128.Corona, G., et al. Treatment of Functional Hypogonadism Besides Pharmacological Substitution. World J Mens Health, 2020. 38: 256.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31496147

129.Pasquali R, et al. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline on Endocrine Work-up in Obesity. Eur J Endocrinol 2019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31855556/

130.Rastrelli, G., et al. Pharmacological management of late-onset hypogonadism. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2018. 11: 439.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29505313

131.Miller, J.A., et al. Oral testosterone therapy: past, present, and future. Sex Med Rev, 2023. 11: 124.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36779549

132.Ohlander, S.J., et al. Erythrocytosis Following Testosterone Therapy. Sex Med Rev, 2018. 6: 77.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526632

133.Rastrelli, G., et al. Factors affecting spermatogenesis upon gonadotropin-replacement therapy: a meta-analytic study. Andrology, 2014. 2: 794.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25271205

134.Rogol, A.D., et al. Natesto , a novel testosterone nasal gel, normalizes androgen levels in hypogonadal men. Andrology, 2016. 4: 46.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26695758

135.Awouters, M., et al. Aromatase inhibitors and selective estrogen receptor modulators: Unconventional therapies for functional hypogonadism? Andrology, 2020. 8: 1590.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31696669

136.Rambhatla, A., et al. The Role of Estrogen Modulators in Male Hypogonadism and Infertility. Rev Urol, 2016. 18: 66.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27601965

137.Fentiman, I.S. The endocrinology of male breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer, 2018. 25: R365.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29752333

138.Okada, K., et al. Improved Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Associated With Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Japanese Men With Late-Onset Hypogonadism. Am J Mens Health, 2018. 12: 1403.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27256990

139.Rastrelli, G., et al. Testosterone does not affect lower urinary tract symptoms while improving markers of prostatitis in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized clinical trial. J Endocrinol Invest, 2022. 45: 1413.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35298833

140.Permpongkosol, S., et al. Effects of 8-Year Treatment of Long-Acting Testosterone Undecanoate on Metabolic Parameters, Urinary Symptoms, Bone Mineral Density, and Sexual Function in Men With Late-Onset Hypogonadism. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 1199.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27436076

141.Debruyne, F.M., et al. Testosterone treatment is not associated with increased risk of prostate cancer or worsening of lower urinary tract symptoms: prostate health outcomes in the Registry of Hypogonadism in Men. BJU Int, 2017. 119: 216.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27409523

142.Rastrelli, G., et al. Predictors and clinical consequences of starting androgen therapy in men with low testosterone: results from the SIAMO-NOI registry. J Endocrinol Invest, 2016. 39: 695.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27037688

143.Calof, O.M., et al. Adverse events associated with testosterone replacement in middle-aged and older men: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 2005. 60: 1451.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339333

144.Boyle, P., et al. Endogenous and exogenous testosterone and the risk of prostate cancer and increased prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level: a meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2016. 118: 731.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26779889

145.Cui, Y., et al. The effect of androgen-replacement therapy on prostate growth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2013. 64: 811.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23567065

146.Cui, Y., et al. The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis, 2014. 17: 132.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24445948

147.Fernandez-Balsells, M.M., et al. Clinical review 1: Adverse effects of testosterone therapy in adult men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010. 95: 2560.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20525906

148.Guo, C., et al. Efficacy and safety of testosterone replacement therapy in men with hypogonadism: A meta-analysis study of placebo-controlled trials. Exp Ther Med, 2016. 11: 853.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26998003

149.Kang, D.Y., et al. The effect of testosterone replacement therapy on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in men being treated for hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2015. 94: e410.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25621688

150.Lopez, D.S., et al. Endogenous and exogenous testosterone and prostate cancer: decreased-, increased- or null-risk? Transl Androl Urol, 2017. 6: 566.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28725600

151.Watts, E.L., et al. Low Free Testosterone and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Collaborative Analysis of 20 Prospective Studies. Eur Urol, 2018. 74: 585.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30077399

152.Haider, A., et al. Incidence of prostate cancer in hypogonadal men receiving testosterone therapy: observations from 5-year median followup of 3 registries. J Urol, 2015. 193: 80.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24980615

153.Wallis, C.J., et al. Survival and cardiovascular events in men treated with testosterone replacement therapy: an intention-to-treat observational cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2016. 4: 498.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27165609

154.Gray, H., et al. Recurrence of prostate cancer in patients receiving testosterone supplementation for hypogonadism. Am J Health Syst Pharm, 2015. 72: 536.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25788507

155.Teeling, F., et al. Testosterone Therapy for High-risk Prostate Cancer Survivors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Urology, 2019. 126: 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30244116

156.Kardoust Parizi, M., et al. Oncological safety of testosterone replacement therapy in prostate cancer survivors after definitive local therapy: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 637.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31296421

157.Valderrabano, R.J., et al. Testosterone replacement in prostate cancer survivors with testosterone deficiency: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial. Andrology, 2023. 11: 93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36181480

158.Corona, G., et al. Endogenous Testosterone Levels and Cardiovascular Risk: Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1260.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30145097

159.Malkin, C.J., et al. Low serum testosterone and increased mortality in men with coronary heart disease. Heart, 2010. 96: 1821.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20959649

160.Kapoor, D., et al. Clinical and biochemical assessment of hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes: correlations with bioavailable testosterone and visceral adiposity. Diabetes Care, 2007. 30: 911.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392552

161.Khaw, K.T., et al. Endogenous testosterone and mortality due to all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer in men: European prospective investigation into cancer in Norfolk (EPIC-Norfolk) Prospective Population Study. Circulation, 2007. 116: 2694.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18040028

162.Laughlin, G.A., et al. Low serum testosterone and mortality in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008. 93: 68.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17911176

163.Shores, M.M., et al. Low serum testosterone and mortality in male veterans. Arch Intern Med, 2006. 166: 1660.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16908801

164.Vikan, T., et al. Endogenous sex hormones and the prospective association with cardiovascular disease and mortality in men: the Tromso Study. Eur J Endocrinol, 2009. 161: 435.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542243

165.Corona, G., et al. Hypogonadism as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in men: a meta-analytic study. Eur J Endocrinol, 2011. 165: 687.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852391

166.Keating, N.L., et al. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2006. 24: 4448.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983113

167.Ohlsson, C., et al. High serum testosterone is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular events in elderly men. The MrOS (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men) study in Sweden. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011. 58: 1674.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16983113

168.Soisson, V., et al. A J-shaped association between plasma testosterone and risk of ischemic arterial event in elderly men: the French 3C cohort study. Maturitas, 2013. 75: 282.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23706278

169.Snyder, P.J., et al. Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men. N Engl J Med, 2016. 374: 611.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26886521

170.Srinivas-Shankar, U., et al. Effects of testosterone on muscle strength, physical function, body composition, and quality of life in intermediate-frail and frail elderly men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010. 95: 639.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20061435

171.English, K.M., et al. Low-dose transdermal testosterone therapy improves angina threshold in men with chronic stable angina: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Circulation, 2000. 102: 1906.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034937

172.Malkin, C.J., et al. Testosterone therapy in men with moderate severity heart failure: a double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. Eur Heart J, 2006. 27: 57.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093267

173.Mathur, A., et al. Long-term benefits of testosterone replacement therapy on angina threshold and atheroma in men. Eur J Endocrinol, 2009. 161: 443.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19542238

174.Shores, M.M., et al. Association Between Testosterone Treatment and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Events Among US Male Veterans With Low Testosterone Levels and Multiple Medical Comorbidities. J Am Heart Assoc, 2021. 10: e020562.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34423650

175.European Medicines Agency. No consistent evidence of an increased risk of heart problems with testosterone medicines. 2014.
http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Referrals_document/Testosterone_31/Position_provided_by_CMDh/WC500177617.pdf.

176.Ayele, H.T., et al. Testosterone replacement therapy and the risk of venous thromboembolism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thromb Res, 2021. 199: 123.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33486321

177.Rastrelli, G., et al. Cardiovascular impact of testosterone therapy for hypogonadism. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther, 2018. 16: 617.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30099911

178.Handelsman, D.J., et al. Long-term Outcomes of Testosterone Treatment in Men: A T4DM Postrandomization Observational Follow-up Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2023. 109: e25.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37623257

179.U.S.Food and Drug Administration. Briefing Information for the September 17, 2014 Joint Meeting of the Bone, Reproductive and Urologic Drugs Advisory Committee (BRUDAC) and the Drug Safety and Risk Management (DSaRM) Advisory Committee Meeting.
http://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/ucm404905.htm

180.Alexander, G.C., et al. Cardiovascular Risks of Exogenous Testosterone Use Among Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Med, 2017. 130: 293.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27751897

181.Corona, G., et al. Cardiovascular risk associated with testosterone-boosting medications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2014. 13: 1327.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25139126

182.Corona, G., et al. Testosterone and Cardiovascular Risk: Meta-Analysis of Interventional Studies. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 820.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29803351

183.Hudson, J., et al. Adverse cardiovascular events and mortality in men during testosterone treatment: an individual patient and aggregate data meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev, 2022. 3: e381.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35711614

184.Basaria, S., et al. Effects of Testosterone Administration for 3 Years on Subclinical Atherosclerosis Progression in Older Men With Low or Low-Normal Testosterone Levels: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2015. 314: 570.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26262795

185.Budoff, M.J., et al. Testosterone Treatment and Coronary Artery Plaque Volume in Older Men With Low Testosterone. JAMA, 2017. 317: 708.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28241355

186.Caminiti, G., et al. Effect of long-acting testosterone treatment on functional exercise capacity, skeletal muscle performance, insulin resistance, and baroreflex sensitivity in elderly patients with chronic heart failure a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2009. 54: 919.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19712802

187.Pugh, P.J., et al. Testosterone treatment for men with chronic heart failure. Heart, 2004. 90: 446.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15020527

188.Sharma, R., et al. Normalization of testosterone level is associated with reduced incidence of myocardial infarction and mortality in men. Eur Heart J, 2015. 36: 2706.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248567

189.Brown, D.W., et al. Hematocrit and the risk of coronary heart disease mortality. Am Heart J, 2001. 142: 657.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11579356

190.Puddu, P.E., et al. Red blood cell count in short-term prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence in the Gubbio population study. Acta Cardiol, 2002. 57: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12088175

191.Boffetta, P., et al. A U-shaped relationship between haematocrit and mortality in a large prospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol, 2013. 42: 601.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23569195

192.Baillargeon, J., et al. Risk of Venous Thromboembolism in Men Receiving Testosterone Therapy. Mayo Clin Proc, 2015. 90: 1038.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26205547

193.Sharma, R., et al. Association Between Testosterone Replacement Therapy and the Incidence of DVT and Pulmonary Embolism: A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Veterans Administration Database. Chest, 2016. 150: 563.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27179907

194.Martinez, C., et al. Testosterone treatment and risk of venous thromboembolism: population based case-control study. BMJ, 2016. 355: i5968.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27903495

195.Glueck, C.J., et al. Testosterone therapy, thrombosis, thrombophilia, cardiovascular events. Metabolism, 2014. 63: 989.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24930993

196.Smith, A.M., et al. Testosterone does not adversely affect fibrinogen or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels in 46 men with chronic stable angina. Eur J Endocrinol, 2005. 152: 285.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15745938

197.Zitzmann, M., et al. The HEAT-Registry (HEmatopoietic Affection by Testosterone): comparison of a transdermal gel vs long-acting intramuscular testosterone undecanoate in hypogonadal men. Aging Male, 2022. 25: 134.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35467476

198.Madaeva, I.M., et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and age-related hypohonadism. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova, 2017. 117: 79.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28777369

199.Hoyos, C.M., et al. Body compositional and cardiometabolic effects of testosterone therapy in obese men with severe obstructive sleep apnoea: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Endocrinol, 2012. 167: 531.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22848006

200.Barbui, T., et al. Philadelphia chromosome-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: revised management recommendations from European LeukemiaNet. Leukemia, 2018. 32: 1057.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29515238

201.Ory, J., et al. Secondary Polycythemia in Men Receiving Testosterone Therapy Increases Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Venous Thromboembolism in the First Year of Therapy. J Urol, 2022. 207: 1295.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35050717

202.Mottet, N., et al. Updated Guidelines for Metastatic Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer: Abiraterone Acetate Combined with Castration Is Another Standard. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 316.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103760

203.Cornford, P., et al., EAU - EANM - ESTRO ESUR - ISUP - SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cance, in European Association of Urology Guidelines. 2026, European Association of Urology: Arnhem, The Netherlands.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer

204.Eardley, I. The Incidence, Prevalence, and Natural History of Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev, 2013. 1: 3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784558

205.Feldman, H.A., et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol, 1994. 151: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8254833

206.Braun, M., et al. Epidemiology of erectile dysfunction: results of the 'Cologne Male Survey'. Int J Impot Res, 2000. 12: 305.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11416833

207.Johannes, C.B., et al. Incidence of erectile dysfunction in men 40 to 69 years old: longitudinal results from the Massachusetts male aging study. J Urol, 2000. 163: 460.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647654

208.Schouten, B.W., et al. Incidence rates of erectile dysfunction in the Dutch general population. Effects of definition, clinical relevance and duration of follow-up in the Krimpen Study. Int J Impot Res, 2005. 17: 58.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15510192

209.Capogrosso, P., et al. One patient out of four with newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction is a young man--worrisome picture from the everyday clinical practice. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 1833.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23651423

210.Laumann, E.O., et al. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA, 1999. 281: 537.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10022110

211.Porst, H., et al. The Premature Ejaculation Prevalence and Attitudes (PEPA) survey: prevalence, comorbidities, and professional help-seeking. Eur Urol, 2007. 51: 816.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16934919

212.Serefoglu, E.C., et al. Prevalence of the complaint of ejaculating prematurely and the four premature ejaculation syndromes: results from the Turkish Society of Andrology Sexual Health Survey. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 540.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054799

213.Gao, J., et al. Prevalence and factors associated with the complaint of premature ejaculation and the four premature ejaculation syndromes: a large observational study in China. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 1874.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23651451

214.Waldinger, M.D., et al. The use of old and recent DSM definitions of premature ejaculation in observational studies: a contribution to the present debate for a new classification of PE in the DSM-V. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 1079.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18331260

215.Perelman, M. Retarded Ejaculation. Curr Sex Hlth Rep, 2004. 1: 95.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11930-004-0023-2

216.Simons, J.S., et al. Prevalence of sexual dysfunctions: results from a decade of research. Arch Sex Behav, 2001. 30: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11329727

217.Mercer, C.H., et al. Who reports sexual function problems? Empirical evidence from Britain's 2000 National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles. Sex Transm Infect, 2005. 81: 394.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16199738

218.Laumann, E.O., et al. Sexual problems among women and men aged 40-80 y: prevalence and correlates identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Int J Impot Res, 2005. 17: 39.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215881

219.Lindau, S.T., et al. A study of sexuality and health among older adults in the United States. N Engl J Med, 2007. 357: 762.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17715410

220.American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. 2013, Arlington, VA [access date: 1 June 2013]. dsm.psychiatryonline.org.
https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/practice/dsm

221.Di Sante, S., et al. Epidemiology of delayed ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol, 2016. 5: 541.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27652226

222.Kinsey, A.C., et al. Sexual behavior in the human male. 1948. Am J Public Health, 2003. 93: 894.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12773346

223.Chehensse, C., et al. The spinal control of ejaculation revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of anejaculation in spinal cord injured patients. Hum Reprod Update, 2013. 19: 507.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23820516

224.Jefferys, A., et al. The management of retrograde ejaculation: a systematic review and update. Fertil Steril, 2012. 97: 306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177462

225.Gandhi, J., et al. The Role of Diabetes Mellitus in Sexual and Reproductive Health: An Overview of Pathogenesis, Evaluation, and Management. Curr Diabetes Rev, 2017. 13: 573.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27875946

226.Yavetz, H., et al. Retrograde ejaculation. Hum Reprod, 1994. 9: 381.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8006123

227.Fedder, J., et al. Retrograde ejaculation and sexual dysfunction in men with diabetes mellitus: a prospective, controlled study. Andrology, 2013. 1: 602.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23606485

228.Hylmarova, S., et al. The impact of type 1 diabetes mellitus on male sexual functions and sex hormone levels. Endocr J, 2020. 67: 59.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31619592

229.Emberton, M., et al. The effect of prostatectomy on symptom severity and quality of life. Br J Urol, 1996. 77: 233.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8800892

230.Woo, H.H., et al. Preservation of sexual function with the prostatic urethral lift: a novel treatment for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 568.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22172161

231.Talab, S.S., et al. V403 the Impact of Ejaculation-Preserving Photo-Selective Vaporization of the Prostate (Ep-Pvp) on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Ejaculatory Function: Results of a Multicenter Study. Journal of Urology, 2013. 189.
https://www.auajournals.org/doi/full/10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.1792

232.Liu, Y., et al. Impact on Sexual Function of Endoscopic Enucleation vs Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Endourol, 2020. 34: 1064.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32242462

233.Suarez-Ibarrola, R., et al. Efficacy and safety of aquablation of the prostate for patients with symptomatic benign prostatic enlargement: a systematic review. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 1147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31559476

234.Bebi, C., et al. Sexual and ejaculatory function after holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and bipolar transurethral enucleation of the prostate: a single-center experience. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 71.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33082545

235.Lindal, E., et al. The lifetime prevalence of psychosexual dysfunction among 55 to 57-year-olds in Iceland. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 1993. 28: 91.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8511669

236.Blanker, M.H., et al. Erectile and ejaculatory dysfunction in a community-based sample of men 50 to 78 years old: prevalence, concern, and relation to sexual activity. Urology, 2001. 57: 763.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11306400

237.Roberts, R.O., et al. Prevalence of prostatitis-like symptoms in a community based cohort of older men. J Urol, 2002. 168: 2467.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12441942

238.Sonmez, N.C., et al. Sexual dysfunction in type III chronic prostatitis (CP) and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) observed in Turkish patients. Int Urol Nephrol, 2011. 43: 309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20680450

239.Nickel, J.C., et al. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatitis: prevalence of painful ejaculation in men with clinical BPH. BJU Int, 2005. 95: 571.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15705082

240.Mo, M.Q., et al. Sexual dysfunctions and psychological disorders associated with type IIIa chronic prostatitis: a clinical survey in China. Int Urol Nephrol, 2014. 46: 2255.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25158893

241.Wagenlehner, F.M., et al. National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) symptom evaluation in multinational cohorts of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 953.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23141933

242.Shoskes, D.A., et al. Impact of post-ejaculatory pain in men with category III chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol, 2004. 172: 542.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247725

243.Ng, Y.H., et al. Haematospermia as a presenting symptom: outcomes of investigation in 300 men. Surgeon, 2013. 11: 35.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22682581

244.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Hemospermia: diagnosis and management. Urology, 1995. 46: 463.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7571212

245.Han, M., et al. Association of hemospermia with prostate cancer. J Urol, 2004. 172: 2189.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538229

246.Fugl-Meyer, A., et al. Sexual disabilities, problems and satisfaction in 18-74 year old Swedes. Scand J Sexol, 1999. 2: 79.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10980828_Sexual_disabilities_are_not_singularities

247.Quinta Gomes, A.L., et al. Prevalence of sexual problems in Portugal: results of a population-based study using a stratified sample of men aged 18 to 70 years. J Sex Res, 2014. 51: 13.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23573897

248.Martin, S., et al. Clinical and biopsychosocial determinants of sexual dysfunction in middle-aged and older Australian men. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 2093.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22759388

249.Hirshfield, S., et al. Sexual dysfunction in an Internet sample of U.S. men who have sex with men. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 3104.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19968773

250.Peixoto, M.M., et al. Prevalence of sexual problems and associated distress among gay and heterosexual men. Sex Relation Ther, 2014. 30: 211.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14681994.2014.986084

251.Najman, J.M., et al. Sexual dysfunction in the Australian population. Aust Fam Physician, 2003. 32: 951.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14650796

252.Traeen, B., et al. Sexual problems in 18-67-year-old Norwegians. Scand J Public Health, 2010. 38: 445.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20494944

253.NIH, C.D.P.o.I. NIH Consensus Conference. Impotence. NIH Consensus Development Panel on Impotence. JAMA, 1993. 270: 83.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8510302

254.Fisher, W.A., et al. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a shared sexual concern of couples I: couple conceptions of ED. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 2746.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19694926

255.Salonia, A., et al. Is erectile dysfunction a reliable proxy of general male health status? The case for the International Index of Erectile Function-Erectile Function domain. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 2708.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22897643

256.Corona, G., et al. Assessment of the relational factor in male patients consulting for sexual dysfunction: the concept of couple sexual dysfunction. J Androl, 2006. 27: 795.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809271

257.Wright, L.N., et al. Erectile Dysfunction and Treatment: An Analysis of Associated Chronic Health Conditions. Urology, 2021. 157: 148.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34428539

258.Besiroglu, H., et al. The relationship between metabolic syndrome, its components, and erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of observational studies. J Sex Med, 2015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25872648

259.Jackson, G., et al. Cardiovascular aspects of sexual medicine. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 1608.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20388161

260.Cao, S., et al. Association of quantity and duration of smoking with erectile dysfunction: a dose-response meta-analysis. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 2376.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25052869

261.Gandaglia, G., et al. A systematic review of the association between erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 968.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24011423

262.Binmoammar, T.A., et al. The impact of poor glycaemic control on the prevalence of erectile dysfunction in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. JRSM Open, 2016. 7: 2054270415622602.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26981254

263.Glina, F.P.A., et al. What Is the Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Erectile Function? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sex Med Rev, 2017. 5: 393.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28526630

264.Sansone, A., et al. Serum Homocysteine Levels in Men with and without Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Endocrinol, 2018. 2018: 7424792.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30158975

265.Corona, G., et al. Sexual dysfunction at the onset of type 2 diabetes: the interplay of depression, hormonal and cardiovascular factors. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 2065.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25041930

266.Pizzol, D., et al. Associations between body mass index, waist circumference and erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and META-analysis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 2020. 21: 657.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32002782

267.Sivaratnam, L., et al. Behavior-Related Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 121.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33223424

268.El-Shahawy, O., et al. Association of E-Cigarettes With Erectile Dysfunction: The Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Am J Prev Med, 2022. 62: 26.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34922653

269.Trinchieri, M., et al. Erectile and Ejaculatory Dysfunction Associated with Use of Psychotropic Drugs: A Systematic Review. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 1354.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34247952

270.Alberti, L., et al. Erectile dysfunction in heart failure patients: a critical reappraisal. Andrology, 2013. 1: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23339018

271.Baumhakel, M., et al. Cardiovascular risk, drugs and erectile function--a systematic analysis. Int J Clin Pract, 2011. 65: 289.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314866

272.Lin, W.Y., et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with increased risk of erectile dysfunction: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Int J Cardiol, 2015. 190: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25918058

273.Corona, G., et al. Endocrinologic Control of Men's Sexual Desire and Arousal/Erection. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 317.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26944463

274.Farag, Y.M.K., et al. Vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with greater prevalence of erectile dysfunction: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2004. Atherosclerosis, 2016. 252: 61.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27505344

275.Caretta, N., et al. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Endocrine, 2016. 53: 831.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26758995

276.Salem, S., et al. Serum uric acid as a risk predictor for erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 1118.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24621054

277.Zhang, Y., et al. Serum Folic Acid and Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sex Med, 2021. 9: 100356.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34051538

278.Liu, Q., et al. Erectile Dysfunction and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1073.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29960891

279.Velurajah, R., et al. Erectile dysfunction in patients with anxiety disorders: a systematic review. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33603242

280.Perez-Garcia, L.F., et al. Sexual function and reproduction can be impaired in men with rheumatic diseases: A systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2020. 50: 557.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32165034

281.Luo, L., et al. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and risk of erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 159.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31263249

282.He, W., et al. Migraine Is Associated With High Risk of Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Cumulative Analysis. J Sex Med, 2022. 19: 430.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35082102

283.Wu, X., et al. The Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Erectile Dysfunction in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Sex Med, 2022. 19: 950.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35491378

284.Xu, J., et al. Risk of osteoporosis in patients with erectile dysfunction: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021. 100: e26326.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34128874

285.Agrawal, P., et al. Sleep disorders are associated with testosterone deficiency and erectile dysfunction-a U.S. claims database analysis. Int J Impot Res, 2024. 36: 78.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36473958

286.Donovan, J.L., et al. Patient-Reported Outcomes after Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med, 2016. 375: 1425.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27626365

287.Sanda, M.G., et al. Quality of life and satisfaction with outcome among prostate-cancer survivors. N Engl J Med, 2008. 358: 1250.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18354103

288.Tal, R., et al. Erectile function recovery rate after radical prostatectomy: a meta-analysis. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 2538.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515209

289.Schauer, I., et al. Have rates of erectile dysfunction improved within the past 17 years after radical prostatectomy? A systematic analysis of the control arms of prospective randomized trials on penile rehabilitation. Andrology, 2015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26198796

290.Seftel, A.D., et al. Coexisting lower urinary tract symptoms and erectile dysfunction: a systematic review of epidemiological data. Int J Clin Pract, 2013. 67: 32.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23082930

291.Rosen, R., et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and male sexual dysfunction: the multinational survey of the aging male (MSAM-7). Eur Urol, 2003. 44: 637.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14644114

292.Verze, P., et al. The impact of surgery for lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic enlargement on both erectile and ejaculatory function: a systematic review. Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 319.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30996268

293.Li, H.J., et al. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a meta-analysis. World J Urol, 2016. 34: 1009.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26546073

294.Chung, S.D., et al. A nationwide population-based study on bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis and ED. Int J Impot Res, 2013. 25: 224.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23552579

295.van der Poel, H.G., et al. Focal Therapy in Primary Localised Prostate Cancer: The European Association of Urology Position in 2018. Eur Urol, 2018. 74: 84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29373215

296.Feng, C., et al. The relationship between erectile dysfunction and open urethroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 2060.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656595

297.Gratzke, C., et al. Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 445.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092448

298.Rasmussen, L., et al. Cardiovascular drugs and erectile dysfunction - a symmetry analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2015. 80: 1219.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26094913

299.Emanu, J.C., et al. Erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: prevalence, medical treatments, and psychosocial interventions. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care, 2016. 10: 102.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26808052

300.Modh, R.A., et al. Sexual dysfunction after cystectomy and urinary diversion. Nat Rev Urol, 2014. 11: 445.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24980191

301.Celentano, V., et al. Sexual dysfunction following rectal cancer surgery. Int J Colorectal Dis, 2017. 32: 1523.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28497404

302.Wittmann, D., et al. Guidelines for Sexual Health Care for Prostate Cancer Patients: Recommendations of an International Panel. J Sex Med, 2022. 19: 1655.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36192299

303.Capogrosso, P., et al. Erectile Recovery After Radical Pelvic Surgery: Methodological Challenges and Recommendations for Data Reporting. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31668729

304.Salonia, A., et al. Sexual Rehabilitation After Treatment For Prostate Cancer-Part 2: Recommendations From the Fourth International Consultation for Sexual Medicine (ICSM 2015). J Sex Med, 2017. 14: 297.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28262100

305.Nolsoe, A.B., et al. Neglected side effects to curative prostate cancer treatments. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 428.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33318637

306.van As, N., et al. Radical Prostatectomy Versus Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Clinically Localised Prostate Cancer: Results of the PACE-A Randomised Trial. Eur Urol, 2024. 86: 566.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39266383

307.Cornford, P., et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-ISUP-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer-2024 Update. Part I: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent. Eur Urol, 2024. 86: 148.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38614820

308.Capogrosso, P., et al. Are We Improving Erectile Function Recovery After Radical Prostatectomy? Analysis of Patients Treated over the Last Decade. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 221.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237021

309.Salonia, A., et al. Prevention and management of postprostatectomy sexual dysfunctions. Part 1: choosing the right patient at the right time for the right surgery. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 261.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575909

310.Khoder, W.Y., et al. Do we need the nerve sparing radical prostatectomy techniques (intrafascial vs. interfascial) in men with erectile dysfunction? Results of a single-centre study. World J Urol, 2015. 33: 301.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24752607

311.Ju, I.E., et al. Surgeon Experience and Erectile Function After Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev, 2021. 9: 650.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34219004

312.Ficarra, V., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting potency rates after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 418.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22749850

313.Haglind, E., et al. Urinary Incontinence and Erectile Dysfunction After Robotic Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy: A Prospective, Controlled, Nonrandomised Trial. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 216.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770484

314.Yaxley, J.W., et al. Robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy versus open radical retropubic prostatectomy: early outcomes from a randomised controlled phase 3 study. Lancet, 2016. 388: 1057.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27474375

315.Stember, D.S., et al. The concept of erectile function preservation (penile rehabilitation) in the patient after brachytherapy for prostate cancer. Brachytherapy, 2012. 11: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22330103

316.Gaither, T.W., et al. The Natural History of Erectile Dysfunction After Prostatic Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med, 2017. 14: 1071.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28859870

317.Loi, M., et al. Sexual Function in Patients Treated With Stereotactic Radiotherapy For Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Current Evidence. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1409.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31303575

318.Fallara, G., et al. Erectile function after focal therapy for localized prostate cancer: a systematic review. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 418.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32999435

319.Hatzichristou, D., et al. Diagnosing Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women: Sexual History Taking and the Role of Symptom Scales and Questionnaires. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 1166.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27436074

320.Cilio, S., et al. Unrecognised orgasmic phase disorders in men presenting with new-onset erectile dysfunction-Findings from a real-life, cross-sectional study. Andrology, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37555487

321.The Process of Care Consensus Panel. The process of care model for evaluation and treatment of erectile dysfunction. The Process of Care Consensus Panel. Int J Impot Res, 1999. 11: 59.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10356665

322.Althof, S.E., et al. Standard operating procedures for taking a sexual history. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 26.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970717

323.Rosen, R.C., et al. The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction. Urology, 1997. 49: 822.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9187685

324.Rosen, R.C., et al. Development and evaluation of an abridged, 5-item version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) as a diagnostic tool for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res, 1999. 11: 319.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10637462

325.Petrone, L., et al. Structured interview on erectile dysfunction (SIEDY): a new, multidimensional instrument for quantification of pathogenetic issues on erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res, 2003. 15: 210.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12904808

326.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Validation of the erection hardness score. J Sex Med, 2007. 4: 1626.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17888069

327.Davis-Joseph, B., et al. Accuracy of the initial history and physical examination to establish the etiology of erectile dysfunction. Urology, 1995. 45: 498.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7879338

328.Ghanem, H.M., et al. SOP: physical examination and laboratory testing for men with erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 108.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22524416

329.Morgado, A., et al. Can we rely on total testosterone measurement to exclude hypogonadism in erectile dysfunction? Int J Impot Res, 2023. 35: 454.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35347299

330.Heidenreich, A., et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent-update 2013. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 124.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24207135

331.Maggi, M., et al. Hormonal causes of male sexual dysfunctions and their management (hyperprolactinemia, thyroid disorders, GH disorders, and DHEA). J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 661.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22524444

332.Tanaka, Y., et al. Association of Erectile Dysfunction with Incident Atrial Fibrillation: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am J Med, 2020. 133: 613.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31743659

333.Fang, S.C., et al. Changes in erectile dysfunction over time in relation to Framingham cardiovascular risk in the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey. J Sex Med, 2015. 12: 100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25293632

334.Gazzaruso, C., et al. Erectile dysfunction can improve the effectiveness of the current guidelines for the screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in diabetes. Endocrine, 2011. 40: 273.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21861245

335.Turek, S.J., et al. Sexual dysfunction as a marker of cardiovascular disease in males with 50 or more years of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2013. 36: 3222.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23780949

336.Adam, A., et al. Is the History of Erectile Dysfunction a Reliable Risk Factor for New Onset Acute Myocardial Infarction? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Urol, 2020. 14: 122.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33224004

337.Kloner, R.A., et al. Princeton IV consensus guidelines: PDE5 inhibitors and cardiac health. J Sex Med, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38148297

338.Nehra, A., et al. The Princeton III Consensus recommendations for the management of erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Mayo Clin Proc, 2012. 87: 766.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22862865

339.DeBusk, R., et al. Management of sexual dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular disease: recommendations of The Princeton Consensus Panel. Am J Cardiol, 2000. 86: 175.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10913479

340.Kostis, J.B., et al. Sexual dysfunction and cardiac risk (the Second Princeton Consensus Conference). Am J Cardiol, 2005. 96: 313.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16018863

341.Rosen, R.C., et al. Proceedings of PRINCETON IV: PDE5 inhibitors and cardiac health symposium. Sex Med Rev, 2024. 12: 681.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38936840

342.Kloner, R.A., et al. Princeton IV consensus guidelines: PDE5 inhibitors and cardiac health. J Sex Med, 2024. 21: 90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38148297

343.Kohler, T.S., et al. The Princeton IV Consensus Recommendations for the Management of Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease. Mayo Clin Proc, 2024. 99: 1500.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39115509

344.Arnett, D.K., et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 2019. 140: e596.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30879355

345.Reiter-Brennan, C., et al. ACC/AHA lipid guidelines: Personalized care to prevent cardiovascular disease. Cleve Clin J Med, 2020. 87: 231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32238379

346.Zou, Z., et al. The Role of Nocturnal Penile Tumescence and Rigidity (NPTR) Monitoring in the Diagnosis of Psychogenic Erectile Dysfunction: A Review. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 442.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30612976

347.Qin, F., et al. Advantages and limitations of sleep-related erection and rigidity monitoring: a review. Int J Impot Res, 2018. 30: 192.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29855552

348.Hatzichristou, D.G., et al. Hemodynamic characterization of a functional erection. Arterial and corporeal veno-occlusive function in patients with a positive intracavernosal injection test. Eur Urol, 1999. 36: 60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10364657

349.Sikka, S.C., et al. Standardization of vascular assessment of erectile dysfunction: standard operating procedures for duplex ultrasound. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 120.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970798

350.Pathak, R.A., et al. Novel Evidence-Based Classification of Cavernous Venous Occlusive Disease. J Urol, 2016. 196: 1223.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164516

351.Capogrosso, P., et al. Low-Intensity Shock Wave Therapy in Sexual Medicine-Clinical Recommendations from the European Society of Sexual Medicine (ESSM). J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1490.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31447380

352.Morgado, A., et al. Is There a Point to Performing a Penile Duplex Ultrasound? J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1574.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31405766

353.Nascimento, B., et al. A Critical Analysis of Methodology Pitfalls in Duplex Doppler Ultrasound in the Evaluation of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction: Technical and Interpretation Deficiencies. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 1416.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32631763

354.Nashed, A., et al. The Efficacy of Penile Duplex Ultrasound in Erectile Dysfunction Management Decision-Making: A Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev, 2021. 9: 472.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33250351

355.Silva, A.C., et al. Erection hardness score or penile Doppler ultrasound: which is a better predictor of failure of nonsurgical treatment of erectile dysfunction? Sex Med, 2023. 11: qfad009.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36960301

356.Carneiro, F., et al. Audiovisual Sexual Stimulation Improves Diagnostic Accuracy of Penile Doppler Ultrasound in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 249.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31836300

357.Said, S.Z., et al. Evaluation of the sensitivity of different doses of vasoactive drugs in diagnosing erectile dysfunction in impotent patients: a prospective case-control study. Cent European J Urol, 2021. 74: 109.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33976925

358.Zhang, Y., et al. A novel strategy to induce penile erection during penile doppler ultrasound: oral sildenafil administration plus alprostadil injection. Aging Male, 2024. 27: 2339352.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38590113

359.Glina, S., et al. SOP: corpus cavernosum assessment (cavernosography/cavernosometry). J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 111.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22971225

360.Hoppe, H., et al. Erectile dysfunction: role of computed tomography cavernosography in the diagnosis and treatment planning of venous leak. CVIR Endovasc, 2023. 6: 56.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37975993

361.Li, K., et al. The Relationships of Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Erectile Function and General Psychological Health. Sex Med, 2021. 9: 100386.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34273785

362.Nguyen, H.M.T., et al. Erectile Dysfunction in Young Men-A Review of the Prevalence and Risk Factors. Sex Med Rev, 2017. 5: 508.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28642047

363.Carvalho, J., et al. The Relationship Between COVID-19 Confinement, Psychological Adjustment, and Sexual Functioning, in a Sample of Portuguese Men and Women. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 1191.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34116985

364.McCabe, M.P., et al. A systematic review of the psychosocial outcomes associated with erectile dysfunction: does the impact of erectile dysfunction extend beyond a man's inability to have sex? J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 347.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24251371

365.Rosen, R.C., et al. Men with Sexual Problems and Their Partners: Findings from the International Survey of Relationships. Arch Sex Behav, 2016. 45: 159.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26228991

366.Walther, A., et al. Psychobiological Protective Factors Modifying the Association Between Age and Sexual Health in Men: Findings From the Men's Health 40+ Study. Am J Mens Health, 2017. 11: 737.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28413941

367.Brotto, L., et al. Psychological and Interpersonal Dimensions of Sexual Function and Dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 538.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27045257

368.Derogatis, L.R., et al. The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report. Psychol Med, 1983. 13: 595.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6622612

369.Parent, M.C., et al. Heterosexual Self-Presentation, Identity Management, and Sexual Functioning Among Men Who Have Sex with Men. Arch Sex Behav, 2021. 50: 3155.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34462841

370.Montorsi, F., et al. Summary of the recommendations on sexual dysfunctions in men. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 3572.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21040491

371.Williams, P., et al. Men's beliefs about treatment for erectile dysfunction-what influences treatment use? A systematic review. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32231275

372.Fruhauf, S., et al. Efficacy of psychological interventions for sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Sex Behav, 2013. 42: 915.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23559141

373.Gupta, B.P., et al. The effect of lifestyle modification and cardiovascular risk factor reduction on erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med, 2011. 171: 1797.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21911624

374.Hatzimouratidis, K., et al. Pharmacotherapy for Erectile Dysfunction: Recommendations From the Fourth International Consultation for Sexual Medicine (ICSM 2015). J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 465.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27045254

375.Vlachopoulos, C., et al. Erectile dysfunction in the cardiovascular patient. Eur Heart J, 2013. 34: 2034.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23616415

376.Glina, S., et al. Modifying risk factors to prevent and treat erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22971247

377.Allen, M.S. Physical activity as an adjunct treatment for erectile dysfunction. Nat Rev Urol, 2019. 16: 553.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31239541

378.Khera, M., et al. Effect of aerobic exercise on erectile function: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Sex Med, 2023. 20: 1369.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37814532

379.Liu, S., et al. The relationships between bariatric surgery and sexual function: current evidence based medicine. BMC Urol, 2020. 20: 150.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33008406

380.Cai, X., et al. The role of statins in erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl, 2014. 16: 461.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556747

381.Cui, Y., et al. The effect of statins on erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 1367.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24628781

382.Yuan, J., et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 902.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23395275

383.Chen, L., et al. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a trade-off network meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 674.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25817916

384.Zhou, Z., et al. Meta-Analysis of the Long-Term Efficacy and Tolerance of Tadalafil Daily Compared With Tadalafil On-Demand in Treating Men With Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med, 2019. 7: 282.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31307951

385.Goldstein, I., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Sildenafil by Age in Men With Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 852.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27114196

386.Giuliano, F., et al. Safety of sildenafil citrate: review of 67 double-blind placebo-controlled trials and the postmarketing safety database. Int J Clin Pract, 2010. 64: 240.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19900167

387.Tsertsvadze, A., et al. Oral sildenafil citrate (viagra) for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of harms. Urology, 2009. 74: 831.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19592078

388.Chung, E., et al. A state of art review on vardenafil in men with erectile dysfunction and associated underlying diseases. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2011. 12: 1341.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21548725

389.Wang, R., et al. Selectivity of avanafil, a PDE5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: implications for clinical safety and improved tolerability. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 2122.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22759639

390.Goldstein, I., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of avanafil in subjects with erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 1122.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22248153

391.Madeira, C.R., et al. Efficacy and safety of oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction: a network meta-analysis and multicriteria decision analysis. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 953.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32388784

392.Stridh, A., et al. Placebo Responses Among Men With Erectile Dysfunction Enrolled in Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor Trials: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 2020. 3: e201423.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32196105

393.Goldstein, I., et al. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1998. 338: 1397.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9580646

394.Moncada, I., et al. Efficacy of sildenafil citrate at 12 hours after dosing: re-exploring the therapeutic window. Eur Urol, 2004. 46: 357.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306108

395.Goldstein, I., et al. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. 1998. J Urol, 2002. 167: 1197.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11905901

396.Sangkum, P., et al. Efficacy of the Orally Disintegrating Strip Sildenafil for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective, Randomized Trial. Sex Med, 2021. 9: 100453.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34710784

397.Peinado Ibarra, F., et al. Study UNICO: Perception of Urologists and Andrologists, in Spain, about the Use of Sildenafil Oral Suspension in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction. Arch Esp Urol, 2023. 76: 139.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37139619

398.Boeri, L., et al. Effectiveness and patient satisfaction with the new sildenafil oral suspension formulation compared to sildenafil oro-dispersible film: a real-life study. Int J Impot Res, 2025. 37: 902.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39881012

399.Curran, M., et al. Tadalafil. Drugs, 2003. 63: 2203.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14498756

400.Ventimiglia, E., et al. The safety of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2016. 15: 141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26752541

401.Paduch, D.A., et al. Effects of 12 weeks of tadalafil treatment on ejaculatory and orgasmic dysfunction and sexual satisfaction in patients with mild to severe erectile dysfunction: integrated analysis of 17 placebo-controlled studies. BJU Int, 2013. 111: 334.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23356749

402.Roehrborn, C.G., et al. Erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) combined responders to tadalafil after 12 weeks of treatment. BJU Int, 2016. 118: 153.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26765325

403.Gacci, M., et al. Latest Evidence on the Use of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Secondary to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 124.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26806655

404.Keating, G.M., et al. Vardenafil: a review of its use in erectile dysfunction. Drugs, 2003. 63: 2673.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14636086

405.Capogrosso, P., et al. Time of onset of vardenafil orodispersible tablet in a real-life setting - looking beyond randomized clinical trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 2017. 10: 339.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129714

406.Sanford, M. Vardenafil orodispersible tablet. Drugs, 2012. 72: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22191797

407.Debruyne, F.M., et al. Time to onset of action of vardenafil: a retrospective analysis of the pivotal trials for the orodispersible and film-coated tablet formulations. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 2912.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21883954

408.Gittelman, M., et al. The POTENT II randomised trial: efficacy and safety of an orodispersible vardenafil formulation for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Int J Clin Pract, 2010. 64: 594.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20456213

409.Sperling, H., et al. The POTENT I randomized trial: efficacy and safety of an orodispersible vardenafil formulation for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 1497.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233275

410.Hellstrom, W.J., et al. Efficacy of Avanafil 15 Minutes after Dosing in Men with Erectile Dysfunction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study. J Urol, 2015. 194: 485.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25591992

411.Corona, G., et al. The safety and efficacy of Avanafil, a new 2(nd) generation PDE5i: Comprehensive review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2016. 15(2): 237.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26646748

412.Brock, G., et al. Efficacy of Continuous Dosing of Tadalafil Once Daily vs Tadalafil On Demand in Clinical Subgroups of Men With Erectile Dysfunction: A Descriptive Comparison Using the Integrated Tadalafil Databases. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 860.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27114197

413.Porst, H., et al. Tadalafil once daily in men with erectile dysfunction: an integrated analysis of data obtained from 1913 patients from six randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical studies. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 455.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24119319

414.Burns, P.R., et al. Treatment satisfaction of men and partners following switch from on-demand phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy to tadalafil 5mg once daily. J Sex Med, 2015.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25615445/

415.Jiang, H., et al. Long-term tadalafil once daily in Chinese men with erectile dysfunction: a 2-year final analysis of a post-marketing, multicenter, randomized, open-label trial. Asian J Androl, 2024. 26: 282.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38284776

416.Andersson, D.P., et al. Association of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors Versus Alprostadil With Survival in Men With Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2021. 77: 1535.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33766260

417.Kloner, R.A., et al. Cardiovascular Safety of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors After Nearly 2 Decades on the Market. Sex Med Rev, 2018. 6: 583.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29960874

418.Swearingen, D., et al. Hemodynamic effect of avanafil and glyceryl trinitrate coadministration. Drugs Context, 2013. 2013: 212248.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24432037

419.Gur, S., et al. Update on drug interactions with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors prescribed as first-line therapy for patients with erectile dysfunction or pulmonary hypertension. Curr Drug Metab, 2013. 14: 265.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23140258

420.Corona, G., et al. The use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors with concomitant medications. J Endocrinol Invest, 2008. 31: 799.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18997493

421.Kloner, R.A. Novel phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors: assessing hemodynamic effects and safety parameters. Clin Cardiol, 2004. 27: I20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15115192

422.Satake, N., et al. Potentiating effect of nicorandil, an antianginal agent, on relaxation induced by isoproterenol in isolated rat aorta: involvement of cyclic GMP-inhibitable cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol, 1995. 25: 489.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7769818

423.Pickering, T.G., et al. Sildenafil citrate for erectile dysfunction in men receiving multiple antihypertensive agents: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Hypertens, 2004. 17: 1135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15607620

424.Kloner, R.A., et al. Analysis of integrated clinical safety data of tadalafil in patients receiving concomitant antihypertensive medications. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2022. 24: 167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35099113

425.Nunes, A.P., et al. Retrospective Observational Real-World Outcome Study to Evaluate Safety Among Patients With Erectile Dysfunction (ED) With Co-Possession of Tadalafil and Anti-Hypertensive Medications (anti-HTN). J Sex Med, 2022. 19: 74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34872842

426.Adamou, C., et al. The hemodynamic interactions of combination therapy with alpha-blockers and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors compared to monotherapy with alpha-blockers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol, 2020. 52: 1407.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240459

427.Hatzichristou, D., et al. Sildenafil failures may be due to inadequate patient instructions and follow-up: a study on 100 non-responders. Eur Urol, 2005. 47: 518.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15774252

428.Rajagopalan, P., et al. Effect of high-fat breakfast and moderate-fat evening meal on the pharmacokinetics of vardenafil, an oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Clin Pharmacol, 2003. 43: 260.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12638394

429.Kyle, J.A., et al. Avanafil for erectile dysfunction. Ann Pharmacother, 2013. 47: 1312.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24259695

430.Wang, H., et al. The effectiveness and safety of avanafil for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin, 2014. 30: 1565.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24701971

431.Gruenwald, I., et al. Positive effect of counseling and dose adjustment in patients with erectile dysfunction who failed treatment with sildenafil. Eur Urol, 2006. 50: 134.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527391

432.Hatzimouratidis, K., et al. Treatment strategy for "non-responders" to tadalafil and vardenafil: a real-life study. Eur Urol, 2006. 50: 126.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16564127

433.Park, N.C., et al. Treatment Strategy for Non-Responders to PDE5 Inhibitors. World J Mens Health, 2013. 31: 31.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23658863

434.Porst, H., et al. SOP conservative (medical and mechanical) treatment of erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 130.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23343170

435.Corona, G., et al. Testosterone supplementation and sexual function: a meta-analysis study. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 1577.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24697970

436.Eardley, I., et al. Factors associated with preference for sildenafil citrate and tadalafil for treating erectile dysfunction in men naive to phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor therapy: post hoc analysis of data from a multicentre, randomized, open-label, crossover study. BJU Int, 2007. 100: 122.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17552960

437.Hatzimouratidis, K., et al. Psychosocial outcomes after initial treatment of erectile dysfunction with tadalafil once daily, tadalafil on demand or sildenafil citrate on demand: results from a randomized, open-label study. Int J Impot Res, 2014. 26: 223.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784894

438.Liao, X., et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction in diabetic men: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 1061.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30523399

439.Mykoniatis, I., et al. Assessment of Combination Therapies vs Monotherapy for Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 2021. 4: e2036337.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33599772

440.Cui, H., et al. Efficacy and safety of long-term tadalafil 5 mg once daily combined with sildenafil 50 mg as needed at the early stage of treatment for patients with erectile dysfunction. Andrologia, 2015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24387078

441.Tao, R., et al. The Efficacy of Li-ESWT Combined With VED in Diabetic ED Patients Unresponsive to PDE5is: A Single-Center, Randomized Clinical Trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2022. 13: 937958.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35813628

442.Garrido-Abad, P., et al. Combination therapy with topical alprostadil and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors after failure of oral therapy in patients with erectile dysfunction: a prospective, two-arm, open-label, non-randomized study. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33483603

443.Anaissie, J., et al. Clinical use of alprostadil topical cream in patients with erectile dysfunction: a review. Res Rep Urol, 2016. 8: 123.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27536559

444.Rooney, M., et al. Long-term, multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of topical alprostadil cream in male patients with erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 520.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138370

445.Padma-Nathan, H., et al. An integrated analysis of alprostadil topical cream for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in 1732 patients. Urology, 2006. 68: 386.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904458

446.Cai, T., et al. The intra-meatal application of alprostadil cream (Vitaros(R)) improves drug efficacy and patient's satisfaction: results from a randomized, two-administration route, cross-over clinical trial. Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30323234

447.Padma-Nathan, H., et al. Treatment of men with erectile dysfunction with transurethral alprostadil. Medicated Urethral System for Erection (MUSE) Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1997. 336: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8970933

448.Costa, P., et al. Intraurethral alprostadil for erectile dysfunction: a review of the literature. Drugs, 2012. 72: 2243.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23170913

449.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Analysis of the consistency of intraurethral prostaglandin E(1) (MUSE) during at-home use. Urology, 2001. 58: 262.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11489714

450.Shabsigh, R., et al. Intracavernous alprostadil alfadex is more efficacious, better tolerated, and preferred over intraurethral alprostadil plus optional actis: a comparative, randomized, crossover, multicenter study. Urology, 2000. 55: 109.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10654905

451.Han, M., et al. Efficacy of online cognitive behavioral therapy for nonorganic erectile dysfunction in reproductive-age males during the COVID-19 pandemic: a randomized wait list-controlled trial. J Sex Med, 2023. 20: 1325.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37740951

452.Dewitte, M., et al. A Psychosocial Approach to Erectile Dysfunction: Position Statements from the European Society of Sexual Medicine (ESSM). Sex Med, 2021. 9: 100434.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34626919

453.Saad, F., et al. Long-term treatment with testosterone undecanoate injections in men with hypogonadism alleviates erectile dysfunction and reduces risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, prostate cancer, and mortality. Aging Male, 2020. 23: 81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30782054

454.Taniguchi, H., et al. Testosterone Therapy for Late-Onset Hypogonadism Improves Erectile Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Urol Int, 2022. 106: 539.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34856556

455.Alwani, M., et al. Cardiovascular Disease, Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction: Early Detection, Prevention and the Positive Effects of Long-Term Testosterone Treatment: Prospective Observational, Real-Life Data. Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2021. 17: 497.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34465997

456.Levine, L.A., et al. Vacuum constriction and external erection devices in erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am, 2001. 28: 335.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11402585

457.Yuan, J., et al. Vacuum therapy in erectile dysfunction--science and clinical evidence. Int J Impot Res, 2010. 22: 211.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20410903

458.Cookson, M.S., et al. Long-term results with vacuum constriction device. J Urol, 1993. 149: 290.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8426404

459.Lewis, R.W., et al. External vacuum therapy for erectile dysfunction: use and results. World J Urol, 1997. 15: 78.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9066099

460.Trost, L.W., et al. External Mechanical Devices and Vascular Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 1579.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27770853

461.Pajovic, B., et al. Vacuum erection device in treatment of organic erectile dysfunction and penile vascular differences between patients with DM type I and DM type II. Aging Male, 2017. 20: 49.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27690728

462.Eardley, I., et al. Pharmacotherapy for erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 524.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092451

463.Kattan, S., et al. Double-blind, cross-over study comparing prostaglandin E1 and papaverine in patients with vasculogenic impotence. Urology, 1991. 37: 516.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2038782

464.Lakin, M.M., et al. Intracavernous injection therapy: analysis of results and complications. J Urol, 1990. 143: 1138.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2342174

465.Moriel, E.Z., et al. Sodium bicarbonate alleviates penile pain induced by intracavernous injections for erectile dysfunction. J Urol, 1993. 149: 1299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8386779

466.Gupta, R., et al. Predictors of success and risk factors for attrition in the use of intracavernous injection. J Urol, 1997. 157: 1681.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9112505

467.Sundaram, C.P., et al. Long-term follow-up of patients receiving injection therapy for erectile dysfunction. Urology, 1997. 49: 932.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9187703

468.Vardi, Y., et al. Logistic regression and survival analysis of 450 impotent patients treated with injection therapy: long-term dropout parameters. J Urol, 2000. 163: 467.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647656

469.Porst, H., et al. Intracavernous Alprostadil Alfadex--an effective and well tolerated treatment for erectile dysfunction. Results of a long-term European study. Int J Impot Res, 1998. 10: 225.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9884918

470.Duncan, C., et al. Erectile dysfunction: a global review of intracavernosal injectables. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 1007.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30895359

471.Buvat, J., et al. Double-blind multicenter study comparing alprostadil alpha-cyclodextrin with moxisylyte chlorhydrate in patients with chronic erectile dysfunction. J Urol, 1998. 159: 116.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9400450

472.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Intracavernosal forskolin: role in management of vasculogenic impotence resistant to standard 3-agent pharmacotherapy. J Urol, 1997. 158: 1752.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334594

473.Bechara, A., et al. Comparative study of papaverine plus phentolamine versus prostaglandin E1 in erectile dysfunction. J Urol, 1997. 157: 2132.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9146599

474.McMahon CG, et al. A comparison of the response to the intracavernosal injection of papaverine and phentolamine, prostaglandin E1 and a combination of all three agents in the management of impotence J Urol, 1999. 162.

475.Dinsmore, W.W., et al. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/phentolamine for intracavernosal injection in erectile dysfunction. BJU Int, 2008. 102: 933.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18485029

476.Kim, J.H., et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-based gene therapy for erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res, 2016. 28: 81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26888355

477.Patel, D.P., et al. Emerging Treatments for Erectile Dysfunction: a Review of Novel, Non-surgical Options. Curr Urol Rep, 2019. 20: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31214818

478.Matz, E.L., et al. Stem Cell Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29631980

479.Yu, B., et al. Advances in Gene Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: Promises and Challenges. Curr Gene Ther, 2018. 18: 351.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30289066

480.Scott, S., et al. Platelet-Rich Plasma and Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: Critical Review of Literature and Global Trends in Platelet-Rich Plasma Clinics. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30833169

481.Epifanova, M.V., et al. Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy for Male Sexual Dysfunction: Myth or Reality? Sex Med Rev, 2020. 8: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30898594

482.Chung, E., et al. Evaluation of clinical efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction rate after low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for the treatment of male erectile dysfunction: an Australian first open-label single-arm prospective clinical trial. BJU Int, 2015. 115 Suppl 5: 46.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25828173

483.Gruenwald, I., et al. Shockwave treatment of erectile dysfunction. Ther Adv Urol, 2013. 5: 95.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23554844

484.Gruenwald, I., et al. Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy--a novel effective treatment for erectile dysfunction in severe ED patients who respond poorly to PDE5 inhibitor therapy. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 259.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22008059

485.Olsen, A.B., et al. Can low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy improve erectile dysfunction? A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Scand J Urol, 2015.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25470423

486.Vardi, Y., et al. Can low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy improve erectile function? A 6-month follow-up pilot study in patients with organic erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 243.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20451317

487.Kitrey, N.D., et al. Penile Low Intensity Shock Wave Treatment is Able to Shift PDE5i Nonresponders to Responders: A Double-Blind, Sham Controlled Study. J Urol, 2016. 195: 1550.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26694904

488.Hisasue, S., et al. Impact of aging and comorbidity on the efficacy of low-intensity shock wave therapy for erectile dysfunction. Int J Urol, 2016. 23: 80.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26501992

489.Young Academic Urologists Men's Health, G., et al. Low-intensity shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction: is the evidence strong enough? Nat Rev Urol, 2017. 14: 593.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28741629

490.Sokolakis, I., et al. Clinical studies on low intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30664671

491.Porst, H. Review of the Current Status of Low Intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (Li-ESWT) in Erectile Dysfunction (ED), Peyronie's Disease (PD), and Sexual Rehabilitation After Radical Prostatectomy With Special Focus on Technical Aspects of the Different Marketed ESWT Devices Including Personal Experiences in 350 Patients. Sex Med Rev, 2021. 9: 93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32499189

492.Kalyvianakis, D., et al. Low-intensity shockwave therapy (LiST) for erectile dysfunction: a randomized clinical trial assessing the impact of energy flux density (EFD) and frequency of sessions. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 329.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31474753

493.Sandoval-Salinas, C., et al. Are Radial Pressure Waves Effective for the Treatment of Moderate or Mild to Moderate Erectile Dysfunction? A Randomized Sham Therapy Controlled Clinical Trial. J Sex Med, 2022. 19: 738.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35341724

494.Kalyvianakis, D., et al. Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy Improves Hemodynamic Parameters in Patients With Vasculogenic Erectile Dysfunction: A Triplex Ultrasonography-Based Sham-Controlled Trial. J Sex Med, 2017. 14: 891.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28673433

495.Bechara, A., et al. Twelve-Month Efficacy and Safety of Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction in Patients Who Do Not Respond to Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors. Sex Med, 2016. 4: e225.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27444215

496.Vinay, J., et al. Penile low intensity shock wave treatment for PDE5I refractory erectile dysfunction: a randomized double-blind sham-controlled clinical trial. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 2217.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32696128

497.Lu, Z., et al. Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Treatment Improves Erectile Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 223.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27321373

498.Chung, E., et al. Evaluation of Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Rate Following Low Intensity Shock Wave Therapy in Men With Erectile Dysfunction: A Minimum 5-Year Follow-Up on a Prospective Open-Label Single-Arm Clinical Study. Sex Med, 2021. 9: 100384.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34126432

499.Kaynak, Y., et al. Long-term effects of combination treatment comprising low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy and tadalafil for patients with erectile dysfunction: a retrospective study. Int J Impot Res, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37644168

500.Mykoniatis, I., et al. The Effect of Combination Treatment With Low-Intensity Shockwave Therapy and Tadalafil on Mild and Mild-To-Moderate Erectile Dysfunction: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Sex Med, 2022. 19: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34866029

501.Rho, B.Y., et al. Efficacy of Low-Intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Treatment in Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med, 2022. 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35628901

502.Sighinolfi, M.C., et al. Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for the Management of Postprostatectomy Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 43: 45.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35928730

503.Matthew, A.N., et al. The use of low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy in management of erectile dysfunction following prostate cancer treatment: a review of the current literature. Transl Androl Urol, 2023. 12: 1023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37426598

504.Epifanova M, et al. Combined therapy for treating erectile dysfunction: First results on the use of low intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy and platelet-rich plasma. BJU Int, 2019. 123.
https://bjui-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bju.14730

505.Banno JJ, et al. The efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a supplemental therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED): Initial outcomes. J Sex Med, 2017. 14.
https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/14/Supplement_2/e59/6997665?redirectedFrom=fulltext

506.Chalyj, M.E., et al. [the Effectiveness of Intracavernous Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction]. Urologiia, 2015: 76.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26665770

507.Ruffo, A., et al. Effectiveness and safety of Platelet rich Plasma (PrP) cavernosal injections plus external shock wave treatment for penile erectile dysfunction: First results from a prospective, randomized, controlled, interventional study. Eur Urol Suppl, 2019. 18: e1622.
https://urosource.uroweb.org/resource-centres/EAU19/187172/abstract

508.Matz, E.L., et al. Safety and feasibility of platelet rich fibrin matrix injections for treatment of common urologic conditions. Investig Clin Urol, 2018. 59: 61.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29333517

509.Alkhayal, S., et al. PO-01-091 Platelet Rich Plasma Penile Rejuvenation as a Treatment for Erectile Dysfunction: An Update. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: S71.
https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/16/Supplement_2/S71/7020447?redirectedFrom=fulltext

510.Poulios, E., et al. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Improves Erectile Function: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 926.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33906807

511.Oudelaar, B.W., et al. Concentrations of Blood Components in Commercial Platelet-Rich Plasma Separation Systems: A Review of the Literature. Am J Sports Med, 2019. 47: 479.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29337592

512.Shaher, H., et al. Is Platelet Rich Plasma Safe and Effective in Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction? Randomized Controlled Study. Urology, 2023. 175: 114.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36736914

513.Masterson, T.A., et al. Platelet-rich Plasma for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. Reply. J Urol, 2023. 210: 734.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37811758

514.Panunzio, A., et al. Platelet-rich plasma intracavernosal injections for the treatment of primary organic erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of contemporary controlled studies. Int J Impot Res, 2024. 36: 562.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37993601

515.Panunzio, A., et al. Platelet-rich plasma intracavernosal injections for the treatment of primary organic erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of contemporary controlled studies. Int J Impot Res, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37993601

516.Khodamoradi, K., et al. Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Growth Factor Concentration Varies in Men With Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2022. 19: 1488.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35817715

517.Furtado, T.P., et al. Stem cell therapy for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review. Sex Med Rev, 2023. 12: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37758225

518.Reddy, A.G., et al. Application of Botulinum Neurotoxin in Male Sexual Dysfunction: Where Are We Now? Sex Med Rev, 2021. 9: 320.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32641225

519.Abdelrahman, I.F.S., et al. Safety and efficacy of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of erectile dysfunction refractory to phosphodiesterase inhibitors: Results of a randomized controlled trial. Andrology, 2022. 10: 254.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34618409

520.El-Shaer, W., et al. Intra-cavernous injection of BOTOX((R)) (50 and 100 Units) for treatment of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: Randomized controlled trial. Andrology, 2021. 9: 1166.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33784020

521.Giuliano, F., et al. Long Term Effectiveness and Safety of Intracavernosal Botulinum Toxin A as an Add-on Therapy to Phosphosdiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors or Prostaglandin E1 Injections for Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2022. 19: 83.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34937674

522.Giuliano, F., et al. Safety and Efficacy of Intracavernosal Injections of AbobotulinumtoxinA (Dysport((R))) as Add on Therapy to Phosphosdiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors or Prostaglandin E1 for Erectile Dysfunction-Case Studies. Toxins (Basel), 2019. 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31117236

523.Lee, H.W., et al. Ginseng for Erectile Dysfunction: A Cochrane Systematic Review. World J Mens Health, 2022. 40: 264.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34169686

524.Su, L., et al. Effect of Antioxidants Supplementation on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sex Med Rev, 2022. 10: 754.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35246405

525.Baunacke, M., et al. Urologist communication is a primary factor leading to erectile dysfunction treatment postprostatectomy. J Sex Med, 2024. 21: 904.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39214554

526.Jo, J.K., et al. Effect of Starting Penile Rehabilitation with Sildenafil Immediately after Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy on Erectile Function Recovery: A Prospective Randomized Trial. J Urol, 2018. 199: 1600.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29307683

527.Montorsi, F., et al. Effect of nightly versus on-demand vardenafil on recovery of erectile function in men following bilateral nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol, 2008. 54: 924.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18640769

528.Montorsi, F., et al. Effects of tadalafil treatment on erectile function recovery following bilateral nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy: a randomised placebo-controlled study (REACTT). Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 587.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24169081

529.Noh, T.I., et al. Efficacy of Tadalafil in Penile Rehabilitation Started Before Nerve-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Double-Blind Pilot Study. Sex Med, 2022. 10: 100508.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35395569

530.Montorsi, F., et al. Exploratory Decision-Tree Modeling of Data from the Randomized REACTT Trial of Tadalafil Versus Placebo to Predict Recovery of Erectile Function After Bilateral Nerve-Sparing Radical Prostatectomy. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 529.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26947602

531.Philippou, Y.A., et al. Penile rehabilitation for postprostatectomy erectile dysfunction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2018. 10: CD012414.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30352488

532.Sari Motlagh, R., et al. Penile Rehabilitation Strategy after Nerve Sparing Radical Prostatectomy: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials. J Urol, 2021. 205: 1018.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33443457

533.Sridhar, A.N., et al. Recovery of Baseline Erectile Function in Men Following Radical Prostatectomy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Analysis Using Validated Measures. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 435.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26944466

534.Qin, F., et al. The Early Use of Vacuum Therapy for Penile Rehabilitation After Radical Prostatectomy: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Mens Health, 2018. 12: 2136.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30182794

535.Feng, D., et al. Generating comprehensive comparative evidence on various interventions for penile rehabilitation in patients with erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Transl Androl Urol, 2021. 10: 109.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33532301

536.Toussi, A., et al. Efficacy of a Novel Penile Traction Device in Improving Penile Length and Erectile Function Post Prostatectomy: Results from a Single-Center Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Urol, 2021. 206: 416.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34060339

537.Wong, C., et al. A Systematic Review of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training for Erectile Dysfunction After Prostatectomy and Recommendations to Guide Further Research. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 737.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32029399

538.Sohn, M., et al. Standard operating procedures for vascular surgery in erectile dysfunction: revascularization and venous procedures. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 172.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23171072

539.Antonini, G., et al. Minimally invasive infrapubic inflatable penile prosthesis implant for erectile dysfunction: evaluation of efficacy, satisfaction profile and complications. Int J Impot Res, 2016. 28: 4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26657316

540.Hellstrom, W.J., et al. Implants, mechanical devices, and vascular surgery for erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 501.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092450

541.Martinez-Salamanca, J.I., et al. Penile prosthesis surgery in patients with corporal fibrosis: a state of the art review. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 1880.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21492405

542.Montague, D.K. Penile prosthesis implantation in the era of medical treatment for erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am, 2011. 38: 217.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621088

543.Casabe, A.R., et al. Satisfaction assessment with malleable prosthetic implant of Spectra (AMS) and Genesis (Coloplast) models. Int J Impot Res, 2016. 28: 228.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27557609

544.Atri, E., et al. A Comparison Between AMS 700 and Coloplast Titan: A Systematic Literature Review. Cureus, 2020. 12: e11350.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33304685

545.Mulcahy, J.J., et al. The penile implant for erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2004. 1: 98.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422990

546.Montague, D.K., et al. Penile prosthesis implantation. Urol Clin North Am, 2001. 28: 355.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11402587

547.Palmisano, F., et al. Comparison of Infrapubic vs Penoscrotal Approaches for 3-Piece Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement: Do We Have a Winner? Sex Med Rev, 2018. 6: 631.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29730314

548.Bettocchi, C., et al. Patient and partner satisfaction after AMS inflatable penile prosthesis implant. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 304.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19758282

549.Chung, E., et al. Penile prosthesis implantation for the treatment for male erectile dysfunction: clinical outcomes and lessons learnt after 955 procedures. World J Urol, 2013. 31: 591.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22457032

550.Falcone, M., et al. Prospective analysis of the surgical outcomes and patients' satisfaction rate after the AMS Spectra penile prosthesis implantation. Urology, 2013. 82: 373.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23791218

551.Henry, G.D., et al. A survey of patients with inflatable penile prostheses: assessment of timing and frequency of intercourse and analysis of implant durability. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 1715.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22568579

552.Kim, D.S., et al. AMS 700CX/CXM inflatable penile prosthesis has high mechanical reliability at long-term follow-up. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 2602.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384938

553.Lux, M., et al. Outcomes and satisfaction rates for the redesigned 2-piece penile prosthesis. J Urol, 2007. 177: 262.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17162061

554.Natali, A., et al. Penile implantation in Europe: successes and complications with 253 implants in Italy and Germany. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 1503.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18410306

555.Otero, J.R., et al. Comparison of the patient and partner satisfaction with 700CX and Titan penile prostheses. Asian J Androl, 2017. 19: 321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26806085

556.Chierigo, F., et al. Long-Term Follow-Up After Penile Prosthesis Implantation-Survival and Quality of Life Outcomes. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1827.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31501062

557.Pisano, F., et al. The importance of psychosexual counselling in the re-establishment of organic and erotic functions after penile prosthesis implantation. Int J Impot Res, 2015. 27: 197.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26268774

558.Akakpo, W., et al. Critical Analysis of Satisfaction Assessment After Penile Prosthesis Surgery. Sex Med Rev, 2017. 5: 244.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28143706

559.Carson, C.C., et al. Efficacy, safety and patient satisfaction outcomes of the AMS 700CX inflatable penile prosthesis: results of a long-term multicenter study. AMS 700CX Study Group. J Urol, 2000. 164: 376.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10893589

560.Wilson, S.K., et al. Comparison of mechanical reliability of original and enhanced Mentor Alpha I penile prosthesis. J Urol, 1999. 162: 715.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10458350

561.Miller, L.E., et al. Long-Term Survival Rates of Inflatable Penile Prostheses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Urology, 2022. 166: 6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35421510

562.Mandava, S.H., et al. Infection retardant coated inflatable penile prostheses decrease the incidence of infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol, 2012. 188: 1855.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22999690

563.Trost, L.W., et al. Long-term outcomes of penile prostheses for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Expert Rev Med Devices, 2013. 10: 353.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23668707

564.Chung, E., et al. A Worldwide Survey on Peyronie's Disease Surgical Practice Patterns Among Surgeons. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 568.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29550462

565.Mahon, J., et al. Infectious Adverse Events Following the Placement of a Penile Prosthesis: A Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev, 2020. 8: 348.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31519461

566.Carson, C.C., 3rd, et al. Long-term infection outcomes after original antibiotic impregnated inflatable penile prosthesis implants: up to 7.7 years of followup. J Urol, 2011. 185: 614.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21168870

567.Darouiche, R.O., et al. North American consensus document on infection of penile prostheses. Urology, 2013. 82: 937.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23958508

568.Serefoglu, E.C., et al. Long-term revision rate due to infection in hydrophilic-coated inflatable penile prostheses: 11-year follow-up. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 2182.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22759917

569.Zargaroff, S., et al. National trends in the treatment of penile prosthesis infections by explantation alone vs. immediate salvage and reimplantation. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 1078.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24628707

570.Pineda, M., et al. Penile Prosthesis Infections-A Review of Risk Factors, Prevention, and Treatment. Sex Med Rev, 2016. 4: 389.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27872031

571.Dropkin, B.M., et al. Antibiotics and Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Insertion: A Literature Review. Sex Med Rev, 2021. 9: 174.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32631811

572.Bode, L.G., et al. Preventing surgical-site infections in nasal carriers of Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med, 2010. 362: 9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20054045

573.Porst, H., et al. Baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes for men with acquired or lifelong premature ejaculation with mild or no erectile dysfunction: integrated analyses of two phase 3 dapoxetine trials. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 2231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20412423

574.Lipsky, M.J., et al. Diabetes Is a Risk Factor for Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Infection: Analysis of a Large Statewide Database. Sex Med, 2019. 7: 35.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30674445

575.Towe, M., et al. Impact of Antimicrobial Dipping Solutions on Postoperative Infection Rates in Patients With Diabetes Undergoing Primary Insertion of a Coloplast Titan Inflatable Penile Prosthesis. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 2077.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32807707

576.Patel, D.P., et al. Hypogonadism Associated With Higher Rate of Penile Prosthesis Infection: An Analysis of United States Claims Data. Urology, 2022. 167: 132.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35768026

577.Pang, K.H., et al. A Systematic Review of Penile Prosthesis Insertion in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury. Sex Med Rev, 2022. 10: 468.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35221231

578.Mulcahy, J.J. Long-term experience with salvage of infected penile implants. J Urol, 2000. 163: 481.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10647660

579.Henry, G.D., et al. An outcomes analysis of over 200 revision surgeries for penile prosthesis implantation: a multicenter study. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22082149

580.Gross, M.S., et al. The Malleable Implant Salvage Technique: Infection Outcomes after Mulcahy Salvage Procedure and Replacement of Infected Inflatable Penile Prosthesis with Malleable Prosthesis. J Urol, 2016. 195: 694.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26343986

581.Scherzer, N.D., et al. Penile Prosthesis Complications: Planning, Prevention, and Decision Making. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 349.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30033128

582.Clavell-Hernandez, J., et al. Non-Infectious Reservoir-Related Complications During and After Penile Prosthesis Placement. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 521.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30786958

583.Hebert, K., et al. Acute Post-Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Glans Ischemia: Review of Incidence, Pathophysiology, and Management Recommendations. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30509507

584.Clement, P., et al. Physiology and Pharmacology of Ejaculation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 2016. 119 Suppl 3: 18.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26709195

585.Zhao, Y.-Q., et al. Association of redundant foreskin with sexual dysfunction: a cross-sectional study from 5700 participants. Asian J Androl, 2025. 27: 90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39162146

586.Waldinger, M.D. The neurobiological approach to premature ejaculation. J Urol, 2002. 168: 2359.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12441918

587.Gao, J., et al. The impact of intravaginal ejaculatory latency time and erectile function on anxiety and depression in the four types of premature ejaculation: a large cross-sectional study in a Chinese population. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 521.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24274171

588.Kempeneers, P., et al. Sexual Cognitions, Trait Anxiety, Sexual Anxiety, and Distress in Men With Different Subtypes of Premature Ejaculation and in Their Partners. J Sex Marital Ther, 2018. 44: 319.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29161211

589.Ventus, D., et al. No Evidence for Long-Term Causal Associations Between Symptoms of Premature Ejaculation and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Sexual Distress in a Large, Population-Based Longitudinal Sample. J Sex Res, 2017. 54: 264.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27982691

590.Yang, Y., et al. Correlations and stratification analysis between premature ejaculation and psychological disorders. Andrologia, 2019. 51: e13315.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31090231

591.Wiggins, A., et al. The Penile Sensitivity Ratio: A Novel Application of Biothesiometry to Assess Changes in Penile Sensitivity. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 447.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30773499

592.Chen, X., et al. Penile sensory thresholds in subtypes of premature ejaculation: implications of comorbid erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl, 2018. 20: 330.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29405168

593.Guo, L., et al. Significance of penile hypersensitivity in premature ejaculation. Sci Rep, 2017. 7: 10441.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28874780

594.Xia, J.D., et al. A reassessment of penile sensory pathways and effects of prilocaine-lidocaine cream in primary premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res, 2014. 26: 186.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24572995

595.Salonia, A., et al. Quantitative sensory testing of peripheral thresholds in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation: a case-controlled study. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 1755.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453912

596.Xin, Z.C., et al. Somatosensory evoked potentials in patients with primary premature ejaculation. J Urol, 1997. 158: 451.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9224321

597.Xin, Z.C., et al. Penile sensitivity in patients with primary premature ejaculation. J Urol, 1996. 156: 979.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8709378

598.Sun, Z., et al. A Study of Differences in Penile Dorsal Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potential Testing Among Healthy Controls and Patients With Primary and Secondary Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 732.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33744179

599.Khan, H.L., et al. Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotypes and trinucleotide repeats of androgen receptor exert a combinatorial effect on hormonal milieu in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation. Andrology, 2018. 6: 916.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30019487

600.Roaiah, M.F., et al. Study of the prevalence of 5 HT-2C receptor gene polymorphisms in Egyptian patients with lifelong premature ejaculation. Andrologia, 2018. 50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28730747

601.Janssen, P.K., et al. The 5-HT2C receptor gene Cys23Ser polymorphism influences the intravaginal ejaculation latency time in Dutch Caucasian men with lifelong premature ejaculation. Asian J Androl, 2014. 16: 607.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24799636

602.Janssen, P.K., et al. The 5-HT(1)A receptor C(1019)G polymorphism influences the intravaginal ejaculation latency time in Dutch Caucasian men with lifelong premature ejaculation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 2014. 121: 184.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24440118

603.Hsieh, J.T., et al. The activation of peripheral 5-HT1A receptors can inhibit seminal vesicle contraction: an in vivo animal study. Urology, 2011. 78: 376.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676447

604.Janssen, P.K., et al. Serotonin transporter promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism is associated with the intravaginal ejaculation latency time in Dutch men with lifelong premature ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 276.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19170855

605.Waldinger, M.D., et al. Changing paradigms from a historical DSM-III and DSM-IV view toward an evidence-based definition of premature ejaculation. Part I--validity of DSM-IV-TR. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 682.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16839325

606.Waldinger, M.D., et al. Changing paradigms from a historical DSM-III and DSM-IV view toward an evidence-based definition of premature ejaculation. Part II--proposals for DSM-V and ICD-11. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 693.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16839326

607.Waldinger, M.D., et al. Method and design of drug treatment research of subjective premature ejaculation in men differs from that of lifelong premature ejaculation in males: proposal for a new objective measure (part 1). Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 328.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30647430

608.Waldinger, M.D. The pathophysiology of lifelong premature ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol, 2016. 5: 424.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27652215

609.Carani, C., et al. Multicenter study on the prevalence of sexual symptoms in male hypo- and hyperthyroid patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005. 90: 6472.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16204360

610.Corona, G., et al. Psycho-biological correlates of rapid ejaculation in patients attending an andrologic unit for sexual dysfunctions. Eur Urol, 2004. 46: 615.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474272

611.McMahon, C.G., et al. The pathophysiology of acquired premature ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol, 2016. 5: 434.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27652216

612.Zhang, W., et al. Poor Sleep Quality is an Independent Risk Factor for Acquired Premature Ejaculation. Nat Sci Sleep, 2022. 14: 255.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35228824

613.Murray, K.S., et al. A prospective study of erectile function after transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy. BJU Int, 2015. 116: 190.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430505

614.Boeri, L., et al. The clinical profile of men with premature ejaculation at presentation has changed over the last fifteen years: picture from a longitudinal study. Int J Impot Res, 2025. 37: 920.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40133467

615.Cilio, S., et al. Premature ejaculation among men with erectile dysfunction-findings from a real-life cross-sectional study. Int J Impot Res, 2023. 35: 558.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35915329

616.Przydacz, M., et al. Severity of erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation positively correlate with aggression levels in men: insights from a large population-representative study. Int J Impot Res, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40234544

617.Verze, P., et al. Premature Ejaculation Among Italian Men: Prevalence and Clinical Correlates From an Observational, Non-Interventional, Cross-Sectional, Epidemiological Study (IPER). Sex Med, 2018. 6: 193.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29803639

618.Carson, C., et al. Premature ejaculation: definition and prevalence. Int J Impot Res, 2006. 18 Suppl 1: S5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953247

619.Richardson, D., et al. Premature ejaculation--does country of origin tell us anything about etiology? J Sex Med, 2005. 2: 508.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422845

620.de Mello Ferreira dos Reis, M., et al. Premature ejaculation prevalence among young men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional study with internet users in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. Sex Med, 2023. 11: qfac016.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36910706

621.Reis, M., et al. Ideal time and self-reported time to ejaculate, frequent use of virtual pornography, and disorders of ejaculation among internet users in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. Cross-sectional study. Einstein (Sao Paulo), 2025. 23: eAO1282.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40053047

622.Waldinger, M.D., et al. Familial occurrence of primary premature ejaculation. Psychiatr Genet, 1998. 8: 37.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9564687

623.Janssen, P.K., et al. Measurement errors in polymerase chain reaction are a confounding factor for a correct interpretation of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism effects on lifelong premature ejaculation: a critical analysis of a previously published meta-analysis of six studies. PLoS One, 2014. 9: e88031.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595335

624.Jern, P., et al. A reassessment of the possible effects of the serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphism 5-HTTLPR on premature ejaculation. Arch Sex Behav, 2013. 42: 45.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22810993

625.Jern, P., et al. Preliminary Evidence for an Association Between Variants of the Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Gene and Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2017. 14: 1558.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29198511

626.Kim, M., et al. Erectile dysfunction in patients with liver disease related to chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol, 2015. 21: 352.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770923

627.Screponi, E., et al. Prevalence of chronic prostatitis in men with premature ejaculation. Urology, 2001. 58: 198.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11489699

628.Shamloul, R., et al. Chronic prostatitis in premature ejaculation: a cohort study in 153 men. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 150.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16409229

629.Chierigo, F., et al. Lower urinary tract symptoms and depressive symptoms among patients presenting for distressing early ejaculation. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 207.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31024115

630.Culha, M.G., et al. Frequency of etiological factors among patients with acquired premature ejaculation: prospective, observational, single-center study. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 352.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31477853

631.Corona, G., et al. Hypoprolactinemia: a new clinical syndrome in patients with sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 1457.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19210705

632.Corona, G., et al. Premature and delayed ejaculation: two ends of a single continuum influenced by hormonal milieu. Int J Androl, 2011. 34: 41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20345874

633.Kadihasanoglu, M., et al. Relation between blood vitamin B12 levels with premature ejaculation: case-control study. Andrologia, 2017. 49.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27681841

634.Abd El Aal, A.M., et al. Serum vitamin D level may be a novel potential risk factor for premature ejaculation: a comparative study. Int Urol Nephrol, 2018. 50: 1975.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30155606

635.Majzoub, A., et al. Premature ejaculation in type II diabetes mellitus patients: association with glycemic control. Transl Androl Urol, 2016. 5: 248.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27141454

636.Bellastella, G., et al. Premature ejaculation is associated with glycemic control in Type 1 diabetes. J Sex Med, 2015. 12: 93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25424355

637.Jeh, S.U., et al. Metabolic Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Acquired Premature Ejaculation. World J Mens Health, 2019. 37: 226.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30588783

638.Bolat, D., et al. The relationship between acquired premature ejaculation and metabolic syndrome: a prospective, comparative study. Int J Impot Res, 2017. 29: 105.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28179637

639.Ventus, D., et al. Lifestyle Factors and Premature Ejaculation: Are Physical Exercise, Alcohol Consumption, and Body Mass Index Associated With Premature Ejaculation and Comorbid Erectile Problems? J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 1482.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27590186

640.Dunn, K.M., et al. Association of sexual problems with social, psychological, and physical problems in men and women: a cross sectional population survey. J Epidemiol Community Health, 1999. 53: 144.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10396490

641.Xia, Y., et al. Relationship between premature ejaculation and depression: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016. 95: e4620.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27583879

642.Rowland, D., et al. Self-reported premature ejaculation and aspects of sexual functioning and satisfaction. J Sex Med, 2004. 1: 225.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16429622

643.Rowland, D.L., et al. The psychological burden of premature ejaculation. J Urol, 2007. 177: 1065.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296413

644.Hanafy, S., et al. Prevalence of premature ejaculation and its impact on the quality of life: Results from a sample of Egyptian patients. Andrologia, 2019. 51: e13298.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31025424

645.Abdo, C.H. The impact of ejaculatory dysfunction upon the sufferer and his partner. Transl Androl Urol, 2016. 5: 460.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27652218

646.Burri, A., et al. Female partner's perception of premature ejaculation and its impact on relationship breakups, relationship quality, and sexual satisfaction. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 2243.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24774717

647.Byers, E.S., et al. Premature or rapid ejaculation: heterosexual couples' perceptions of men's ejaculatory behavior. Arch Sex Behav, 2003. 32: 261.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12807298

648.Canat, L., et al. The relationship between female sexual function index domains and premature ejaculation. Int Urol Nephrol, 2018. 50: 633.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29497891

649.Limoncin, E., et al. Premature ejaculation results in female sexual distress: standardization and validation of a new diagnostic tool for sexual distress. J Urol, 2013. 189: 1830.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23142691

650.Zucker, I., et al. Majority of men with premature ejaculation do not receive pharmacotherapy. Int J Impot Res, 2023. 35: 544.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35840677

651.Solursh, D.S., et al. The human sexuality education of physicians in North American medical schools. Int J Impot Res, 2003. 15 Suppl 5: S41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551576

652.Sotomayor, M. The burden of premature ejaculation: the patient's perspective. J Sex Med, 2005. 2 Suppl 2: 110.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422797

653.Parnham, A., et al. Classification and definition of premature ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol, 2016. 5: 416.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27652214

654.World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (ICD- 11-MMS). 2018.
https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/en

655.Serefoglu, E.C., et al. An evidence-based unified definition of lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation: report of the second International Society for Sexual Medicine Ad Hoc Committee for the Definition of Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 1423.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848805

656.Waldinger, M.D., et al. Differences between ICD-11 MMS and DSM-5 definition of premature ejaculation: a continuation of historical inadequacies and a source of serious misinterpretation by some European Regulatory Agencies (PART 2). Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 310.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30659291

657.Shabsigh, R. Diagnosing premature ejaculation: a review. J Sex Med, 2006. 3 Suppl 4: 318.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16939476

658.Sharlip, I. Diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation: the physician's perspective. J Sex Med, 2005. 2 Suppl 2: 103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422796

659.Althof, S.E., et al. An update of the International Society of Sexual Medicine's guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 1392.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848686

660.Shindel, A.W., et al. Disorders of Ejaculation: An AUA/SMSNA Guideline. J Urol, 2022. 207: 504.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34961344

661.Rowland, D.L., et al. Premature ejaculation: psychophysiological considerations in theory, research, and treatment. Annu Rev Sex Res, 1997. 8: 224.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10051895

662.Waldinger, M.D., et al. Relevance of methodological design for the interpretation of efficacy of drug treatment of premature ejaculation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Impot Res, 2004. 16: 369.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14961051

663.Waldinger, M.D. Towards evidence-based drug treatment research on premature ejaculation: a critical evaluation of methodology. Int J Impot Res, 2003. 15: 309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14562129

664.Giuliano, F., et al. Premature ejaculation: results from a five-country European observational study. Eur Urol, 2008. 53: 1048.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950985

665.Patrick, D.L., et al. Premature ejaculation: an observational study of men and their partners. J Sex Med, 2005. 2: 358.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422867

666.Rowland, D.L., et al. Premature Ejaculation Measures During Partnered Sex and Masturbation: What These Findings Tell Us About the Nature and Rigidity of Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Marital Ther, 2022. 48: 680.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35253608

667.McNabney, S.M., et al. Are the Criteria for the Diagnosis of Premature Ejaculation Applicable to Gay Men or Sexual Activities Other than Penile-Vaginal Intercourse? Sex Med, 2022. 10: 100516.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35477122

668.Shindel, A.W., et al. Erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation in men who have sex with men. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 576.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22214402

669.Barbonetti, A., et al. Erectile Dysfunction and Premature Ejaculation in Homosexual and Heterosexual Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 624.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30926517

670.Rowland, D.L., et al. Do the diagnostic criteria for premature ejaculation apply to non-straight men and to sexual activities other than penile-vaginal intercourse? Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 730.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34504313

671.Althof, S.E., et al. International Society for Sexual Medicine's guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 2947.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21050394

672.Rosen, R.C., et al. Correlates to the clinical diagnosis of premature ejaculation: results from a large observational study of men and their partners. J Urol, 2007. 177: 1059.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296411

673.Wang, C., et al. The patient-perceived intravaginal ejaculation latency time cut-off for lifelong premature ejaculation. Andrology, 2025. 13: 804.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39142715

674.Waldinger, M.D., et al. Geometric mean IELT and premature ejaculation: appropriate statistics to avoid overestimation of treatment efficacy. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 492.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18179458

675.Symonds, T., et al. Development and validation of a premature ejaculation diagnostic tool. Eur Urol, 2007. 52: 565.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17275165

676.Arafa, M., et al. Development and evaluation of the Arabic Index of Premature Ejaculation (AIPE). J Sex Med, 2007. 4: 1750.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17970977

677.Althof, S., et al. Development and validation of a new questionnaire to assess sexual satisfaction, control, and distress associated with premature ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 465.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16681472

678.Rosen, R.C., et al. Development and validation of four-item version of Male Sexual Health Questionnaire to assess ejaculatory dysfunction. Urology, 2007. 69: 805.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17482908

679.Xi, Y., et al. The masturbatory premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (MPEDT): A novel psychometric tool to evaluate premature ejaculation during masturbation. Andrology, 2022. 10: 333.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34825515

680.European Medicines Agency. Fortacin: Summary of product characteristics. 2014.
http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/medicines/human/medicines/002693/human_med_001704.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124

681.Gul, M., et al. Current and emerging treatment options for premature ejaculation. Nat Rev Urol, 2022. 19: 659.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36008555

682.Qin, Z., et al. Safety and efficacy characteristics of oral drugs in patients with premature ejaculation: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 356.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31024113

683.Jian, Z., et al. Pharmacotherapy of premature ejaculation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol, 2018. 50: 1939.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30225547

684.Sridharan, K., et al. Pharmacological interventions for premature ejaculation: a mixed-treatment comparison network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Impot Res, 2018. 30: 215.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29921893

685.Castiglione, F., et al. Current Pharmacological Management of Premature Ejaculation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 904.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26749092

686.Althof, S.E. Psychosexual therapy for premature ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol, 2016. 5: 475.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27652220

687.Cormio, L., et al. The Combination of Dapoxetine and Behavioral Treatment Provides Better Results than Dapoxetine Alone in the Management of Patients with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2015. 12: 1609.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26077706

688.Pavone, C., et al. Premature ejaculation: Pharmacotherapy vs group psychotherapy alone or in combination. Arch Ital Urol Androl, 2017. 89: 114.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28679182

689.Li, L., et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy combined with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premature ejaculation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology, 2025. 13: 1646.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39492575

690.Melnik, T., et al. Psychosocial interventions for premature ejaculation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011: CD008195.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21833964

691.Martin-Tuite, P., et al. Management Options for Premature Ejaculation and Delayed Ejaculation in Men. Sex Med Rev, 2020. 8: 473.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31668585

692.Ventus, D., et al. Vibrator-Assisted Start-Stop Exercises Improve Premature Ejaculation Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch Sex Behav, 2020. 49: 1559.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31741252

693.Stephenson, K.R., et al. Statistical Mediators of the Association Between Mindfulness and Sexual Experiences in Men with Impaired Sexual Function. Arch Sex Behav, 2020. 49: 1545.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31713094

694.Yılmaz, A.H., et al. Efficacy of combination therapy with biofeedback and dapoxetine in lifelong premature ejaculation treatment: a prospective randomized study. Int Urol Nephrol, 2022. 54: 2813.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35947279

695.Optale, G., et al. Smartphone-Based Therapeutic Exercises for Men Affected by Premature Ejaculation: A Pilot Study. Sex Med, 2020. 8: 461.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32565067

696.Pryor, J.L., et al. Efficacy and tolerability of dapoxetine in treatment of premature ejaculation: an integrated analysis of two double-blind, randomised controlled trials. Lancet, 2006. 368: 929.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16962882

697.Modi, N.B., et al. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of dapoxetine hydrochloride, a novel agent for the treatment of premature ejaculation. J Clin Pharmacol, 2006. 46: 301.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16490806

698.McMahon, C.G. Dapoxetine: a new option in the medical management of premature ejaculation. Ther Adv Urol, 2012. 4: 233.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23024705

699.Li, J., et al. Dapoxetine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis. Ann Saudi Med, 2018. 38: 366.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30284992

700.Peng, J., et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Dapoxetine On Demand in Chinese Men With Premature Ejaculation: Results of a Multicenter, Prospective, Open-Label Phase IV Study. Sex Med, 2021. 9: 100296.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33529810

701.Verze, P., et al. Comparison of Treatment Emergent Adverse Events in Men With Premature Ejaculation Treated With Dapoxetine and Alternate Oral Treatments: Results From a Large Multinational Observational Trial. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 194.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26805941

702.Kowey, P.R., et al. Cardiovascular safety profile of dapoxetine during the premarketing evaluation. Drugs R D, 2011. 11: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21410293

703.European Medicines Agency. Priligy - Article 29 referral - Assessment Report for Priligy and Associated Names. 2012.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/priligy

704.Mirone, V., et al. Results from a prospective observational study of men with premature ejaculation treated with dapoxetine or alternative care: the PAUSE study. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 733.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23993257

705.Dresser, M.J., et al. Dapoxetine, a novel treatment for premature ejaculation, does not have pharmacokinetic interactions with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Int J Impot Res, 2006. 18: 104.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16307008

706.McMahon, C.G., et al. Efficacy and safety of dapoxetine in men with premature ejaculation and concomitant erectile dysfunction treated with a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor: randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III study. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 2312.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23845016

707.Abu El-Hamd, M., et al. Comparison of the clinical efficacy and safety of the on-demand use of paroxetine, dapoxetine, sildenafil and combined dapoxetine with sildenafil in treatment of patients with premature ejaculation: A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial. Andrologia, 2018. 50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28497478

708.Tuken, M., et al. Efficacy and safety of dapoxetine/sildenafil combination tablets in the treatment of men with premature ejaculation and concomitant erectile dysfunction-DAP-SPEED Study. Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 92.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30705437

709.Zhong, C., et al. Reasons and treatment strategy for discontinuation of dapoxetine treatment in premature ejaculation patients in China: A retrospective observational study. Andrologia, 2022. 54: 1598.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35324028

710.Park, H.J., et al. Discontinuation of Dapoxetine Treatment in Patients With Premature Ejaculation: A 2-Year Prospective Observational Study. Sex Med, 2017. 5: e99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28395997

711.Jern, P., et al. Antidepressant treatment of premature ejaculation: discontinuation rates and prevalence of side effects for dapoxetine and paroxetine in a naturalistic setting. Int J Impot Res, 2015. 27: 75.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25410962

712.Peng, J., et al. Efficacy of dapoxetine treatment in Chinese patients with premature ejaculation and possible factors affecting efficacy in the real-world practice. BMC Urol, 2020. 20: 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32013958

713.Giuliano, F. 5-Hydroxytryptamine in premature ejaculation: opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Trends Neurosci, 2007. 30: 79.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17169440

714.Olivier, B., et al. Serotonin, serotonergic receptors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and sexual behaviour. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 1998. 13 Suppl 6: S9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9728669

715.Waldinger, M.D., et al. Paroxetine treatment of premature ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry, 1994. 151: 1377.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8067497

716.Zhang, D., et al. Paroxetine in the treatment of premature ejaculation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol, 2019. 19: 2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30606186

717.Waldinger, M.D. Emerging drugs for premature ejaculation. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs, 2006. 11: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16503829

718.Migliorini, F., et al. A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Effect of a Single Oral Dose of 5-HT1A Antagonist GSK958108 on Ejaculation Latency Time in Male Patients Suffering From Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 63.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33223426

719.Waldinger, M.D. Premature ejaculation: definition and drug treatment. Drugs, 2007. 67: 547.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17352514

720.Goodman, R.E. An assessment of clomipramine (Anafranil) in the treatment of premature ejaculation. J Int Med Res, 1980. 8 Suppl 3: 53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7193614

721.Choi, J.B., et al. Efficacy and Safety of On Demand Clomipramine for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III Clinical Trial. J Urol, 2019. 201: 147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30086277

722.Kim, S.W., et al. Tolerability and adequate therapeutic dosage of oral clomipramine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose, parallel-grouped clinical study. Int J Impot Res, 2018. 30: 65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29203842

723.Zaazaa, A., et al. Daily intake of 30 mg duloxetine is effective in decreasing premature ejaculation severity: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled cross over clinical trial. Basic Clin Androl, 2023. 33: 34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38049720

724.Shokr Mohamed Shokr, M., et al. (070) Assessment the Efficacy of Daily Use of Duloxetine in Treatment of Premature Ejaculation: A Prospective Randomized Placebo-Controlled Cross Over Clinical Trial. J Sex Med, 2024. 21: qdae002.064.
https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article/21/Supplement_2/qdae002.064/7618352

725.Sathianathen, N.J., et al. Selective Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors for Premature Ejaculation in Adult Men: A Cochrane Systematic Review. World J Mens Health, 2022. 40: 257.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35021307

726.Zhou, Z., et al. The network meta-analysis of "on-demand" and "daily" use of paroxetine in treating men with premature ejaculation from randomized controlled trials. Andrologia, 2022. 54: e14388.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35122448

727.Liu, Q., et al. Comparison of fluoxetine with other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia, 2022. 54: e14500.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35760074

728.Lee, H.Y., et al. Efficacy of Various Treatment in Premature Ejaculation: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. World J Mens Health, 2024. 42: 338.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37635338

729.McMahon, C.G., et al. Efficacy and safety of dapoxetine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: integrated analysis of results from five phase 3 trials. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 524.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21059176

730.Norr, L., et al. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduces fertility in men. Andrology, 2016. 4: 389.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27019308

731.Tanrikut, C., et al. Antidepressant-associated changes in semen parameters. Urology, 2007. 69: 185 e5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17270655

732.Tanrikut, C., et al. Adverse effect of paroxetine on sperm. Fertil Steril, 2010. 94: 1021.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515367

733.Koyuncu, H., et al. Escitalopram treatment for premature ejaculation has a negative effect on semen parameters. Int J Impot Res, 2011. 23: 257.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21776003

734.Morales, A., et al. A review of the current status of topical treatments for premature ejaculation. BJU Int, 2007. 100: 493.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17608824

735.Sachs, B.D., et al. Maintenance of erection of penile glans, but not penile body, after transection of rat cavernous nerves. J Urol, 1991. 146: 900.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1875517

736.Wieder, J.A., et al. Anesthetic block of the dorsal penile nerve inhibits vibratory-induced ejaculation in men with spinal cord injuries. Urology, 2000. 55: 915.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10840108

737.Liu, H., et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of drug treatment for premature ejaculation: A systemic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Andrologia, 2020. 52: e13806.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32892379

738.Atikeler, M.K., et al. Optimum usage of prilocaine-lidocaine cream in premature ejaculation. Andrologia, 2002. 34: 356.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12472618

739.Busato, W., et al. Topical anaesthetic use for treating premature ejaculation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. BJU Int, 2004. 93: 1018.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15142155

740.Sutton, M., et al. Promescent Has a Cytotoxic Impact on Fresh Human Sperm In Vitro. Urology, 2018. 114: 95.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29307732

741.Porst, H., et al. Fortacin Spray for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation. Urologia, 2017. 84: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30047847

742.Henry, R., et al. TEMPE: Topical Eutectic-Like Mixture for Premature Ejaculation. Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2008. 5: 251.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18248322

743.Dinsmore, W.W., et al. Topical eutectic mixture for premature ejaculation (TEMPE): a novel aerosol-delivery form of lidocaine-prilocaine for treating premature ejaculation. BJU Int, 2007. 99: 369.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17129234

744.Boeri, L., et al. Real-life use of the eutectic mixture lidocaine/prilocaine spray in men with premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 289.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33828264

745.Cai, T., et al. Prilocaine/lidocaine spray for the treatment of premature ejaculation: a dose- and time-finding study for clinical practice use. Int J Impot Res, 2023. 35: 378.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35314817

746.Wyllie, M.G., et al. The role of local anaesthetics in premature ejaculation. BJU Int, 2012. 110: E943.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22758648

747.European Medicines Agency, Fortacin 150 mg/ml + 50 mg/ml cutaneous spray solution - Summary of Product Characteristcs. 2015.
https://ec.europa.eu/health/documents/community-register/2015/20151015133209/anx_133209_en.pdf

748.Morales, A. Evolving therapeutic strategies for premature ejaculation: The search for on-demand treatment - topical versus systemic. Can Urol Assoc J, 2012. 6: 380.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23093633

749.Alghobary, M., et al. Oral dapoxetine versus topical lidocaine as on-demand treatment for lifelong premature ejaculation: A randomised controlled trial. Andrologia, 2020. 52: e13558.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32153050

750.Abu El-Hamd, M. Effectiveness and tolerability of lidocaine 5% spray in the treatment of lifelong premature ejaculation patients: a randomized single-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 96.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31896832

751.Frink, M.C., et al. Influence of tramadol on neurotransmitter systems of the rat brain. Arzneimittelforschung, 1996. 46: 1029.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8955860

752.Bar-Or, D., et al. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two doses of the tramadol orally disintegrating tablet for the treatment of premature ejaculation within less than 2 minutes. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 736.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889833

753.Lu, Y., et al. The Influence of Tramadol on Intravaginal Ejaculatory Latency Time and Sexual Satisfaction Score in Treating Patients With Premature Ejaculation: A Network Meta-Analysis. Am J Mens Health, 2021. 15: 15579883211057713.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34911381

754.Tan, H., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of "on-demand" use of tramadol vs "on-demand" use of paroxetine in the management of patients with premature ejaculation. Int J Clin Pract, 2021. 75: e14825.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34492139

755.U.S.Food and Drug Administration. Warning letter to William Weldon, CEO & Chairman of Johnson & Johnson, regarding Ultram-ER web advertisement. 2009.
https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/.../UCM153130.pdf

756.Hamidi-Madani, A., et al. The Efficacy and Safety of On-demand Tramadol and Paroxetine Use in Treatment of Life Long Premature Ejaculation: A Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial. J Reprod Infertil, 2018. 19: 10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29850442

757.Mohamed Gharib, T., et al. Short- and long-term follow-up results of daily 5-mg tadalafil as a treatment for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation. Arab J Urol, 2022. 20: 49.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35223110

758.Abou Faddan, A.H., et al. Effect of a tadalafil 5-mg single daily dose on lifelong premature ejaculation: A single-blinded placebo-controlled study. Arab J Urol, 2022. 20: 100.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35530567

759.Zhang, X., et al. Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors for Premature Ejaculation: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials. Am J Mens Health, 2020. 14: 1557988320916406.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32375542

760.Bhat, G.S., et al. Effectiveness of 'on demand' silodosin in the treatment of premature ejaculation in patients dissatisfied with dapoxetine: a randomized control study. Cent European J Urol, 2016. 69: 280.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27729995

761.Sato, Y., et al. Silodosin versus naftopidil in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A prospective multicenter trial. Int J Urol, 2017. 24: 626.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28627033

762.Sato, Y., et al. Silodosin and its potential for treating premature ejaculation: a preliminary report. Int J Urol, 2012. 19: 268.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22188258

763.Tuken, M., et al. On-demand Modafinil Improves Ejaculation Time and Patient-reported Outcomes in Men With Lifelong Premature Ejaculation. Urology, 2016. 94: 139.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27151339

764.Kim, J.J., et al. Effects of glans penis augmentation using hyaluronic acid gel for premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res, 2004. 16: 547.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15057258

765.Ahn, S.T., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Penile Girth Enhancement Using Hyaluronic Acid Filler and the Clinical Impact on Ejaculation: A Multi-Center, Patient/Evaluator-Blinded, Randomized Active-Controlled Trial. World J Mens Health, 2022. 40: 299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33988002

766.Zhang, C., et al. Efficacy and safety assessment of glandular augmentation with hyaluronic acid for premature ejaculation. Andrologia, 2022. 54: e14435.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35523761

767.Warli, S.M., et al. The efficacy of hyaluronic acid in treating premature ejaculation: A systematic review and single-armed meta-analysis. Pharmacia, 2023. 70: 877.
https://pharmacia.pensoft.net/article/111398/

768.Mohd Hashim, M.H., et al. The techniques, efficacy and safety of penile glans augmentation using hyaluronic acid for the treatment of premature ejaculation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Afr J Urol, 2024. 30: 63.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12301-024-00464-9

769.Culha, M.G., et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of hyaluronic acid gel injection in the glans penis for treatment of premature ejaculation: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med, 2024. 21: 878.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39121933

770.Ahn, S.T., et al. Complications of glans penis augmentation. Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 245.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30478264

771.Yang, J., et al. Correlation between age and curative effects of selective dorsal neurectomy for primary premature ejaculation. Adv Clin Exp Med, 2022. 31: 837.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35438850

772.Liu, Q., et al. Anatomic Basis and Clinical Effect of Selective Dorsal Neurectomy for Patients with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 522.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935469

773.Tang, Q.L., et al. The application of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring in selective dorsal neurotomy for primary premature ejaculation: a prospective single-center study. Asian J Androl, 2023. 25: 137.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35488667

774.David Prologo, J., et al. Percutaneous CT-guided cryoablation of the dorsal penile nerve for treatment of symptomatic premature ejaculation. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2013. 24: 214.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182939

775.Zhang, G.X., et al. Selective resection of dorsal nerves of penis for premature ejaculation. Int J Androl, 2012. 35: 873.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22882515

776.Basal, S., et al. A novel treatment modality in patients with premature ejaculation resistant to conventional methods: the neuromodulation of dorsal penile nerves by pulsed radiofrequency. J Androl, 2010. 31: 126.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19395368

777.Shi, W.G., et al. Selective resection of the branches of the two dorsal penile nerves for primary premature ejaculation. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue, 2008. 14: 436.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18572864

778.Clement, P., et al. Inhibition of ejaculation by the non-peptide oxytocin receptor antagonist GSK557296: a multi-level site of action. Br J Pharmacol, 2013. 169: 1477.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23530818

779.Shinghal, R., et al. Safety and efficacy of epelsiban in the treatment of men with premature ejaculation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, fixed-dose study. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 2506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23937679

780.Osterloh, I.H., et al. Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Single Oral Doses of a Novel Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist-Cligosiban-in Development for Premature Ejaculation: Three Randomized Clinical Trials in Healthy Subjects. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1547.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30341006

781.Wayman, C., et al. Cligosiban, A Novel Brain-Penetrant, Selective Oxytocin Receptor Antagonist, Inhibits Ejaculatory Physiology in Rodents. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1698.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30527053

782.McMahon, C., et al. The Oxytocin Antagonist Cligosiban Prolongs Intravaginal Ejaculatory Latency and Improves Patient-Reported Outcomes in Men with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Proof-of-Concept Trial (PEPIX). J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1178.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31351659

783.Althof, S., et al. The Oxytocin Antagonist Cligosiban Fails to Prolong Intravaginal Ejaculatory Latency in Men with Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase IIb trial (PEDRIX). J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1188.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31351660

784.El Najjar, M.R., et al. A Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of On-Demand Oral Pregablin (150 mg and 75 mg) in Treatment of Premature Ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 442.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31982359

785.Jiang, M., et al. The efficacy of regular penis-root masturbation, versus Kegel exercise in the treatment of primary premature ejaculation: A quasi-randomised controlled trial. Andrologia, 2020. 52: e13473.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31746051

786.Shechter, A., et al. A novel on-demand therapy for lifelong premature ejaculation using a miniature transperineal electrical stimulator-the vPatch: an as-treated analysis. J Sex Med, 2023. 20: 22.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36897239

787.Shechter, A., et al. Transcutaneous functional electrical stimulation-a novel therapy for premature ejaculation: results of a proof of concept study. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 440.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31570825

788.Uribe, O.L., et al. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation to treat patients with premature ejaculation: phase II clinical trial. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 434.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31551577

789.Ghaly, M.F., et al. Evaluation of the transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in the treatment of life long premature ejaculation: A randomized controlled trial. Arab J Urol, 2025. 23: 273.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41190055

790.Almekaty, K., et al. Effect of bulbospongiosus muscle injection with botulinum-A toxin for treatment of lifelong premature ejaculation; a randomized controlled trial. Int J Impot Res, 2024. 36: 864.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38308091

791.Gao, D., et al. Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Botulinum Toxin A Injection into the Bulbospongiosus Muscle for Treating Lifelong Premature Ejaculation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. AM J Mens Health, 2025. 19: 15579883251328312.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40152298

792.Sahin, S., et al. A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study to Compare Acupuncture and Dapoxetine for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation. Urol Int, 2016. 97: 104.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27049323

793.Lu, X., et al. Study on the Efficacy of Electric Acupuncture in the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation Based on Testosterone Level. J Healthc Eng, 2022. 2022: 8331688.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35360482

794.Sunay, D., et al. Acupuncture versus paroxetine for the treatment of premature ejaculation: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Urol, 2011. 59: 765.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21256670

795.Joshi, A.M., et al. Role of Yoga in the Management of Premature Ejaculation. World J Mens Health, 2020. 38: 495.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31496152

796.Rowland, D.L., et al. Characteristics of men who report symptoms of delayed ejaculation: providing support for empirically derived diagnostic criteria. J Sex Med, 2023. 20: 426.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36781403

797.Rowland, D.L., et al. Similarities and differences between men with self-reported lifelong and acquired difficulty reaching ejaculation. Int J Impot Res, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37592174

798.Shin, D.H., et al. The Evaluation and Treatment of Delayed Ejaculation. Sex Med Rev, 2014. 2: 121.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27784563

799.Abdel-Hamid, I.A., et al. Delayed Ejaculation: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. World J Mens Health, 2018. 36: 22.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29299903

800.Liao, B., et al. A population analysis of delayed ejaculation using a claims database: characteristics and national trends in prevalence, incidence, and pharmacotherapy. Int J Impot Res, 2025. 37: 471.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38982218

801.Corona, G., et al. The hormonal control of ejaculation. Nat Rev Urol, 2012. 9: 508.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869001

802.Morgentaler, A., et al. Delayed Ejaculation and Associated Complaints: Relationship to Ejaculation Times and Serum Testosterone Levels. J Sex Med, 2017. 14: 1116.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28807505

803.Paduch, D.A., et al. Clinical and Demographic Correlates of Ejaculatory Dysfunctions Other Than Premature Ejaculation: A Prospective, Observational Study. J Sex Med, 2015. 12: 2276.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26511106

804.Perelman, M.A. Regarding ejaculation: delayed and otherwise J Androl, 2003. 24: 496.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12826687/

805.Perelman, M.A., et al., Evaluation and Treatment of Ejaculatory Disorders, Atlas of Male Sexual Dysfunction, T.F. Lue, Editor. 2004, Current Medicine LLC: Philadelphia.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4613-1087-7

806.Perelman, M.A., et al. Retarded ejaculation. World J Urol, 2006. 24: 645.

807.Butcher, M.J., et al., The Textbook of Clinical Sexual Medicine - Treatment of Delayed Ejaculation, W.W. IsHak, Editor. 2017, Springer International Publishing: Cham.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-52539-6_17

808.Mulloy, E., et al. Diagnoses and medications associated with delayed ejaculation. Sex Med, 2023. 11: qfad040.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37547871

809.Rowland, D.L., et al. Self-reported reasons for having difficulty reaching orgasm in men with diverse etiologies. Sex Med, 2023. 11: qfad030.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37408873

810.Carvalheira, A., et al. Individual and Relationship Factors Associated With the Self-Identified Inability to Experience Orgasm in a Community Sample of Heterosexual Men From Three European Countries. J Sex Marital Ther, 2016. 42: 257.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25650656

811.Althof, S.E. Psychological interventions for delayed ejaculation/orgasm. Int J Impot Res, 2012. 24: 131.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22378496

812.Gao, Q., et al. Application of the sexual therapy combined with vacuum negative pressure hydropneumatic/pneumatic bubble massage in primary intravaginal anejaculation. Andrology, 2024. 12: 1822.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38439166

813.Butcher, M.J., et al. How is delayed ejaculation defined and treated in North America? Andrology, 2015. 3: 626.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26013106

814.Nelson, C.J., et al. Assessment of penile vibratory stimulation as a management strategy in men with secondary retarded orgasm. Urology, 2007. 69: 552.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382163

815.Soler, J.M., et al. Midodrine improves orgasm in spinal cord-injured men: the effects of autonomic stimulation. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 2935.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18422493

816.Geboes, K., et al. Primary anejaculation: diagnosis and therapy. Fertil Steril, 1975. 26: 1018.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1081053

817.Ohl, D.A., et al. Anejaculation and retrograde ejaculation. Urol Clin North Am, 2008. 35: 211.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18423241

818.Brindley, G.S. Reflex ejaculation under vibratory stimulation in paraplegic men. Paraplegia, 1981. 19: 299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7279433

819.Schatte, E.C., et al. Treatment of Infertility Due to Anejaculation in the Male with Electroejaculation and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Journal of Urology, 2000. 163: 1717.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10799167

820.Esteves, S.C., et al. An update on sperm retrieval techniques for azoospermic males. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 2013. 68 Suppl 1: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23503959

821.Maurer, C.A., et al. Total mesorectal excision preserves male genital function compared with conventional rectal cancer surgery. Br J Surg, 2001. 88: 1501.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11683749

822.Parnham, A., et al. Retrograde ejaculation, painful ejaculation and hematospermia. Transl Androl Urol, 2016. 5: 592.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27652230

823.Edwards, A. Chronic Disease of the Colliculus Seminalis. Br Med J, 1909. 2: 1672.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20764794

824.Grosse, A.B. Remarks on Impotentia Cocundi and Sexual Neurasthenia and Their Treatment. Cal State J Med, 1911. 9: 25.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18735133

825.Irwin, W.K. PAIN IN GENITO-URINARY AFFECTIONS: Its Variations and their Interpretation. Br Med J, 1922. 2: 457.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20770853

826.Tran, C.N., et al. Sexual dysfunction in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. World J Urol, 2013. 31: 741.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579441

827.Kleinberg, L., et al. Treatment-related symptoms during the first year following transperineal 125I prostate implantation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1994. 28: 985.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8138452

828.Walz, J., et al. Ejaculatory disorders may affect screening for prostate cancer. J Urol, 2007. 178: 232.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17499807

829.Koeman, M., et al. Orgasm after radical prostatectomy. Br J Urol, 1996. 77: 861.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8705222

830.Matsushita, K., et al. The evolution of orgasmic pain (dysorgasmia) following radical prostatectomy. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 1454.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22458302

831.Merrick, G.S., et al. Short-term sexual function after prostate brachytherapy. Int J Cancer, 2001. 96: 313.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11582584

832.Butler, J.D., et al. Painful ejaculation after inguinal hernia repair. J R Soc Med, 1998. 91: 432.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9816362

833.Aizenberg, D., et al. Painful ejaculation associated with antidepressants in four patients. J Clin Psychiatry, 1991. 52: 461.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1744063

834.Kulik, F.A., et al. Case report of painful ejaculation as a side effect of amoxapine. Am J Psychiatry, 1982. 139: 234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7055299

835.Michael, A. Venlafaxine-induced painful ejaculation. Br J Psychiatry, 2000. 177: 282.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11040898

836.Lange, W.R., et al. Can ciguatera be a sexually transmitted disease? J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 1989. 27: 193.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2810444

837.Senthilkumaran, S., et al. Painful ejaculation. Something fishy. Saudi Med J, 2010. 31: 451.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20383428

838.Kaplan, H.S. Post-ejaculatory pain syndrome. J Sex Marital Ther, 1993. 19: 91.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8336348

839.Demyttenaere, K., et al. Painful ejaculation and urinary hesitancy in association with antidepressant therapy: relief with tamsulosin. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2002. 12: 337.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12126873

840.Jordi, P., et al. Management of ejaculation pain with topiramate: a case report. Clin J Pain, 2004. 20: 368.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15322446

841.Cornel, E.B., et al. The effect of biofeedback physical therapy in men with Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Type III. Eur Urol, 2005. 47: 607.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15826751

842.Tuhkanen, K., et al. Sexual function of LUTS patients before and after neodymium laser prostatectomy and transurethral resection of prostate. A prospective, randomized trial. Urol Int, 2004. 73: 137.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15331898

843.Krause, W. Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts for treating ejaculatory symptoms. BJU Int, 2005. 96: 1145.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16225549

844.Giuliano, F., et al. Physiology of ejaculation: emphasis on serotonergic control. Eur Urol, 2005. 48: 408.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15996810

845.Body, A.M., et al. Retrograde ejaculation following anterior lumbar surgery: a systematic review and pooled analysis. J Neurosurg Spine, 2021. 35: 427.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34271542

846.Proctor, K.G., et al. The effect of sympathomimetic drugs on post-lymphadenectomy aspermia. J Urol, 1983. 129: 837.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6842716

847.Gilja, I., et al. Retrograde ejaculation and loss of emission: possibilities of conservative treatment. Eur Urol, 1994. 25: 226.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8200405

848.Hotchkiss, R.S., et al. Artificial insemination with semen recovered from the bladder. Fertil Steril, 1954. 6: 37.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13220644

849.Templeton, A., et al. Successful circumvention of retrograde ejaculation in an infertile diabetic man. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1982. 89: 1064.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7171519

850.Crich, J.P., et al. Infertility in men with retrograde ejaculation: the action of urine on sperm motility, and a simple method for achieving antegrade ejaculation. Fertil Steril, 1978. 30: 572.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/720646

851.Jenkins, L.C., et al. Delayed orgasm and anorgasmia. Fertil Steril, 2015. 104: 1082.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26439762

852.Calabro, R.S., et al. Anorgasmia during pregabalin add-on therapy for partial seizures. Epileptic Disord, 2013. 15: 358.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23906723

853.McMahon, C.G., et al. Standard operating procedures in the disorders of orgasm and ejaculation. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 204.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22970767

854.Wang, M., et al. Efficacy and safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in anejaculation: A randomized controlled trial. Andrology, 2025. 13: 860.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39230245

855.McCormick, S., et al. Reversal of fluoxetine-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine in two patients. J Clin Psychiatry, 1990. 51: 383.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2211550

856.Balon, R. Intermittent amantadine for fluoxetine-induced anorgasmia. J Sex Marital Ther, 1996. 22: 290.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9018655

857.Balogh, S., et al. Treatment of fluoxetine-induced anorgasmia with amantadine. J Clin Psychiatry, 1992. 53: 212.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1607353

858.Price, J., et al. Treatment of clomipramine-induced anorgasmia with yohimbine: a case report. J Clin Psychiatry, 1990. 51: 32.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2295589

859.Jacobsen, F.M. Fluoxetine-induced sexual dysfunction and an open trial of yohimbine. J Clin Psychiatry, 1992. 53: 119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1564046

860.Ashton, A.K., et al. Bupropion as an antidote for serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced sexual dysfunction. J Clin Psychiatry, 1998. 59: 112.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9541153

861.Madhushankha, M., et al. Clinical characteristics, etiology, management and outcome of hematospermia: a systematic review. Am J Clin Exp Urol, 2021. 9: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33816690

862.Kumar, P., et al. Haematospermia - a systematic review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2006. 88: 339.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16834849

863.Pozzi, E., et al. Haemospermia in the Real- Life Setting: A New High-Risk Stratification. Urology, 2023. 171: 146.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36241064

864.Hakam, N., et al. Hematospermia is rarely associated with urologic malignancy: Analysis of United States claims data. Andrology, 2022. 10: 919.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35483126

865.Drury, R.H., et al. Hematospermia Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Sexual Ramifications: A Narrative Review. Sex Med Rev, 2022. 10: 669.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34538619

866.Dittmar, F., et al. Comprehensive evaluation of hematospermia in patients with acute epididymitis compared to patients with isolated hematospermia. Andrology, 2024. 12: 1001.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37401133

867.Caruso, P., et al. Sexual dysfunctions and short-term glucose variability in young men with type 1 diabetes. Hormones (Athens), 2021. 20: 475.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33928529

868.Ahmad, I., et al. Hemospermia. J Urol, 2007. 177: 1613.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17437771

869.Satchi, M., et al. Detection rates of urogenital cancers and benign pathology in men presenting with hematospermia. Curr Urol, 2022. 16: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35633853

870.Efesoy, O., et al. Hematospermia is rarely related to genitourinary cancer: lessons learned from 15 years of experience with 342 cases. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 627. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32704074

871.Akhter, W., et al. Should every patient with hematospermia be investigated? A critical review. Cent European J Urol, 2013. 66: 79.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24578999

872.Expert Panel on Urologic, I., et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria((R)) Hematospermia. J Am Coll Radiol, 2017. 14: S154.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28473071

873.Bhaduri, S., et al. Haematospermia associated with malignant hypertension. Sex Transm Infect, 1999. 75: 200.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10448405

874.Close, C.F., et al. The association between haemospermia and severe hypertension. Postgrad Med J, 1991. 67: 157. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2041846

875.Bamberger, E., et al. Detection of sexually transmitted pathogens in patients with hematospermia. Isr Med Assoc J, 2005. 7: 224.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15849868

876.Munkel witz, R., et al. Current perspectives on hematospermia: a review. J Androl, 1997. 18: 6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9089062

877.Cho, I.R., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in hemospermia. J Urol, 1997. 157: 258.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8976266

878.Lencioni, R., et al. Endorectal coil MR imaging findings in hemospermia. MAGMA, 1999. 8: 91.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10456371

879.Li, Y.F., et al. Imaging diagnosis, transurethral endoscopic observation, and management of 43 cases of persistent and refractory hematospermia. J Androl, 2012. 33: 906.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323622

880.Cui, Z.Q., et al. Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy combined with finasteride for recurrent hematospermia. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue, 2014. 20: 536.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25029861

881.Liu, Z.Y., et al. Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of persistent or recurrent hemospermia: a single-institution experience. Asian J Androl, 2009. 11: 566.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19701221

882.Xing, C., et al. Prospective trial comparing transrectal ultrasonography and transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy for persistent hematospermia. Int J Urol, 2012. 19: 437.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221075

883.Wang, X.S., et al. Real-time transrectal ultrasound-guided seminal vesiculoscopy for the treatment of patients with persistent hematospermia: A single-center, prospective, observational study. Asian J Androl, 2020. 22: 507.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31898586

884.Cui, B., et al. Efficacy and feasibility of day surgery using transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy under caudal block anesthesia for intractable hemospermia. Transl Androl Urol, 2020. 9: 2493.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33457223

885.Lowell, D.M., et al. Melanospermia: a hitherto undescribed entity. J Urol, 1966. 95: 407.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5906009

886.Smith, G.W., et al. Melanospermia: an unusual presentation of malignant melanoma. J Urol, 1973. 110: 314.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4725737

887.Manohar, T., et al. Transrectal ultrasound- and fluoroscopic-assisted transurethral incision of ejaculatory ducts: a problem-solving approach to nonmalignant hematospermia due to ejaculatory duct obstruction. J Endourol, 2008. 22: 1531.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18690817

888.Fuse, H., et al. Transurethral incision for hematospermia caused by ejaculatory duct obstruction. Arch Androl, 2003. 49: 433.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14555325

889.Mittal, P.K., et al. Hematospermia Evaluation at MR Imaging. Radiographics, 2016. 36: 1373.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27517360

890.Suh, Y., et al. Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia. Transl Androl Urol, 2017. 6: 959.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29184797

891.World health Organization, International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. Vol. 1. 2004.
https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases

892.McCabe, M.P., et al. Definitions of Sexual Dysfunctions in Women and Men: A Consensus Statement From the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine 2015. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26953828

893.Meissner, V.H., et al. Factors Associated with Low Sexual Desire in 45-Year-Old Men: Findings from the German Male Sex-Study. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 981.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31196838

894.Levine, S.B. The nature of sexual desire: a clinician's perspective. Arch Sex Behav, 2003. 32: 279.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12807300

895.Rastrelli, G., et al. The hormonal regulation of men's sexual desire, arousal, and penile erection: recommendations from the fifth international consultation on sexual medicine (ICSM 2024). Sex Med Rev, 2025. 13: 433.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40519205

896.Rubio-Aurioles, E., et al. Standard operational procedures for low sexual desire in men. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 94.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22971157

897.Nimbi, F.M., et al. Male Sexual Desire: An Overview of Biological, Psychological, Sexual, Relational, and Cultural Factors Influencing Desire. Sex Med Rev, 2020. 8: 59.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30803921

898.Carvalho, J., et al. Predictors of men's sexual desire: the role of psychological, cognitive-emotional, relational, and medical factors. J Sex Res, 2011. 48: 254.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20191421

899.Carvalho, J., et al. Gender issues and sexual desire: the role of emotional and relationship variables. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 2469.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102479

900.Vowels, L.M., et al. Uncovering the Most Important Factors for Predicting Sexual Desire Using Explainable Machine Learning. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 1198.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34183292

901.Mark, K.P., et al. Maintaining Sexual Desire in Long-Term Relationships: A Systematic Review and Conceptual Model. J Sex Res, 2018. 55: 563.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29521522

902.Deziel, J., et al. Anxiety, Dispositional Mindfulness, and Sexual Desire in Men Consulting in Clinical Sexology: A Mediational Model. J Sex Marital Ther, 2018. 44: 513.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29281564

903.Marieke, D., et al. Sexual Desire Discrepancy: A Position Statement of the European Society for Sexual Medicine. Sex Med, 2020. 8: 121.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32192965

904.Zitzmann, M., et al. Association of specific symptoms and metabolic risks with serum testosterone in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006. 91: 4335.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16926258

905.Meuleman, E.J., et al. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder: an underestimated condition in men. BJU Int, 2005. 95: 291.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15679780

906.Dei, M., et al. Sex steroids and libido. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care, 1997. 2: 253.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9678082

907.Spector, I.P., et al. The sexual desire inventory: development, factor structure, and evidence of reliability. J Sex Marital Ther, 1996. 22: 175.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8880651

908.Kennedy, S.H., et al. Sexual dysfunction before antidepressant therapy in major depression. J Affect Disord, 1999. 56: 201.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10701478

909.Isidori, A.M., et al. Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men: results of a meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2005. 63: 381.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16181230

910.Corona, G., et al. Effect of hyperprolactinemia in male patients consulting for sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2007. 4: 1485.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17655655

911.Nobre, P.J., et al., Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy: Sixth Edition - Low sexual desire in men., ed. Kathryn S. K. Hall. & Y.M. Binik. 2020, New York.
https://www.routledge.com/Principles-and-Practice-of-Sex-Therapy-Sixth-Edition-Sixth-Edition/Binik-Hall/p/book/9781462543397

912.Jannini, E.A., et al. Couplepause: A New Paradigm in Treating Sexual Dysfunction During Menopause and Andropause. Sex Med Rev, 2018. 6: 384.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29371146

913.Wang, A.T., et al. Treatment of hyperprolactinemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev, 2012. 1: 33.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22828169

914.Cuijpers, P., et al. The contribution of active medication to combined treatments of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for adult depression: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2010. 121: 415.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19922522

915.Yachia, D., et al. The incidence of congenital penile curvature. J Urol, 1993. 150: 1478.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8411431

916.Montag, S., et al. Abnormalities of penile curvature: chordee and penile torsion. ScientificWorldJournal, 2011. 11: 1470.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21805016

917.Baskin, L.S., et al. Penile curvature. Urology, 1996. 48: 347.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8804484

918.Menon, V., et al. Do adult men with untreated ventral penile curvature have adverse outcomes? J Pediatr Urol, 2016. 12: 31 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26776946

919.Hayashi, Y., et al. Can spongioplasty prevent fistula formation and correct penile curvature in TIP urethroplasty for hypospadias? Urology, 2013. 81: 1330.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23453651

920.Akbulut, F., et al. Neurovascular bundle dissection for Nesbit procedure in congenital penile curvature patients: medial or lateral? Asian J Androl, 2014. 16: 442.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24625879

921.Alei, G., et al. New surgical technique for ventral penile curvature without circumcision. BJU Int, 2014. 113: 968.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25035866

922.Bhat, A., et al. Correlation of severity of penile torsion with type of hypospadias & ventral penile curvature and their management. Afr J Urol, 2015. 21: 111.
http://www.elsevier.com/journals/african-journal-of-urology/1110-5704

923.Cantoro, U., et al. Plication corporoplasty for congenital penile curvature: our results with long-term follow-up. Int Urol Nephrol, 2014. 46: 1741.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24818593

924.Chung, P.H., et al. Dorsal plication without degloving is safe and effective for correcting ventral penile deformities. Urology, 2014. 84: 1228.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25443939

925.Golomb, D., et al. Long-term Results of Ventral Penile Curvature Repair in Childhood. Urology, 2018. 112: 161.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29051007

926.Perdzynski, W., et al. Three anatomical levels: possibilities to decrease invasiveness of reconstructive surgery for congenital penile curvature. Cent European J Urol, 2017. 70: 280.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29104792

927.Schlomer, B.J. Correction of Residual Ventral Penile Curvature After Division of the Urethral Plate in the First Stage of a 2-Stage Proximal Hypospadias Repair. Curr Urol Rep, 2017. 18: 13.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213855

928.Seo, S., et al. Correction of penile ventral curvature in patients with minor or no hypospadias: a single surgeon's experience of 43 cases. Pediatr Surg Int, 2016. 32: 975.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27488311

929.Shaeer, O., et al. Shaeer's Corporal Rotation III: Shortening-Free Correction of Congenital Penile Curvature-The Noncorporotomy Technique. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26298209

930.Shaeer, O. Shaeer's corporal rotation for length-preserving correction of penile curvature: modifications and 3-year experience. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 2716.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18624969

931.Shaeer, O. Trans-corporal incision of Peyronie's plaques. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 589.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20955315

932.Shaeer, O. Shaeer's Corporal Rotation. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092460

933.Chung, E., et al. Prevalence of penile curvature: a population-based cross-sectional study in metropolitan and rural cities in Australia. BJU Int, 2018. 122 Suppl 5: 42.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30387224

934.Arafa, M., et al. The prevalence of Peyronie's disease in diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res, 2007. 19: 213.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16915304

935.Kumar, B., et al. A clinico-aetiological and ultrasonographic study of Peyronie's disease. Sex Health, 2006. 3: 113.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16800397

936.La Pera, G., et al. Peyronie's disease: prevalence and association with cigarette smoking. A multicenter population-based study in men aged 50-69 years. Eur Urol, 2001. 40: 525.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752860

937.Lindsay, M.B., et al. The incidence of Peyronie's disease in Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 through 1984. J Urol, 1991. 146: 1007.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1895413

938.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Subjective and objective analysis of the prevalence of Peyronie's disease in a population of men presenting for prostate cancer screening. J Urol, 2004. 171: 2350.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126819

939.Rhoden, E.L., et al. Prevalence of Peyronie's disease in men over 50-y-old from Southern Brazil. Int J Impot Res, 2001. 13: 291.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890516

940.Schwarzer, U., et al. The prevalence of Peyronie's disease: results of a large survey. BJU Int, 2001. 88: 727.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11890244

941.Sommer, F., et al. Epidemiology of Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2002. 14: 379.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12454689

942.Kadioglu, A., et al. A Population-Based Study of Peyronie's Disease in Turkey: Prevalence and Related Comorbidities. Sex Med, 2020. 8: 679.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33243422

943.Segundo, A., et al. Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Erectile Dysfunction Associated With Peyronie's Disease Among Men Seeking Urological Care. Sex Med, 2020. 8: 230.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32007472

944.Moghalu, O.I., et al. Regional variation in the incidence and prevalence of Peyronie's disease in the United States-results from an encounters and claims database. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 64.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33024286

945.Stuntz, M., et al. The Prevalence of Peyronie's Disease in the United States: A Population-Based Study. PLoS One, 2016. 11: e0150157.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26907743

946.Tefekli, A., et al. Peyronie's disease in men under age 40: characteristics and outcome. Int J Impot Res, 2001. 13: 18.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313836

947.Levine, L.A., et al. Peyronie disease in younger men: characteristics and treatment results. J Androl, 2003. 24: 27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12514077

948.Hellstrom, W.J., et al. Bother and distress associated with Peyronie's disease: validation of the Peyronie's disease questionnaire. J Urol, 2013. 190: 627.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376705

949.Russo, G.I., et al. Clinical Efficacy of Injection and Mechanical Therapy for Peyronie's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Eur Urol, 2018. 74: 767.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30237020

950.Masterson, T.A., et al. Characteristics predictive of response to collagenase clostridium histolyticum for Peyronie's disease: a review of the literature. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 279.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31250098

951.Chung, E., et al. Evidence-Based Management Guidelines on Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 905.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27215686

952.Mulhall, J.P., et al. An analysis of the natural history of Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 2006. 175: 2115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16697815

953.Bekos, A., et al. The natural history of Peyronie's disease: an ultrasonography-based study. Eur Urol, 2008. 53: 644.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17673362

954.Greenfield, J.M., et al. Factors affecting the loss of length associated with tunica albuginea plication for correction of penile curvature. J Urol, 2006. 175: 238.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16406919

955.Liguori, G., et al. Objective measurements of the penile angulation are significantly different than self-estimated magnitude among patients with penile curvature. Int Braz J Urol, 2018. 44: 555.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29570261

956.Habous, M., et al. Outcomes of variation in technique and variation in accuracy of measurement in penile length measurement. Int J Impot Res, 2018. 30: 21.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29180797

957.Levine, L.A., et al. Establishing a standardized evaluation of the man with Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2003. 15 Suppl 5: S103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551586

958.Ozmez, A., et al. The Effectiveness of 3-D Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Penile Deformities in Patients With Peyronie's Disease: A Pilot Study. Sex Med, 2019. 7: 311.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31324507

959.Hauck, E.W., et al. Diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging in Peyronie's disease--a comparison both with palpation and ultrasound in the evaluation of plaque formation. Eur Urol, 2003. 43: 293.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12600434

960.Nguyen, H.M.T., et al. Safety and Efficacy of Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum in the Treatment of Acute-Phase Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med, 2017. 14: 1220.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28874331

961.Gholami, S.S., et al. Peyronie's disease: a review. J Urol, 2003. 169: 1234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12629334

962.Kadioglu, A., et al. Color Doppler ultrasound assessment of penile vascular system in men with Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2000. 12: 263.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11424963

963.Serefoglu, E.C., et al. Factors Associated With Erectile Dysfunction and the Peyronie's Disease Questionnaire in Patients With Peyronie Disease. Urology, 2017. 107: 155.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28554517

964.McCauley, J.F., et al. Diagnostic utility of penile ultrasound in Peyronie's disease. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 263.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31606787

965.Porst, H., et al. Standards for clinical trials in male sexual dysfunctions. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 414.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092447

966.Muller, A., et al. Peyronie's disease intervention trials: methodological challenges and issues. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 848.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138374

967.Lee, H.Y., et al. Medical Treatment for Peyronie's Disease: Systematic Review and Network Bayesian Meta-Analysis. World J Mens Health, 2024. 42: 133.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37382281

968.Ferrini, M.G., et al. Effects of long-term vardenafil treatment on the development of fibrotic plaques in a rat model of Peyronie's disease. BJU Int, 2006. 97: 625.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469038

969.Valente, E.G., et al. L-arginine and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors counteract fibrosis in the Peyronie's fibrotic plaque and related fibroblast cultures. Nitric Oxide, 2003. 9: 229.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14996430

970.Ilg, M.M., et al. Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Can Prevent But Not Reverse Myofibroblast Transformation in Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 1848.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32771352

971.Chung, E., et al. The role of PDE5 inhibitors in penile septal scar remodeling: assessment of clinical and radiological outcomes. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 1472.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21324095

972.Ozturk, U., et al. Effects of sildenafil treatment on patients with Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction. Ir J Med Sci, 2014. 183: 449.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24190613

973.Durukan, E., et al. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors do not prevent curvature progression but shorten pain duration in the active phase of Peyronie's Disease: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Impot Res, 2024. 36: 151.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38228873

974.Spirito, L., et al. Daily low-dose tadalafil may reduce the penile curvature progression rate in patients with acute Peyronie's disease: a retrospective comparative analysis. Int J Impot Res, 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36513814

975.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Peyronie's disease cell culture models: phenotypic, genotypic and functional analyses. Int J Impot Res, 2002. 14: 397.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12454692

976.Roth, M., et al. Ca2+ channel blockers modulate metabolism of collagens within the extracellular matrix. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 1996. 93: 5478.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8643600

977.Favilla, V., et al. Evaluation of intralesional injection of hyaluronic acid compared with verapamil in Peyronie's disease: preliminary results from a prospective, double-blinded, randomized study. Andrology, 2017. 5: 771.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28718527

978.Abern, M.R., et al. Combination of penile traction, intralesional verapamil, and oral therapies for Peyronie's disease. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 288.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22024053

979.Rehman, J., et al. Use of intralesional verapamil to dissolve Peyronie's disease plaque: a long-term single-blind study. Urology, 1998. 51: 620.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586617

980.Soh, J., et al. Nicardipine vs. saline injection as treatment for Peyronie's disease: a prospective, randomized, single-blind trial. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 3743.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20584114

981.Toscano, L., Jr., et al. A prospective, randomized, single - blind study comparing intraplaque injction of thiocolchicine and verapamil in Peyronie's Disease: a pilot study. Int Braz J Urol, 2016. 42: 1005.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24893912

982.Shirazi, M., et al. Effect of intralesional verapamil for treatment of Peyronie's disease: a randomized single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Int Urol Nephrol, 2009. 41: 467.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19199072

983.Gelbard, M.K., et al. The use of collagenase in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 1985. 134: 280.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2991611

984.Ehrlich, H.P. Scar contracture: cellular and connective tissue aspects in Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 1997. 157: 316.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8976288

985.Gelbard, M.K., et al. Collagenase versus placebo in the treatment of Peyronie's disease: a double-blind study. J Urol, 1993. 149: 56.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8417217

986.Jordan, G.H. The use of intralesional clostridial collagenase injection therapy for Peyronie's disease: a prospective, single-center, non-placebo-controlled study. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 180.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18173766

987.European Medicines Agency, Assessement Report - Xiapex (Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum). 2014.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/variation-report/xiapex-h-c-2048-ii-0044-epar-assessment-report-variation_en.pdf

988.Russo, G.I., et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Intralesional Therapy for Peyronie's Disease in Controlled Clinical Studies: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 289.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30692028

989.Schirmann, A., et al. Tolerance and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injections in Peyronie's disease: Pilot study. Prog Urol, 2022. 32: 856.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35778315

990.Lipshultz, L.I., et al. Clinical efficacy of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum in the treatment of Peyronie's disease by subgroup: results from two large, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III studies. BJU Int, 2015. 116: 650.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25711400

991.Gelbard, M., et al. Clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability of collagenase clostridium histolyticum for the treatment of peyronie disease in 2 large double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled phase 3 studies. J Urol, 2013. 190: 199.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376148

992.Abdel Raheem, A., et al. Safety and effectiveness of collagenase clostridium histolyticum in the treatment of Peyronie's disease using a new modified shortened protocol. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 717.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28612401

993.Twidwell, J., et al. Topical treatment for acute phase Peyronie's disease utilizing a new gel, H-100: a randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled pilot study. Int J Impot Res, 2016. 28: 41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26700214

994.Cocci, A., et al. Predictors of treatment success after collagenase Clostridium histolyticum injection for Peyronie's disease: development of a nomogram from a multicentre single-arm, non-placebo controlled clinical study. BJU Int, 2018. 122: 680.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29791971

995.Alom, M., et al. Safety and Efficacy of Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum in Peyronie's Disease Men With Ventral Curvatures. Urology, 2019. 129: 119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30910455

996.Carson, C.C., 3rd, et al. Analysis of the clinical safety of intralesional injection of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (CCH) for adults with Peyronie's disease (PD). BJU Int, 2015. 116: 815.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25818264

997.Amighi, A., et al. A modified technique for intralesional injection of collagenase Clostridium histolyticum for Peyronie's disease results in reduced procedural morbidity using a standardized hematoma classification rubric. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 293.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31152197

998.El-Khatib, F.M., et al. Management of Peyronie's disease with collagenase Clostridium histolyticum in the acute phase. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31093703

999.Cocci, A., et al. Efficacy of Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (Xiapex((R))) in Patients with the Acute Phase of Peyronie's Disease. Clin Drug Investig, 2020. 40: 583.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32342279

1000.Nguyen, H.M.T., et al. Safety and Efficacy of Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum in the Treatment of Acute Phase Peyronie's Disease: A Multi-institutional Analysis. Urology, 2020. 145: 147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32777367

1001.Ziegelmann, M.J., et al. Restoration of Penile Function and Patient Satisfaction with Intralesional Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum Injection for Peyronie's Disease. J Urol, 2016. 195: 1051.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26476353

1002.Yang, K.K., et al. Peyronie's Disease and Injectable Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum: Safety, Efficacy, and Improvements in Subjective Symptoms. Urology, 2016. 94: 143.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27211926

1003.Cocci, A., et al. Efficacy of Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum (Xiapex(®)) in Patients with the Acute Phase of Peyronie's Disease. Clin Drug Investig, 2020. 40: 583.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32342279

1004.Green, B., et al. Comparison of Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum to Surgery for the Management of Peyronie's Disease: A Randomized Trial. J Urol, 2023. 210: 791.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37811752

1005.Bajic, P., et al. Characteristics of Men With Peyronie's Disease and Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum Treatment Failure: Predictors of Surgical Intervention and Outcomes. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 1005.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32127330

1006.Hellstrom, W.J., et al. Single-blind, multicenter, placebo controlled, parallel study to assess the safety and efficacy of intralesional interferon alpha-2B for minimally invasive treatment for Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 2006. 176: 394.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16753449

1007.Kendirci, M., et al. The impact of intralesional interferon alpha-2b injection therapy on penile hemodynamics in men with Peyronie's disease. J Sex Med, 2005. 2: 709.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422829

1008.Gennaro, R., et al. Intralesional hyaluronic acid: an innovative treatment for Peyronie's diseas. Int Urol Nephrol, 2015. 47: 1595.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26257044

1009.Cocci, A., et al. Comparison of Intralesional Hyaluronic Acid vs. Verapamil for the Treatment of Acute Phase Peyronie's Disease: A Prospective, Open-Label Non-Randomized Clinical Study. World J Mens Health, 2021. 39: 352.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32009312

1010.Abdel Fattah, A.A.E., et al. Intralesional injection of hyaluronic acid compared with verapamil in acute phase of Peyronie's disease: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Arab J Urol, 2024. 22: 206.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39355797

1011.Cai, T., et al. Oral Administration and Intralesional Injection of Hyaluronic Acid Versus Intralesional Injection Alone in Peyronie's Disease: Results from a Phase III Study. World J Mens Health, 2021. 39: 526.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33151042

1012.Cilio, S., et al. Intraplaque injections of hyaluronic acid for the treatment of stable-phase Peyronie's disease: a retrospective single-center experience. Asian J Androl, 2024. 26: 268.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38305689

1013.Virag, R., et al. A New Treatment of Lapeyronie’s Disease by Local Injections of Plasma Rich Platelets (PRP) and Hyaluronic Acid. Preliminary Results. e-Mem Acad Natl Chir, 2014. 13: 96.
https://e-memoire.academie-chirurgie.fr/en/ememoire/4458-a-new-treatment-of-lapeyronies-disease-by-local-injections-of-plasma-rich-platelets-prp-and-hyaluronic-acid-prelimi...

1014.Virag R, et al. Evaluation of the benefit of using a combination of autologous platelet rich- plasma and hyaluronic acid for the treatment of Peyronie’s disease. Sex Health Issues, 2017. 1: 1.
https://www.oatext.com/evaluation-of-the-benefit-of-using-a-combination-of-autologous-platelet-rich-plasma-and-hyaluronic-acid-for-the-treatment-of-Peyronies-disease.php

1015.Marcovici, I. PRP and Correction of Penile Curvature (Peyronie’s Disease). Am J Cosmet Surg, 2018. 36: 117.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0748806818798280

1016.Notsek, M., et al. PO-01-083 Platelet-rich Plasma Therapy of Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: S70.
https://academic.oup.com/jsm/article-abstract/16/Supplement_2/S70/7020341?redirectedFrom=fulltext

1017.Achraf, C., et al. Platelet-rich plasma in patients affected with Peyronie's disease. Arab J Urol, 2023. 21: 69.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37234679

1018.Dachille, G., et al. Platelet-rich plasma intra-plaque injections rapidly reduce penile curvature and improve sexual function in Peyronie's disease patients: results from a prospective large-cohort study. World J Urol, 2025. 43: 306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40372467

1019.Alshuaibi, M., et al. New protocol in the treatment of Peyronie's disease by combining platelet-rich plasma, percutaneous needle tunneling, and penile modeling: Preliminary results. Fr J Urol, 2024. 34: 102526.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37777436

1020.Ledesma, B.R., et al. A phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial to evaluate safety and efficacy of platelet-rich plasma injections for Peyronie's disease: clinical trial update. Int J Impot Res, 2024. 36: 813.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38424354

1021.Palmieri, A., et al. A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 363.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19473751

1022.Chitale, S., et al. Limited shock wave therapy vs sham treatment in men with Peyronie's disease: results of a prospective randomized controlled double-blind trial. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 1352.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438568

1023.Palmieri, A., et al. Tadalafil once daily and extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the management of patients with Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction: results from a prospective randomized trial. Int J Androl, 2012. 35: 190.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22085227

1024.Hatzichristodoulou, G., et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in Peyronie's disease: results of a placebo-controlled, prospective, randomized, single-blind study. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 2815.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23898925

1025.Gao, L., et al. A meta-analysis of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2016. 28: 161.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27250868

1026.Bakr, A.M., et al. Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in Peyronie's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med, 2021. 18: 1705.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34511369

1027.Mortensen, J., et al. A Randomized, Single-Blinded Clinical Trial Evaluating the Effect of Extracorporeal Shockwave Treatment (ESWT) as Add-On Therapy to Vacuum Erectile Device on Peyronie's Disease. Res Rep Urol, 2021. 13: 715.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34557454

1028.Husain, J., et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in the management of Peyronie's disease: initial experience. BJU Int, 2000. 86: 466.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10971273

1029.Gelbard, M. Myofibroblasts and mechanotransduction: do forces in the tunica albuginea contribute to Peyronie's disease? J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 2974.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19090949

1030.Chung, E., et al. Peyronie's disease and mechanotransduction: an in vitro analysis of the cellular changes to Peyronie's disease in a cell-culture strain system. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 1259.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421851

1031.Gontero, P., et al. Use of penile extender device in the treatment of penile curvature as a result of Peyronie's disease. Results of a phase II prospective study. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 558.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19138361

1032.Levine, L.A., et al. Penile traction therapy for treatment of Peyronie's disease: a single-center pilot study. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 1468.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18373527

1033.Martinez-Salamanca, J.I., et al. Acute phase Peyronie's disease management with traction device: a nonrandomized prospective controlled trial with ultrasound correlation. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24261900

1034.Wymer, K., et al. Comparative Cost-effectiveness of Surgery, Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum, and Penile Traction Therapy in Men with Peyronie's Disease in an Era of Effective Clinical Treatment. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1421.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31351851

1035.Ziegelmann, M., et al. Outcomes of a Novel Penile Traction Device in Men with Peyronie's Disease: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Controlled Trial. J Urol, 2019. 202: 599.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30916626

1036.Almsaoud, N.A., et al. The effect of penile traction device in men with Peyronie’s disease on penile curvature, penile length, and erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Translational Andrology and Urology, 2023. 12: 1673.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38106680

1037.Moncada, I., et al. Penile traction therapy with the new device 'Penimaster PRO' is effective and safe in the stable phase of Peyronie's disease: a controlled multicentre study. BJU Int, 2019. 123: 694.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30365247

1038.Garcia-Gomez, B., et al. The Use of Penile Traction Devices for Peyronie's Disease: Position Statements from the European Society for Sexual Medicine. Sex Med, 2021. 9: 100387.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34273788

1039.Broderick, G.A., et al. The hemodynamics of vacuum constriction erections: assessment by color Doppler ultrasound. J Urol, 1992. 147: 57.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1729552

1040.Paulis, G., et al. Long-term multimodal therapy (verapamil associated with propolis, blueberry, vitamin E and local diclofenac) on patients with Peyronie's disease (chronic inflammation of the tunica albuginea). Results of a controlled study. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets, 2013. 12: 403.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24304332

1041.Raheem, A.A., et al. The role of vacuum pump therapy to mechanically straighten the penis in Peyronie's disease. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 1178.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20438558

1042.MacDonald, L.P., et al. Outcome analysis of patients with Peyronie's disease who elect for vacuum erection device therapy. Can Urol Assoc J, 2020. 14: E428.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32223874

1043.Avant, R.A., et al. Penile Traction Therapy and Vacuum Erection Devices in Peyronie's Disease. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 338.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29631979

1044.Yafi, F.A., et al. The Effect of Duration of Penile Traction Therapy in Patients Undergoing Intralesional Injection Therapy for Peyronie's Disease. J Urol, 2015. 194: 754.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25804087

1045.Ziegelmann, M.J., et al. Clinical Experience With Penile Traction Therapy Among Men Undergoing Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum for Peyronie Disease. Urology, 2017. 104: 102.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28347795

1046.Gallo, L., et al. Ten-year experience with multimodal treatment for acute phase Peyronie's disease: A real life clinical report. Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed), 2019. 43: 182.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30704797

1047.Alom, M., et al. Efficacy of Combined Collagenase Clostridium histolyticum and RestoreX Penile Traction Therapy in Men with Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 891.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30956106

1048.Haney, N.M., et al. The Effect of Adjunct Mechanical Traction on Penile Length in Men Undergoing Primary Treatment for Peyronie's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Urology, 2018. 122: 110.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30099127

1049.Pyrgidis, N., et al. Assessment of Conservative Combination Therapies for Active and Stable Peyronie's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1520.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34924336

1050.Cocci, A., et al. Sildenafil 25 mg ODT + Collagenase Clostridium hystoliticum vs Collagenase Clostridium hystoliticum Alone for the Management of Peyronie's Disease: A Matched-Pair Comparison Analysis. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1472.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30245025

1051.Ralph, D., et al. The management of Peyronie's disease: evidence-based 2010 guidelines. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 2359.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20497306

1052.Matsushita, K., et al. Concordance between patient and physician assessment of the magnitude of Peyronie's disease curvature. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 205.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24119178

1053.Smith, J.F., et al. Peyronie's disease: a critical appraisal of current diagnosis and treatment. Int J Impot Res, 2008. 20: 445.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18650828

1054.Kadioglu, A., et al. Current status of the surgical management of Peyronie's disease. Nat Rev Urol, 2011. 8: 95.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21304544

1055.Kadıoğlu, A., et al. Surgical management of complex curvature in Peyronie's disease. World J Urol, 2024. 42: 276.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38689034

1056.Choi, E.J., et al. Intralesional Injection Therapy and Atypical Peyronie's Disease: A Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev, 2021. 9: 434.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32660728

1057.Carson, C.C., et al. Outcomes of surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease. BJU Int, 2014. 113: 704.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24219080

1058.Taylor, F.L., et al. Surgical correction of Peyronie's disease via tunica albuginea plication or partial plaque excision with pericardial graft: long-term follow up. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 2221.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18637996

1059.Langston, J.P., et al. Peyronie disease: plication or grafting. Urol Clin North Am, 2011. 38: 207.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621087

1060.Mulhall, J., et al. A surgical algorithm for men with combined Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction: functional and satisfaction outcomes. J Sex Med, 2005. 2: 132.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422916

1061.Garaffa, G., et al. Circumcision is not mandatory in penile surgery. BJU Int, 2010. 105: 222.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19594732

1062.Adibi, M., et al. Penile plication without degloving enables effective correction of complex Peyronie's deformities. Urology, 2012. 79: 831.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22365444

1063.Clavell-Hernandez, J., et al. Penile Size Restoration With Nondegloving Approach for Peyronie's Disease: Initial Experience. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30177471

1064.Kendirci, M., et al. Critical analysis of surgery for Peyronie's disease. Curr Opin Urol, 2004. 14: 381.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15626883

1065.Nesbit, R.M. Congenital Curvature of the Phallus: Report of Three Cases with Description of Corrective Operation. J Urol, 1965. 93: 230.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14260875

1066.Pryor, J.P., et al. A new approach to the correction of the penile deformity in Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 1979. 122: 622.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/501814

1067.Lemberger, R.J., et al. Nesbit's operation for Peyronie's disease. Br J Urol, 1984. 56: 721.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6534497

1068.Sassine, A.M., et al. Modified corporoplasty for penile curvature: 10 years' experience. Urology, 1994. 44: 419.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8073558

1069.Daitch, J.A., et al. Modified corporoplasty for penile curvature: long-term results and patient satisfaction. J Urol, 1999. 162: 2006.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10569557

1070.Licht, M.R., et al. Modified Nesbit procedure for the treatment of Peyronie's disease: a comparative outcome analysis. J Urol, 1997. 158: 460.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9224323

1071.Yachia, D. Modified corporoplasty for the treatment of penile curvature. J Urol, 1990. 143: 80.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294269

1072.Lopes, I., et al. Penile corporoplasty with Yachia's technique for Peyronie's disease: Single center experience with 117 patients. Urol Ann, 2013. 5: 167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24049379

1073.Nooter, R.I., et al. Peyronie's disease and congenital penile curvature: long-term results of operative treatment with the plication procedure. Br J Urol, 1994. 74: 497.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7820430

1074.Klevmark, B., et al. Congenital and acquired curvature of the penis treated surgically by plication of the tunica albuginea. Br J Urol, 1994. 74: 501.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7820431

1075.Kummerling, S., et al. Peyronie's disease. Investigation of staging, erectile failure and operative management. Int Urol Nephrol, 1995. 27: 629.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8775049

1076.Thiounn, N., et al. Corporeal plication for surgical correction of penile curvature. Experience with 60 patients. Eur Urol, 1998. 33: 401.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9612685

1077.Schultheiss, D., et al. Congenital and acquired penile deviation treated with the essed plication method. Eur Urol, 2000. 38: 167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10895008

1078.Chahal, R., et al. Corporal plication for penile curvature caused by Peyronie's disease: the patients' perspective. BJU Int, 2001. 87: 352.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251529

1079.Cormio, L., et al. Tunica albuginea plication for the correction of penile curvature. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 2002. 36: 307.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12201925

1080.van der Drift, D.G., et al. The plication procedure for penile curvature: surgical outcome and postoperative sexual functioning. Urol Int, 2002. 69: 120.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12187042

1081.Van Der Horst, C., et al. Treatment of penile curvature with Essed-Schroder tunical plication: aspects of quality of life from the patients' perspective. BJU Int, 2004. 93: 105.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678379

1082.Geertsen, U.A., et al. Peyronie curvature treated by plication of the penile fasciae. Br J Urol, 1996. 77: 733.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8689121

1083.Kim, D.H., et al. Subjective patient-reported experiences after surgery for Peyronie's disease: corporeal plication versus plaque incision with vein graft. Urology, 2008. 71: 698.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387398

1084.Cantoro, U., et al. Penile plication for Peyronie's disease: our results with mean follow-up of 103 months on 89 patients. Int J Impot Res, 2014. 26: 156.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24572996

1085.Iacono, F., et al. Tunical plication in the management of penile curvature due La Peyronie's disease. Our experience on 47 cases. BMC Surg, 2012. 12 Suppl 1: S25.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23173735

1086.Kadirov, R., et al. Penile Plication With or Without Degloving of the Penis Results in Similar Outcomes. Sex Med, 2017. 5: e142.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28711404

1087.Hudak, S.J., et al. Favorable patient reported outcomes after penile plication for wide array of peyronie disease abnormalities. J Urol, 2013. 189: 1019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23017514

1088.Reddy, R.S., et al. Plication for Severe Peyronie's Deformities Has Similar Long-Term Outcomes to Milder Cases. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1498.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30228083

1089.Seveso, M., et al. Surgical correction of Peyronie's disease via tunica albuginea plication: long-term follow-up. Andrology, 2018. 6: 47.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29195031

1090.Cayan, S., et al. Comparison of Patient's Satisfaction and Long-term Results of 2 Penile Plication Techniques: Lessons Learned From 387 Patients With Penile Curvature. Urology, 2019. 129: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30954611

1091.Gholami, S.S., et al. Correction of penile curvature using the 16-dot plication technique: a review of 132 patients. J Urol, 2002. 167: 2066.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11956440

1092.Salem, E.A. Modified 16-Dot plication technique for correction of penile curvature: prevention of knot-related complications. Int J Impot Res, 2018. 30: 117.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29736012

1093.Ismail, H.R., et al. Non-tensile tunica albuginea plication for the correction of penile curvature. Afr J Urol, 2009. 15:88.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12301-009-0019-2#citeas

1094.Ceballos, B., et al. Extratunical grafting for minimally invasive management of complex Peyronie's disease deformities. J Sex Med, 2024. 21: 579.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38825575

1095.Roadman, D., et al. Experience With Extra-Tunical Grafting and Tunica Albuginea Plication for Correction of Indentation Deformity in Men With Peyronie's Disease. Urology, 2024. 186: 17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38395079

1096.Diao, L., et al. Penile Extra-Tunical Graft Reconstruction of Peyronie's Disease Concavity Deformities. Urology, 2021. 158: 237.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34474042

1097.Reed-Maldonado, A.B., et al. The extra-tunical grafting procedure for Peyronie's disease hourglass and indent deformities. Transl Androl Urol, 2018. 7: S1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29644164

1098.Rehman, J., et al. Results of surgical treatment for abnormal penile curvature: Peyronie's disease and congenital deviation by modified Nesbit plication (tunical shaving and plication). J Urol, 1997. 157: 1288.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9120923

1099.Kuehhas, F.E., et al. Superficial tunica albuginea excision, using geometric principles, for the correction of congenital penile curvature. BJU Int, 2012. 110: E949.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22788740

1100.Vicini, P., et al. Geometrical modified nesbit corporoplasty to correct different types of penile curvature: description of the surgical procedure based on geometrical principles and long-term results. Int J Impot Res, 2016. 28: 209.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27511302

1101.Schwarzer, J.U., et al. Tunica albuginea underlap--a new modification of the Nesbit procedure: description of the technique and preliminary results. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 2970.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22925461

1102.Falcone, M., et al. Long-Term Surgical, Functional, and Patient Reported Outcomes of a Modified Corporoplasty: A Tertiary Referral Center Experience. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 1779.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32669248

1103.Abdelsayed, G.A., et al. The Surgical Treatment of Peyronie's Disease in the Older Man: Patient Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes in Men 65 and Older. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1820.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31501060

1104.Navratil, P., et al. Clinical outcomes of the tunica albuginea plication for patients with Peyronie's disease: a bicentric retrospective analysis. Basic Clin Androl, 2025. 35: 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40340746

1105.Zaid, U.B., et al. Surgical management of Peyronie's disease. Curr Urol Rep, 2014. 15: 446.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25118854

1106.Dalkin, B.L., et al. Venogenic impotence following dermal graft repair for Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 1991. 146: 849.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1843616

1107.Flores, S., et al. Erectile dysfunction after plaque incision and grafting: short-term assessment of incidence and predictors. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 2031.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21595832

1108.Garcia-Gomez, B., et al. Grafts for Peyronie's disease: a comprehensive review. Andrology, 2018. 6: 117.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29266877

1109.Egydio, P.H., et al. A single relaxing incision to correct different types of penile curvature: surgical technique based on geometrical principles. BJU Int, 2004. 94: 1147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15541152

1110.Gelbard, M.K., et al. The natural history of Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 1990. 144: 1376.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2231932

1111.Devine, C.J., Jr., et al. Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease with a dermal graff. J Urol, 1974. 111: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4273261

1112.De Rose, A.F., et al. Dermal graft surgery for Peyronie's disease: Long term results at a 15 years follow-up. Arch Esp Urol, 2019. 72: 415.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31070138

1113.Hicks, C.C., et al. Experience with the Horton-Devine dermal graft in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 1978. 119: 504.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/349174

1114.Wild, R.M., et al. Dermal graft repair of Peyronie's disease: survey of 50 patients. J Urol, 1979. 121: 47.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/366185

1115.Alferez-Villalobos, C., et al. Surgery of Peyronie's disease using a skin graft. Actas Urol Esp, 1981. 5: 105.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7023198

1116.Austoni, E., et al. [Radical surgery and conservation of erection in Peyronie's disease]. Arch Ital Urol Androl, 1995. 67: 359.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8589753

1117.Kondas, J., et al. Plaque excision and dermal graft in the surgical treatment of plastic induration of the penis (Peyronie's disease). Int Urol Nephrol, 1998. 30: 321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9696341

1118.Chun, J.L., et al. A comparison of dermal and cadaveric pericardial grafts in the modified Horton-Devine procedure for Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 2001. 166: 185.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11435853

1119.Irani, D., et al. Results of dermal patch graft in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Urol J, 2004. 1: 103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874395

1120.Nikoobakht, M.R., et al. Management of Peyronie's disease by dermal grafting. Urol J, 2004. 1: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17874394

1121.Kovac, J.R., et al. Surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction after dermal, pericardial, and small intestinal submucosal grafting for Peyronie's disease. J Sex Med, 2007. 4: 1500.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17433088

1122.Goyal, N.K., et al. Experience with plaque excision and dermal grafting in the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease. Singapore Med J, 2008. 49: 805.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946615

1123.Kim, E.D., et al. Long-term followup of treatment of Peyronie's disease with plaque incision, carbon dioxide laser plaque ablation and placement of a deep dorsal vein patch graft. J Urol, 1995. 153: 1843.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7752331

1124.El-Sakka, A.I., et al. Venous patch graft for Peyronie's disease. Part II: outcome analysis. J Urol, 1998. 160: 2050.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9817321

1125.Chalouhy, E., et al. Vein grafting of tunical incisions in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. J Med Liban, 1998. 46: 251.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10349258

1126.Arena, F., et al. Peyronie's disease--incision and dorsal vein grafting combined with contralateral plication in straightening the penis. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1999. 33: 181.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10452294

1127.De Stefani, S., et al. Saphenous vein harvesting by 'stripping' technique and 'W'-shaped patch covering after plaque incision in treatment of Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2000. 12: 299.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11416831

1128.Akkus, E., et al. Incision and venous patch graft in the surgical treatment of penile curvature in Peyronie's disease. Eur Urol, 2001. 40: 531.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752861

1129.Yurkanin, J.P., et al. Effect of incision and saphenous vein grafting for Peyronie's disease on penile length and sexual satisfaction. J Urol, 2001. 166: 1769.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11586221

1130.Adeniyi, A.A., et al. The Lue procedure: an analysis of the outcome in Peyronie's disease. BJU Int, 2002. 89: 404.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872033

1131.Metin, A., et al. Plaque incision and venous patch grafting for Peyronie's disease. Int Urol Nephrol, 2002. 34: 223.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775100

1132.Porena, M., et al. Peyronie's disease: corporoplasty using saphenous vein patch graft. Urol Int, 2002. 68: 91.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834897

1133.Montorsi, F., et al. 1256: Five Year Followup of Plaque Incision and Vein Grafting for Peyronie's Disease. Journal of Urology, 2004. 171: 331.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022534718384817

1134.Kalsi, J., et al. The results of plaque incision and venous grafting (Lue procedure) to correct the penile deformity of Peyronie's disease. BJU Int, 2005. 95: 1029.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15839925

1135.Hsu, G.L., et al. Long-term results of autologous venous grafts for penile morphological reconstruction. J Androl, 2007. 28: 186.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16988328

1136.Kadioglu, A., et al. Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease: a single center experience with 145 patients. Eur Urol, 2008. 53: 432.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17467161

1137.Wimpissinger, F., et al. 10 Years' Plaque Incision and Vein Grafting for Peyronie's Disease: Does Time Matter? J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 120.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26755094

1138.Kayigil, O., et al. The comparison of an acellular matrix graft with an autologous venous graft in the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease. Andrologia, 2019. 51: e13168.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30298592

1139.Teloken, C., et al. Penile straightening with crural graft of the corpus cavernosum. J Urol, 2000. 164: 107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10840434

1140.Da Ros, C.T., et al. Long-term follow-up of penile curvature correction utilizing autologous albugineal crural graft. Int Braz J Urol, 2012. 38: 242.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22555030

1141.Schwarzer, J.U., et al. Penile corporoplasty using tunica albuginea free graft from proximal corpus cavernosum: a new technique for treatment of penile curvature in Peyronie's disease. Eur Urol, 2003. 44: 720.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14644126

1142.Das, S. Peyronie's disease: excision and autografting with tunica vaginalis. J Urol, 1980. 124: 818.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7441830

1143.O'Donnell, P.D. Results of surgical management of Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 1992. 148: 1184.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1404633

1144.Helal, M.A., et al. Tunica vaginalis flap for the management of disabling Peyronie's disease: surgical technique, results, and complications. Urology, 1995. 46: 390.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7660515

1145.Yuanyuan, M., et al. Testicular tunica vaginalis patch grafting for the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Cell Biochem Biophys, 2015. 71: 1117.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25486902

1146.Liu, B., et al. Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease with autologous tunica vaginalis of testis. BMC Urol, 2016. 16: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26762220

1147.Shioshvili, T.J., et al. The surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease: replacement of plaque by free autograft of buccal mucosa. Eur Urol, 2005. 48: 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967262

1148.Liu, B., et al. Replacement of plaque by buccal mucosa in the treatment of Peyronies disease: a report of 27 cases. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue, 2009. 15: 45.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19288749

1149.Cormio, L., et al. Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease by plaque incision and grafting with buccal mucosa. Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 1469.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19084325

1150.Salem, E.A., et al. Lingual mucosal graft in treatment of Peyronie disease. Urology, 2014. 84: 1374.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25283703

1151.Zucchi, A., et al. Corporoplasty using buccal mucosa graft in Peyronie disease: is it a first choice? Urology, 2015. 85: 679.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25582815

1152.Molina-Escudero, R., et al. Cavernoplasty with oral mucosa graft for the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease. Actas Urol Esp, 2016. 40: 328.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26874924

1153.Fabiani, A., et al. Buccal mucosa is a promising graft in Peyronie's disease surgery. Our experience and a brief literature review on autologous grafting materials. Arch Ital Urol Androl, 2016. 88: 115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27377087

1154.Collins, J.P. Experience with lyophilized human dura for treatment of Peyronie disease. Urology, 1988. 31: 379.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3363774

1155.Sampaio, J.S., et al. Peyronie's disease: surgical correction of 40 patients with relaxing incision and duramater graft. Eur Urol, 2002. 41: 551.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074798

1156.Leungwattanakij, S., et al. Long-term follow-up on use of pericardial graft in the surgical management of Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2001. 13: 183.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11525318

1157.Levine, L.A., et al. Human cadaveric pericardial graft for the surgical correction of Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 2003. 170: 2359.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14634416

1158.Kalsi, J.S., et al. Plaque incision and fascia lata grafting in the surgical management of Peyronie's disease. BJU Int, 2006. 98: 110.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16831154

1159.Gelbard, M.K., et al. Expanding contractures of the tunica albuginea due to Peyronie's disease with temporalis fascia free grafts. J Urol, 1991. 145: 772.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2005698

1160.Kargi, E., et al. Relaxation incision and fascia lata grafting in the surgical correction of penile curvature in Peyronie's disease. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2004. 113: 254.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14707644

1161.Voytik-Harbin, S.L., et al. Identification of extractable growth factors from small intestinal submucosa. J Cell Biochem, 1997. 67: 478.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9383707

1162.Breyer, B.N., et al. Complications of porcine small intestine submucosa graft for Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 2007. 177: 589.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17222639

1163.Knoll, L.D. Use of porcine small intestinal submucosal graft in the surgical management of tunical deficiencies with penile prosthetic surgery. Urology, 2002. 59: 758.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11992915

1164.Lee, E.W., et al. Small intestinal submucosa for patch grafting after plaque incision in the treatment of Peyronie's disease. Int Braz J Urol, 2008. 34: 191.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18462517

1165.Staerman, F., et al. Medium-term follow-up of plaque incision and porcine small intestinal submucosal grafting for Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2010. 22: 343.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21124338

1166.Chung, E., et al. Five-year follow-up of Peyronie's graft surgery: outcomes and patient satisfaction. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 594.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21054805

1167.Cosentino, M., et al. Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease with small intestinal submucosa graft patch. Int J Impot Res, 2016. 28: 106.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27030055

1168.Morgado, A., et al. Penile lengthening with porcine small intestinal submucosa grafting in Peyronie's disease treatment: long-term surgical outcomes, patients' satisfaction and dissatisfaction predictors. Andrology, 2018. 6: 909.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30076677

1169.Sayedahmed, K., et al. Bicentric prospective evaluation of corporoplasty with porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS) in patients with severe Peyronie's disease. World J Urol, 2017. 35: 1119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27864619

1170.Valente, P., et al. Small Intestinal Submucosa Grafting for Peyronie Disease: Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction. Urology, 2017. 100: 117.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825744

1171.Sansalone, S., et al. Long-term results of the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease with Egydio's technique: a European multicentre study. Asian J Androl, 2011. 13: 842.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21743482

1172.Egydio, P.H., et al. Treatment of Peyronie's disease by incomplete circumferential incision of the tunica albuginea and plaque with bovine pericardium graft. Urology, 2002. 59: 570.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11927316

1173.Otero, J.R., et al. Use of a lyophilized bovine pericardium graft to repair tunical defect in patients with Peyronie's disease: experience in a clinical setting. Asian J Androl, 2017. 19: 316.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26806077

1174.Silva-Garreton, A., et al. Satisfaction of patients with Peyronie's disease after plaque surgery and bovine pericardium graft. Actas Urol Esp, 2017. 41: 103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27468940

1175.Hatzichristodoulou, G., et al. Surgical therapy of Peyronie's disease by partial plaque excision and grafting with collagen fleece: feasibility study of a new technique. Int J Impot Res, 2013. 25: 183.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23446807

1176.Lahme, S., et al. Collagen fleece for defect coverage following plaque excision in patients with Peyronie's disease. Eur Urol, 2002. 41: 401.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074811

1177.Horstmann, M., et al. A self-reported long-term follow-up of patients operated with either shortening techniques or a TachoSil grafting procedure. Asian J Androl, 2011. 13: 326.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21240293

1178.Hatzichristodoulou, G. Partial Plaque Excision and Grafting With Collagen Fleece in Peyronie Disease. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 277.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26953837

1179.Hatzichristodoulou, G. Introducing the ventral sealing technique using collagen fleece for surgical therapy of patients with ventral Peyronie's curvature: initial experience. Int J Impot Res, 2018. 30: 306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29973699

1180.Rosenhammer, B., et al. Long-term outcome after grafting with small intestinal submucosa and collagen fleece in patients with Peyronie's disease: a matched pair analysis. Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 256.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30194372

1181.Schiffman, Z.J., et al. Use of Dacron patch graft in Peyronie disease. Urology, 1985. 25: 38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3155581

1182.Faerber, G.J., et al. Results of combined Nesbit penile plication with plaque incision and placement of Dacron patch in patients with severe Peyronie's disease. J Urol, 1993. 149: 1319.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8479026

1183.Ganabathi, K., et al. Peyronie's disease: surgical treatment based on penile rigidity. J Urol, 1995. 153: 662.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7861510

1184.Bokarica, P., et al. Surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease based on penile length and degree of curvature. Int J Impot Res, 2005. 17: 170.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15215882

1185.Rybak, J., et al. A retrospective comparative study of traction therapy vs. no traction following tunica albuginea plication or partial excision and grafting for Peyronie's disease: measured lengths and patient perceptions. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 2396.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22900621

1186.Levine, L.A., et al. Erectile dysfunction following surgical correction of Peyronie's disease and a pilot study of the use of sildenafil citrate rehabilitation for postoperative erectile dysfunction. J Sex Med, 2005. 2: 241.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422892

1187.Fiorillo, A., et al. Long-term outcomes after plaque incision and grafting for Peyronie's disease: comparison of porcine dermal and bovine pericardium grafts. Andrology, 2021. 9: 269.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32981219

1188.Fernandez-Pascual, E., et al. Multicenter Prospective Study of Grafting With Collagen Fleece TachoSil in Patients With Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 2279.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32830078

1189.Güler, Y. Medium-long-term outcomes of saphenous vein graft in Peyronie surgery: Is there a need for new graft material? Rev Int Androl, 2022. 20: 145.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35718659

1190.Langbo, W.A., et al. Long-term outcomes after plaque excision grafting for Peyronie's disease and subanalysis of patients who undergo the procedure despite preoperative counseling against it. J Sex Med, 2024. 21: 163.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38087916

1191.Cormio, L., et al. Combined Plaque Incision, Buccal Mucosa Grafting, and Additional Tunica Albuginea Plication for Peyronie's Disease. Sex Med, 2019. 7: 48.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30552059

1192.Costa Silva, A., et al. A nationwide multicentric analysis of lengthening corporoplasty with collagene fleece in Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40113941

1193.Garaz, R., et al. Collagen fleece grafting for surgical treatment of patients with mild to severe peyronie's curvatures. Int Urol Nephrol, 2025. 57: 355.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39377995

1194.Moon, D.G., et al. Postoperative Progress of Deep Grid Incision and Sealing with Collagen Fleece for Treatment of Peyronie's Disease: Prospective Observational Study for 3 Years. World J Mens Health, 2025. 43: 898.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39536768

1195.Shukla, P.K., et al. Role of lingual mucosa as a graft material in the surgical treatment of Peyronie's disease. Urol Ann, 2024. 16: 227.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39290220

1196.Ulubay, M., et al. The Effect of Autologous Temporal Fascia Graft on Erectile Function and Psychometric Properties in Peyronie's Disease Patients. Urol J, 2022. 20: 48.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36528798

1197.Rico, L., et al. Initial experience in the treatment of Peyronie’s disease using testicular vaginal tunica graft. J Clin Urol, 2023. 16: 204.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/20514158211016646

1198.Ralph, D.J., et al. The Nesbit operation for Peyronie's disease: 16-year experience. J Urol, 1995. 154: 1362.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7658538

1199.Habous, M., et al. Malleable Penile Implant Is an Effective Therapeutic Option in Men With Peyronie's Disease and Erectile Dysfunction. Sex Med, 2018. 6: 24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29336942

1200.Yavuz, U., et al. Surgical Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction and Peyronie's Disease Using Malleable Prosthesis. Urol J, 2015. 12: 2428.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26706740

1201.Chung, E., et al. Comparison between AMS 700 CX and Coloplast Titan inflatable penile prosthesis for Peyronie's disease treatment and remodeling: clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 2855.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23210973

1202.Levine, L.A., et al. Penile Prosthesis Surgery: Current Recommendations From the International Consultation on Sexual Medicine. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 489.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27045255

1203.Levine, L.A., et al. A surgical algorithm for penile prosthesis placement in men with erectile failure and Peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2000. 12: 147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11045907

1204.Wilson, S.K., et al. A new treatment for Peyronie's disease: modeling the penis over an inflatable penile prosthesis. J Urol, 1994. 152: 1121.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8072079

1205.Wilson, S.K. Surgical techniques: modeling technique for penile curvature. J Sex Med, 2007. 4: 231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17233788

1206.Krishnappa, P., et al. Penile Modeling in Peyronie's Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sex Med Rev, 2022. 10: 434.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35153155

1207.Djordjevic, M.L., et al. Penile prosthesis implantation and tunica albuginea incision without grafting in the treatment of Peyronie's disease with erectile dysfunction. Asian J Androl, 2013. 15: 391.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23435473

1208.Cormio, L., et al. Long-term results of combined tunica albuginea plication and penile prosthesis implantation for severe penile curvature and erectile dysfunction. Case Rep Urol, 2014. 2014: 818623.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24790766

1209.Rahman, N.U., et al. Combined penile plication surgery and insertion of penile prosthesis for severe penile curvature and erectile dysfunction. J Urol, 2004. 171: 2346.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126818

1210.Garaffa, G., et al. The management of residual curvature after penile prosthesis implantation in men with Peyronie's disease. BJU Int, 2011. 108: 1152.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21314814

1211.Mulcahy, J.J., et al. Tunica wedge excision to correct penile curvature associated with the inflatable penile prosthesis. J Urol, 1987. 138: 63.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3599221

1212.Chung, P.H., et al. High patient satisfaction of inflatable penile prosthesis insertion with synchronous penile plication for erectile dysfunction and Peyronie's disease. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 1593.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24708140

1213.Falcone, M., et al. A Comparative Study Between 2 Different Grafts Used as Patches After Plaque Incision and Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Implantation for End-Stage Peyronie's Disease. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 848.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29753801

1214.Sokolakis, I., et al. Penile Prosthesis Implantation Combined With Grafting Techniques in Patients With Peyronie's Disease and Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev, 2022. 10: 451.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34219005

1215.Rolle, L., et al. A new, innovative, lengthening surgical procedure for Peyronie's disease by penile prosthesis implantation with double dorsal-ventral patch graft: the "sliding technique". J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 2389.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22429331

1216.Egydio, P.H., et al. Penile lengthening and widening without grafting according to a modified 'sliding' technique. BJU Int, 2015. 116: 965.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25644141

1217.Egydio, P.H., et al. The Multiple-Slit Technique (MUST) for Penile Length and Girth Restoration. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 261.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29275049

1218.Fernandez-Pascual, E., et al. Surgical Technique for Complex Cases of Peyronie's Disease With Implantation of Penile Prosthesis, Multiple Corporeal Incisions, and Grafting With Collagen Fleece. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 323.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30770074

1219.Rolle, L., et al. A prospective multicentric international study on the surgical outcomes and patients' satisfaction rates of the 'sliding' technique for end-stage Peyronie's disease with severe shortening of the penis and erectile dysfunction. BJU Int, 2016. 117: 814.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26688436

1220.Khera, M., et al. Penile Prosthesis Implantation in Patients With Peyronie's Disease: Results of the PROPPER Study Demonstrates a Decrease in Patient-Reported Depression. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 786.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29653913

1221.Akin-Olugbade, O., et al. Determinants of patient satisfaction following penile prosthesis surgery. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 743.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16839332

1222.Moncada, I., et al. Penile prosthesis implantation is safe and effective in Peyronie's disease patients with and without erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res, 2025. 37: 61.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38909107

1223.Verit, A., et al. The phallus of the greatest archeological finding of the new millenia: an untold story of Gobeklitepe dated back 12 milleniums. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 504.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32393846

1224.Gul, M., et al. Depictions of penises in historical paintings reflect changing perceptions of the ideal penis size. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 581.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36308456

1225.Khan, S.I., et al. Phallus, performance and power: crisis of masculinity. Sex Relation Ther, 2009. 23: 37.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14681990701790635

1226.Loos, S., et al. The effect of penis size on partner sexual satisfaction: a literature review. Int J Impot Res, 2023. 35: 519.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36307732

1227.Soubra, A., et al. Revelations on Men Who Seek Penile Augmentation Surgery: A Review. Sex Med Rev, 2022. 10: 460.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34896063

1228.Sharp, G., et al. Sociocultural Influences on Men's Penis Size Perceptions and Decisions to Undergo Penile Augmentation: A Qualitative Study. Aesthet Surg J, 2019. 39: 1253.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31107944

1229.Margraf, J., et al. Well-Being From the Knife? Psychological Effects of Aesthetic Surgery. Clinical Psychological Science, 2013. 1: 239.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-16940-002

1230.Ferraro, G.A., et al. Self-perception and self-esteem of patients seeking cosmetic surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2005. 29: 184.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15959689

1231.Ghanem, H., et al. Position paper: Management of men complaining of a small penis despite an actually normal size. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 294.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22512935

1232.Lever, J., et al. Does size matter? Men's and women's views on penis size across the lifespan. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 2006. 7: 129.
https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-09081-001

1233.King, B.M., et al. Social Desirability and Young Men's Self-Reports of Penis Size. J Sex Marital Ther, 2019. 45: 452.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30681032

1234.Veale, D., et al. A preliminary investigation of a novel method to manipulate penis length to measure female sexual satisfaction: a single-case experimental design. BJU Int, 2021. 128: 374.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33793040

1235.Grov, C., et al. The association between penis size and sexual health among men who have sex with men. Arch Sex Behav, 2010. 39: 788.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139986

1236.Sanches, B.C., et al. Does underestimated penile size impact erectile function in healthy men? Int J Impot Res, 2018. 30: 158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29925936

1237.Reis Mde, M., et al. Perceptions about penis size among supposedly healthy 40 to 60-year-old Brazilian men: a cross-sectional pilot study. Sao Paulo Med J, 2015. 133: 84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25271878

1238.Nugteren, H.M., et al. 18-year experience in the management of men with a complaint of a small penis. J Sex Marital Ther, 2010. 36: 109.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20169491

1239.Smith, N.K., et al. Genital Self-Image and Considerations of Elective Genital Surgery. J Sex Marital Ther, 2017. 43: 169.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26881739

1240.Vardi, Y., et al. A critical analysis of penile enhancement procedures for patients with normal penile size: surgical techniques, success, and complications. Eur Urol, 2008. 54: 1042.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18760874

1241.Davis, S.N., et al. Male genital image: Measurement and implications for medical conditions and surgical practice. Sexologies, 2012. 21: 43.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1158136011001538

1242.Veale, D., et al. Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15,521 men. BJU Int, 2015. 115: 978.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25487360

1243.Kayes, O., et al. Therapeutic strategies for patients with micropenis or penile dysmorphic disorder. Nat Rev Urol, 2012. 9: 499.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22890302

1244.Greenstein, A., et al. Penile size in adult men-recommendations for clinical and research measurements. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 153.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31171853

1245.Habous, M., et al. Analysis of the Interobserver Variability in Penile Length Assessment. J Sex Med, 2015. 12: 2031.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26440678

1246.Lee, P.A., et al. Micropenis. I. Criteria, etiologies and classification. Johns Hopkins Med J, 1980. 146: 156.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7366061

1247.Aaronson, I.A. Micropenis: medical and surgical implications. J Urol, 1994. 152: 4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8201683

1248.Nelson, C.P., et al. The increasing incidence of congenital penile anomalies in the United States. J Urol, 2005. 174: 1573.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16148654

1249.Gaspari, L., et al. High prevalence of micropenis in 2710 male newborns from an intensive-use pesticide area of Northeastern Brazil. Int J Androl, 2012. 35: 253.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22372605

1250.Zattoni, F., et al. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on pornography habits: a global analysis of Google Trends. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 33: 824.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33249423

1251.Altintas, E., et al. The dark side of the internet regarding sexual education. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 235.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33479471

1252.Maizels, M., et al. Surgical correction of the buried penis: description of a classification system and a technique to correct the disorder. J Urol, 1986. 136: 268.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2873259

1253.Negm, M., et al. Congenital webbed penis: Surgical outcomes of a simplified technique. J Pediatr Urol, 2021. 17: 813 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34511377

1254.Tausch, T.J., et al. Classification System for Individualized Treatment of Adult Buried Penis Syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2016. 138: 703.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27152580

1255.Keyes, E.L., Urology: diseases of the urinary organs, diseases of the male genital organs, the venereal diseases. 1921.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc2.ark:/13960/t2g745649&seq=13

1256.Falcone, M., et al. What are the benefits and harms of surgical management options for adult-acquired buried penis? A systematic review. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35044046

1257.Alter, G.J. Pubic contouring after massive weight loss in men and women: correction of hidden penis, mons ptosis, and labia majora enlargement. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2012. 130: 936.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23018703

1258.Cohen, P.R. Adult Acquired Buried Penis: A Hidden Problem in Obese Men. Cureus, 2021. 13: e13067.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33680609

1259.Hampson, L.A., et al. Surgical and Functional Outcomes Following Buried Penis Repair With Limited Panniculectomy and Split-thickness Skin Graft. Urology, 2017. 110: 234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28797684

1260.Hughes, D.B., et al. Sexual and Overall Quality of Life Improvements After Surgical Correction of "Buried Penis". Ann Plast Surg, 2016. 76: 532.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25785378

1261.Knio, Z., et al. Lichen sclerosis: clinicopathological study of 60 cases from Lebanon. Int J Dermatol, 2016. 55: 1076. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27229659

1262.Pariser, J.J., et al. A Simplified Adult Acquired Buried Penis Repair Classification System With an Analysis of Perioperative Complications and Urethral Stricture Disease. Urology, 2018. 120: 248.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29898381

1263.Husmann, D.A. The androgen insensitive micropenis: long-term follow-up into adulthood. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2004. 17: 1037.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15379413

1264.Stuhldreher, P.P., et al. Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex. Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep, 2015. 10: 227.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11884-015-0306-7

1265.Ebert, A.K., et al. The exstrophy-epispadias complex. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2009. 4: 23.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19878548

1266.Ebert, A.K., et al. Association Between Exstrophy-epispadias Complex And Congenital Anomalies: A German Multicenter Study. Urology, 2019. 123: 210.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30076940

1267.Agopian, A.J., et al. Epidemiologic features of male genital malformations and subtypes in Texas. Am J Med Genet A, 2014. 164A: 943.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24458943

1268.Han, J.H., et al. Fate of the micropenis and constitutional small penis: do they grow to normalcy in puberty? J Pediatr Urol, 2019. 15: 526 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31447312

1269.Boas, M., et al. Postnatal penile length and growth rate correlate to serum testosterone levels: a longitudinal study of 1962 normal boys. Eur J Endocrinol, 2006. 154: 125.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16382001

1270.Maruf, M., et al. Variant Presentations of the Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex: A 40-Year Experience. Urology, 2019. 125: 184.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30576745

1271.Meyer, K.F., et al. The exstrophy-epispadias complex: is aesthetic appearance important? BJU Int, 2004. 93: 1062.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15142165

1272.Stewart, D., et al. Pediatric surgical complications of major genitourinary reconstruction in the exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Pediatr Surg, 2015. 50: 167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25598117

1273.Sujijantararat, P., et al. Surgical reconstruction of exstrophy-epispadias complex: analysis of 13 patients. Int J Urol, 2002. 9: 377.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12165019

1274.Ebert, A., et al. Psychosocial and psychosexual development in childhood and adolescence within the exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Urol, 2005. 174: 1094.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16094067

1275.Wittmeyer, V., et al. Quality of life in adults with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Urol, 2010. 184: 2389.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20952009

1276.Zhu, X., et al. Urological, Sexual, and Quality of Life Evaluation of Adult Patients With Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex: Long-term Results From a Dutch Cohort. Urology, 2020. 136: 272.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31697953

1277.Sinatti, C., et al. Long-term sexual outcomes in patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32161399

1278.Ebert, A.K., et al. Genital and reproductive function in males after functional reconstruction of the exstrophy-epispadias complex--long-term results. Urology, 2008. 72: 566.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18585763

1279.Vasconcelos, J.S., et al. The natural history of penile length after radical prostatectomy: a long-term prospective study. Urology, 2012. 80: 1293.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23102441

1280.Chung, E. Penile Reconstructive Surgery in Peyronie Disease: Challenges in Restoring Normal Penis Size, Shape, and Function. World J Mens Health, 2020. 38: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623703

1281.Ahmed, A., et al. Aetiology and management of injuries to male external genitalia in Nigeria. Injury, 2008. 39: 128.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17572420

1282.Appiah, K.A., et al. Circumcision-related tragedies seen in children at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. BMC Urol, 2016. 16: 65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825332

1283.Hoare, D.T., et al. Prospective Assessment of Patient-perceived Short-term Changes in Penile Appearance After Urethroplasty. Urology, 2021. 158: 222.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34461146

1284.Maciejewski, C.C., et al. Chordee and Penile Shortening Rather Than Voiding Function Are Associated With Patient Dissatisfaction After Urethroplasty. Urology, 2017. 103: 234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28065809

1285.Moriya, K., et al. Factors affecting post-pubertal penile size in patients with hypospadias. World J Urol, 2016. 34: 1317.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26792579

1286.Wilson, S.K., et al. "Make it as long as you can, Doc." Concomitant surgical treatments with penile implant to enhance penile size. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 587.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32424302

1287.Kamel, I., et al. Comparing penile measurements in normal and erectile dysfunction subjects. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 2305.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19453888

1288.Ziegelmann, M., et al. Conservatively Managed Peyronie's Disease-Long-term Survey Results From Patients Undergoing Nonsurgical and Noninjection Therapies. Urology, 2018. 113: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29174623

1289.Carlsson, S., et al. Self-perceived penile shortening after radical prostatectomy. Int J Impot Res, 2012. 24: 179.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22573233

1290.Haliloglu, A., et al. Penile length changes in men treated with androgen suppression plus radiation therapy for local or locally advanced prostate cancer. J Urol, 2007. 177: 128.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17162022

1291.Gontero, P., et al. New insights into the pathogenesis of penile shortening after radical prostatectomy and the role of postoperative sexual function. J Urol, 2007. 178: 602.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17570431

1292.Burnett, A.L. Does androgen suppression plus radiation therapy lead to changes in penile length in prostate cancer patients? Nat Clin Pract Urol, 2007. 4: 530.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17712321

1293.Park, K.K., et al. The effects of long-term androgen deprivation therapy on penile length in patients with prostate cancer: a single-center, prospective, open-label, observational study. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 3214.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699669

1294.McCullough, A. Penile change following radical prostatectomy: size, smooth muscle atrophy, and curve. Curr Urol Rep, 2008. 9: 492.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18947515

1295.Diaz, K.A., et al. Patient-Reported Outcomes in Penile Cancer Patients: Quality of Life, Sexual and Urinary Function. What do we Know? Urology, 2022. 169: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36037936

1296.American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition. 2013, Arlington, VA: Au.

1297.Veale, D., et al. Penile Dysmorphic Disorder: Development of a Screening Scale. Arch Sex Behav, 2015. 44: 2311.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25731908

1298.Aslan, T.B., et al. Etiological evaluation of patients presenting with isolated micropenis to an academic health care center. Indian J Pediatr, 2014. 81: 775.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24005879

1299.Wylie, K.R., et al. Penile size and the 'small penis syndrome'. BJU Int, 2007. 99: 1449.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17355371

1300.Veale, D., et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: A systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence. Body Image, 2016. 18: 168.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27498379

1301.Salonia, A., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health-2021 Update: Male Sexual Dysfunction. Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 333.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34183196

1302.Santos-Iglesias, P., et al. Preliminary validation of the Sexual Distress Scale-Short Form: Applications to Women, Men, and Prostate Cancer Survivors. J Sex Marital Ther, 2020. 46: 542.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32393102

1303.Lawrance, K.A., et al. Sexual satisfaction in long‐term heterosexual relationships: The interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 2005. 2: 267.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1995.tb00092.x

1304.Janssen, E., et al. The Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales: I. Measuring sexual inhibition and excitation proneness in men. J Sex Res, 2002. 39: 114.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12476243

1305.Nobre, P., et al. Sexual Dysfunctional Beliefs Questionnaire: An instrument to assess sexual dysfunctional beliefs as vulnerability factors to sexual problems. Sex Relation Ther, 2003. 18: 171.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1468199031000061281

1306.Blecher, G.A., et al. Penile dimensions: What are surgeons measuring? Int J Impot Res, 2019. 31: 444.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30932028

1307.Joumblat, N.R., et al. Guidelines for the Standardization of Genital Photography. Aesthet Surg J, 2018. 38: 1124.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29420725

1308.Sengezer, M., et al. Accurate method for determining functional penile length in Turkish young men. Ann Plast Surg, 2002. 48: 381.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12068220

1309.Phillips, K.A., et al. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 2005. 66: 717.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15960564

1310.Phillips, K.A., The Broken Mirror: Understanding and Treating Body Dysmorphic Disorder. 2005, New York, NY.

1311.Herbenick, D., et al. The development and validation of the Male Genital Self-Image Scale: results from a nationally representative probability sample of men in the United States. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 1516.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23551571

1312.Davis, S.N., et al. The index of male genital image: a new scale to assess male genital satisfaction. J Urol, 2013. 190: 1335.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23583534

1313.Veale, D., et al. Beliefs about penis size: validation of a scale for men ashamed about their penis size. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24118940

1314.Spyropoulos, E., et al. Augmentation Phalloplasty Patient Selection and Satisfaction Inventory: a novel questionnaire to evaluate patients considered for augmentation phalloplasty surgery because of penile dysmorphophobia. Urology, 2007. 70: 221.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17826474

1315.Rosen, R.C., et al. Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ): scale development and psychometric validation. Urology, 2004. 64: 777.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15491719

1316.Althof, S.E., et al. EDITS: development of questionnaires for evaluating satisfaction with treatments for erectile dysfunction. Urology, 1999. 53: 793.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10197859

1317.Junior, A.R., et al. The Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Management of High-Flow Priapism: An Essential Tool when Everything Else Fails. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2022. 33: 470.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34968672

1318.Scardino, E., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging combined with artificial erection for local staging of penile cancer. Urology, 2004. 63: 1158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15183971

1319.Kirkham, A. MRI of the penis. Br J Radiol, 2012. 85 Spec No 1: S86.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118102

1320.Lindquist, C.M., et al. MRI of the penis. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2020. 45: 2001.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31701192

1321.Sharp, G., et al. Nonsurgical Medical Penile Girth Augmentation: A Retrospective Study of Psychological and Psychosexual Outcomes. Aesthet Surg J, 2019. 39: 306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29741580

1322.Veale, D., et al. Relationship between self-discrepancy and worries about penis size in men with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image, 2016. 17: 48.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26952016

1323.Veale, D., et al. Phenomenology of men with body dysmorphic disorder concerning penis size compared to men anxious about their penis size and to men without concerns: a cohort study. Body Image, 2015. 13: 53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25675864

1324.Garcia Gomez, B., et al. Penile length augmentation surgical and non-surgical approaches for aesthetical purposes. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 332.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34789856

1325.Gontero, P., et al. A pilot phase-II prospective study to test the 'efficacy' and tolerability of a penile-extender device in the treatment of 'short penis'. BJU Int, 2009. 103: 793.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18990153

1326.Nikoobakht, M., et al. Effect of penile-extender device in increasing penile size in men with shortened penis: preliminary results. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 3188.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20102448

1327.Garcia-Gomez, B., et al. Treatment of peyronie's disease with combination of clostridium histolyticum collagenase and penile traction therapy: a prospective, multicenter, single-arm study. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 325.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32366987

1328.Bole, R., et al. A modern review of penile traction monotherapy and combination therapy for the treatment of peyronie's disease. Int J Impot Res, 2021. 33: 251.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32152467

1329.Nowroozi, M.R., et al. Applying extender devices in patients with penile dysmorphophobia: assessment of tolerability, efficacy, and impact on erectile function. J Sex Med, 2015. 12: 1242.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809129

1330.Aghamir, M.K., et al. A vacuum device for penile elongation: fact or fiction? BJU Int, 2006. 97: 777.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16536772

1331.Antonini, G., et al. Postoperative vacuum therapy following AMS LGX 700(R) inflatable penile prosthesis placement: penile dimension outcomes and overall satisfaction. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 133.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30745567

1332.Nason, G.J., et al. Efficacy of vacuum erectile devices (VEDs) after radical prostatectomy: the initial Irish experience of a dedicated VED clinic. Int J Impot Res, 2016. 28: 205.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225711

1333.Raina, R., et al. Early use of vacuum constriction device following radical prostatectomy facilitates early sexual activity and potentially earlier return of erectile function. Int J Impot Res, 2006. 18: 77.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16107868

1334.Dalkin, B.L., et al. Preservation of penile length after radical prostatectomy: early intervention with a vacuum erection device. Int J Impot Res, 2007. 19: 501.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17657210

1335.Lehrfeld, T., et al. The role of vacuum erection devices in penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy. Int J Impot Res, 2009. 21: 158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19225465

1336.Ben-Galim, E., et al. Topically applied testosterone and phallic growth. Its effects in male children with hypopituitarism and microphallus. Am J Dis Child, 1980. 134: 296.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7361738

1337.Hatipoglu, N., et al. Micropenis: etiology, diagnosis and treatment approaches. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol, 2013. 5: 217.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24379029

1338.Main, K.M., et al. Early postnatal treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with recombinant human FSH and LH. Eur J Endocrinol, 2002. 146: 75.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11751071

1339.Bougneres, P., et al. Effects of an early postnatal treatment of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with a continuous subcutaneous infusion of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2008. 93: 2202.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18381569

1340.Harris, T.G.W., et al. Pedicled Anterolateral Thigh and Radial Forearm Free Flap Phalloplasty for Penile Reconstruction in Patients With Bladder Exstrophy. J Urol, 2021. 205: 880.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33026935

1341.Falcone, M., et al. Total Phallic Reconstruction in the Genetic Male. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 684.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32800729

1342.Li, C.Y., et al. Penile suspensory ligament division for penile augmentation: indications and results. Eur Urol, 2006. 49: 729.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16473458

1343.Littara, A., et al. Cosmetic penile enhancement surgery: a 3-year single-centre retrospective clinical evaluation of 355 cases. Sci Rep, 2019. 9: 6323.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31004096

1344.Xu, J.G., et al. Management of concealed penis with modified penoplasty. Urology, 2015. 85: 698.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733292

1345.Ghanem, H., et al. Infrapubic Liposuction for Penile Length Augmentation in Patients with Infrapubic Adiposities. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2017. 41: 441.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28155063

1346.Shaeer, O.K. Shaeer's Technique: A Minimally Invasive Procedure for Monsplasty and Revealing the Concealed Penis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open, 2016. 4: e1019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27622092

1347.Lumen, N., et al. Phalloplasty: a valuable treatment for males with penile insufficiency. Urology, 2008. 71: 272.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18308099

1348.Perovic, S.V., et al. Total phalloplasty using a musculocutaneous latissimus dorsi flap. BJU Int, 2007. 100: 899.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17822468

1349.Garaffa, G., et al. Total phallic reconstruction using radial artery based forearm free flap phalloplasty in patients with epispadias-exstrophy complex. J Urol, 2014. 192: 814.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704015

1350.Deveci, S., et al. Penile length alterations following penile prosthesis surgery. Eur Urol, 2007. 51: 1128.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17084508

1351.Negro, C.L., et al. Implantation of AMS 700 LGX penile prosthesis preserves penile length without the need for penile lengthening procedures. Asian J Androl, 2016. 18: 114.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26112480

1352.Wang, R., et al. Prospective and long-term evaluation of erect penile length obtained with inflatable penile prosthesis to that induced by intracavernosal injection. Asian J Androl, 2009. 11: 411.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19525974

1353.Osterberg, E.C., et al. Pharmacologically induced erect penile length and stretched penile length are both good predictors of post-inflatable prosthesis penile length. Int J Impot Res, 2014. 26: 128.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24430278

1354.Perovic, S.V., et al. Penile lengthening. BJU Int, 2000. 86: 1028.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11119096

1355.Falcone, M., et al. Total Phallic Reconstruction Using the Radial Artery Based Forearm Free Flap After Traumatic Penile Amputation. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 1119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27318022

1356.Egydio, P.H. An Innovative Strategy for Non-Grafting Penile Enlargement: A Novel Paradigm for Tunica Expansion Procedures. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 2093.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32636162

1357.Zaccaro, C., et al. History and future perspectives of male aesthetic genital surgery. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 327.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35538312

1358.Colombo, F., et al. Penile enlargement. Curr Opin Urol, 2008. 18: 583.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832943

1359.Manfredi, C., et al. Penile girth enhancement procedures for aesthetic purposes. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 337.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34257403

1360.Steenen, S.A., et al. Head-to-head comparison of 4 hyaluronic acid dermal fillers for lip augmentation: A multicenter randomized, quadruple-blind, controlled clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2023. 88: 932.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36370906

1361.Yang, D.Y., et al. A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety Between Hyaluronic Acid and Polylactic Acid Filler Injection in Penile Augmentation: A Multicenter, Patient/Evaluator-Blinded, Randomized Trial. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 577.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30833149

1362.Kwak, T.I., et al. The effects of penile girth enhancement using injectable hyaluronic acid gel, a filler. J Sex Med, 2011. 8: 3407.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233296

1363.Yang, D.Y., et al. A Comparison Between Hyaluronic Acid and Polylactic Acid Filler Injections for Temporary Penile Augmentation in Patients with Small Penis Syndrome: A Multicenter, Patient/Evaluator-Blind, Comparative, Randomized Trial. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 133.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31735613

1364.Yang, D.Y., et al. Comparison of Clinical Outcomes between Hyaluronic and Polylactic Acid Filler Injections for Penile Augmentation in Men Reporting a Small Penis: A Multicenter, Patient-Blinded/Evaluator-Blinded, Non-Inferiority, Randomized Comparative Trial with 18 Months of Follow-up. J Clin Med, 2020. 9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32260508

1365.Casavantes, L., et al. Penile Girth Enhancement With Polymethylmethacrylate-Based Soft Tissue Fillers. J Sex Med, 2016. 13: 1414.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27461963

1366.Kim, M.T., et al. Long-Term Safety and Longevity of a Mixture of Polymethyl Methacrylate and Cross-Linked Dextran (Lipen-10(R)) after Penile Augmentation: Extension Study from Six to 18 Months of Follow-Up. World J Mens Health, 2015. 33: 202.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26770941

1367.Yang, D.Y., et al. Efficacy and safety of a newly developed polylactic acid microsphere as an injectable bulking agent for penile augmentation: 18-months follow-up. Int J Impot Res, 2017. 29: 136.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28424498

1368.Dellis, A.E., et al. Paraffinoma, siliconoma and Co: Disastrous consequences of failed penile augmentation-A single-centre successful surgical management of a challenging entity. Andrologia, 2018. 50: e13109.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29993129

1369.Karakan, T., et al. Injection of Vaseline under Penis Skin for the Purpose of Penis Augmentation. Case Rep Urol, 2012. 2012: 510612.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23213616

1370.Dellis, A.E., et al. Minimal surgical management of penile paraffinoma after subcutaneous penile paraffin injection. Arab J Urol, 2017. 15: 387.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29234545

1371.Eandi, J.A., et al. Penile paraffinoma: the delayed presentation. Int Urol Nephrol, 2007. 39: 553.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17308876

1372.Fakin, R., et al. Reconstruction of Penile Shaft Defects Following Silicone Injection by Bipedicled Anterior Scrotal Flap. J Urol, 2017. 197: 1166.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27871930

1373.Muranyi, M., et al. A New Modified Bipedicle Scrotal Skin Flap Technique for the Reconstruction of Penile Skin in Patients with Paraffin-Induced Sclerosing Lipogranuloma of the Penis. J Urol, 2022. 208: 171.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35164523

1374.Sedigh, O., et al. Penile injection of aedile silicone: A dangerous shortcut. Urologia, 2022. 89: 456.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34399651

1375.Kang, D.H., et al. Efficacy and safety of penile girth enhancement by autologous fat injection for patients with thin penises. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2012. 36: 813.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22527585

1376.Panfilov, D.E. Augmentative phalloplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg, 2006. 30: 183.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16547638

1377.Mutluoglu, M., et al. Penile Girth Enlargement: do not try it at home. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 108.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33846588

1378.Parodi, P.C., et al. Penis invalidating cicatricial outcomes in an enlargement phalloplasty case with polyacrylamide gel (Formacryl). Int J Impot Res, 2006. 18: 318.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16281044

1379.Salem, A.M., et al. Effect of Girth Supersizing on Patient Satisfaction After Semi-Rigid Penile Implant Insertion: A Prospective Case-Control Study. Aesthet Surg J, 2019. 39: NP259.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31220204

1380.Alei, G., et al. Original technique for penile girth augmentation through porcine dermal acellular grafts: results in a 69-patient series. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 1945.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22568607

1381.Austoni, E., et al. A new technique for augmentation phalloplasty: albugineal surgery with bilateral saphenous grafts--three years of experience. Eur Urol, 2002. 42: 245.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12234509

1382.Mertziotis, N., et al. Is V-Y plasty necessary for penile lengthening? Girth enhancement and increased length solely through circumcision: description of a novel technique. Asian J Androl, 2013. 15: 819.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23792340

1383.Xu, L., et al. Augmentation Phalloplasty With Autologous Dermal Fat Graft in the Treatment of "Small Penis". Ann Plast Surg, 2016. 77 Suppl 1: S60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27070685

1384.Djordjevic, M.L., et al. Repeated penile girth enhancement with biodegradable scaffolds: Microscopic ultrastructural analysis and surgical benefits. Asian J Androl, 2018. 20: 488.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29862992

1385.Jin, Z., et al. Tissue engineering penoplasty with biodegradable scaffold Maxpol-T cografted autologous fibroblasts for small penis syndrome. J Androl, 2011. 32: 491.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21164145

1386.Perovic, S.V., et al. New perspectives of penile enhancement surgery: tissue engineering with biodegradable scaffolds. Eur Urol, 2006. 49: 139.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16310926

1387.Elist, J.J., et al. A Single-Surgeon Retrospective and Preliminary Evaluation of the Safety and Effectiveness of the Penuma Silicone Sleeve Implant for Elective Cosmetic Correction of the Flaccid Penis. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1216.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30145095

1388.Siegal, A.R., et al. Outcomes of a Single Center's Initial Experience With the Penuma(R) Penile Implant. Urology, 2023. 171: 236.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36198339

1389.Roos H, et al. Penile lengthening. Int J Aesth Restor Surg. , 1994. 2: 89.
https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11119096/

1390.Gaither, T.W., et al. Characterization of Genital Dissatisfaction in a National Sample of U.S. Men. Arch Sex Behav, 2017. 46: 2123.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27623623

1391.Veale, D., et al. Sexual Functioning and Behavior of Men with Body Dysmorphic Disorder Concerning Penis Size Compared with Men Anxious about Penis Size and with Controls: A Cohort Study. Sex Med, 2015. 3: 147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26468378

1392.Milenkovic, U., et al. Surgical and minimally invasive treatment of ischaemic and non-ischaemic priapism: a systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Guidelines panel. Int J Impot Res, 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36151318

1393.Capogrosso, P., et al. Conservative and medical treatments of non-sickle cell disease-related ischemic priapism: a systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Panel. Int J Impot Res, 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35995858

1394.Gul, M., et al. What is the effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical therapies in the treatment of ischemic priapism in patients with sickle cell disease? A systematic review by the EAU Sexual and Reproductive Health Guidelines Panel. Int J Impot Res, 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35941221

1395.Broderick, G.A., et al. Priapism: pathogenesis, epidemiology, and management. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 476.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20092449

1396.Berger, R., et al. Report of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease (AFUD) Thought Leader Panel for evaluation and treatment of priapism. Int J Impot Res, 2001. 13 Suppl 5: S39.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11781746

1397.Muneer, A., et al. Investigation of cavernosal smooth muscle dysfunction in low flow priapism using an in vitro model. Int J Impot Res, 2005. 17: 10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15071490

1398.Vreugdenhil, S., et al. Ischemic priapism as a model of exhausted metabolism. Physiol Rep, 2019. 7: e13999.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30916476

1399.El-Bahnasawy, M.S., et al. Low-flow priapism: risk factors for erectile dysfunction. BJU Int, 2002. 89: 285.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856112

1400.Spycher, M.A., et al. The ultrastructure of the erectile tissue in priapism. J Urol, 1986. 135: 142.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3941454

1401.Borrell, J.A., et al. Risk factors, diagnosis, and long-term erectile dysfunction outcomes in priapism: a retrospective analysis of 186 cases from a single institution. Int J Impot Res, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40263576

1402.Zacharakis, E., et al. Penile prosthesis insertion in patients with refractory ischaemic priapism: early vs delayed implantation. BJU Int, 2014. 114: 576.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25383397

1403.Pohl, J., et al. Priapism: a three-phase concept of management according to aetiology and prognosis. Br J Urol, 1986. 58: 113.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3516294

1404.De Niro, A.J.N., et al. Predictors of priapism incidence and recurrence in sickle cell disease patients. Afr J Urol, 2023. 29: 45.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12301-023-00376-0

1405.Adesanya, O., et al. Priapism-related biomarkers in sickle cell disease: a systematic review. Sex Med Rev, 2025. 13: 246.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39916382

1406.Tranekær, S., et al. Priapism in patients with hemolytic disorders: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Ann Hematol, 2021. 100: 1947.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34136949

1407.Coombs, P.G., et al. A review of outcomes of an intracavernosal injection therapy programme. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 1787.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22564343

1408.Junemann, K.P., et al. Pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. Semin Urol, 1990. 8: 80.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2191403

1409.Porst, H. The rationale for prostaglandin E1 in erectile failure: a survey of worldwide experience. J Urol, 1996. 155: 802.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8583582

1410.Kilic, M., et al. The actual incidence of papaverine-induced priapism in patients with erectile dysfunction following penile colour Doppler ultrasonography. Andrologia, 2010. 42: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20078509

1411.Nelson, J.H., 3rd, et al. Priapism: evolution of management in 48 patients in a 22-year series. J Urol, 1977. 117: 455.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15137

1412.Rezaee, M.E., et al. Are We Overstating the Risk of Priapism With Oral Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors? J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 1579.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32622767

1413.Schifano, N., et al. Medications mostly associated with priapism events: assessment of the 2015-2020 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pharmacovigilance database entries. Int J Impot Res, 2022.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35597798

1414.Mulloy, E., et al. The Risk of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease in Men With a History of Priapism. J Urol, 2023. 209: 253.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36083148

1415.Bivalacqua, T.J., et al. New insights into the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease-associated priapism. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 79.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554553

1416.Lagoda, G., et al. Molecular analysis of erection regulatory factors in sickle cell disease associated priapism in the human penis. J Urol, 2013. 189: 762.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22982429

1417.Musicki, B., et al. Mechanisms underlying priapism in sickle cell disease: targeting and key innovations on the preclinical landscape. Expert Opin Ther Targets, 2020. 24: 439.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32191546

1418.Morrison, B.F., et al. Is testosterone deficiency a possible risk factor for priapism associated with sickle-cell disease? Int Urol Nephrol, 2015. 47: 47.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25371242

1419.Alwaal, A., et al. Future prospects in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: focus on avanafil. Drug Des Devel Ther, 2011. 5: 435.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22087063

1420.James Johnson, M., et al. Which patients with ischaemic priapism require further investigation for malignancy? Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 195.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30996267

1421.Kropman, R.F., et al. Hematoma or "partial priapism" in the proximal part of the corpus cavernosum. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 2618.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24308665

1422.Weyne, E., et al. Idiopathic Partial Thrombosis (IPT) of the Corpus Cavernosum: A Hypothesis-Generating Case Series and Review of the Literature. J Sex Med, 2015. 12: 2118.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26553854

1423.Petrović, N.Z., et al. Priapism associated with anti-seizure medications: a pharmacovigilance study and a review of published cases. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 2024. 23: 67.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38062555

1424.Burnett, A.L., et al. Priapism: new concepts in medical and surgical management. Urol Clin North Am, 2011. 38: 185.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621085

1425.Broderick, G.A. Priapism and sickle-cell anemia: diagnosis and nonsurgical therapy. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 88.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699659

1426.Emond, A.M., et al. Priapism and impotence in homozygous sickle cell disease. Arch Intern Med, 1980. 140: 1434.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6159833

1427.Bertolotto, M., et al. Color Doppler imaging of posttraumatic priapism before and after selective embolization. Radiographics, 2003. 23: 495.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12640162

1428.Bertolotto, M., et al. Color Doppler appearance of penile cavernosal-spongiosal communications in patients with high-flow priapism. Acta Radiol, 2008. 49: 710.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18568565

1429.Hakim, L.S., et al. Evolving concepts in the diagnosis and treatment of arterial high flow priapism. J Urol, 1996. 155: 541.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8558656

1430.von Stempel, C., et al. Mean velocity and peak systolic velocity can help determine ischaemic and non-ischaemic priapism. Clin Radiol, 2017. 72: 611 e9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28351471

1431.Wakrim, S., et al. Penile Doppler ultrasound study in priapism: A systematic review. Prog Urol, 2022. 32: 61.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34229947

1432.Ralph, D.J., et al. The use of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the management of patients presenting with priapism. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 1714.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2043856

1433.Bansal, A.R., et al. Cold saline enema in priapism--a useful tool for underprivileged. Trop Doct, 2004. 34: 227.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15510950

1434.Ateyah, A., et al. Intracavernosal irrigation by cold saline as a simple method of treating iatrogenic prolonged erection. J Sex Med, 2005. 2: 248.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16422893

1435.Burnett, A.L., et al. Standard operating procedures for priapism. J Sex Med, 2013. 10: 180.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22462660

1436.Montague, D.K., et al. American Urological Association guideline on the management of priapism. J Urol, 2003. 170: 1318.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14501756

1437.Bodner, D.R., et al. The application of intracavernous injection of vasoactive medications for erection in men with spinal cord injury. J Urol, 1987. 138: 310.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3599245

1438.Davila, H.H., et al. Subarachnoid hemorrhage as complication of phenylephrine injection for the treatment of ischemic priapism in a sickle cell disease patient. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 1025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18194188

1439.Mantadakis, E., et al. Outpatient penile aspiration and epinephrine irrigation for young patients with sickle cell anemia and prolonged priapism. Blood, 2000. 95: 78.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10607688

1440.Miller, S.F., et al. Posttraumatic arterial priapism in children: management with embolization. Radiology, 1995. 196: 59.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7784590

1441.Wen, C.C., et al. Management of ischemic priapism with high-dose intracavernosal phenylephrine: from bench to bedside. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 918.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16942536

1442.Muneer, A., et al. Investigating the effects of high-dose phenylephrine in the management of prolonged ischaemic priapism. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 2152.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18466270

1443.Muruve, N., et al. Intracorporeal phenylephrine in the treatment of priapism. J Urol, 1996. 155: 141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7490814

1444.Roberts, J.R., et al. Intracavernous epinephrine: a minimally invasive treatment for priapism in the emergency department. J Emerg Med, 2009. 36: 285.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18996674

1445.Roberts, J., et al. Adrenergic crisis after penile epinephrine injection for priapism. J Emerg Med, 2009. 36: 309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353597

1446.Palagiri, R.D.R., et al. A Case Report of Hypertensive Emergency and Intracranial Hemorrhage Due to Intracavernosal Phenylephrine. Hosp Pharm, 2019. 54: 186.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31205330

1447.Fenwick, M.J., et al. Anaphylaxis and monoamine oxidase inhibitors--the use of adrenaline. J Accid Emerg Med, 2000. 17: 143.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10718244

1448.Dittrich, A., et al. Treatment of pharmacological priapism with phenylephrine. J Urol, 1991. 146: 323.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/185692

1449.Scarberry, K., et al. Safety and Efficacy of Phenylephrine Administration for the Treatment of Ischemic Priapism: An Opportunity for Quality Improvement in Periprocedural Safety Assessment. Urology, 2022. 169: 115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3600768

1450.Saffon Cuartas, J.P., et al. Treatment of Priapism Secondary to Drugs for Erectile Dysfunction. Adv Urol, 2019. 2019: 6214921.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3153445

1451.Serrate, R.G., et al. The usefulness of ethylephrine (Efortil-R) in the treatment of priapism and intraoperative penile erections. Int Urol Nephrol, 1992. 24: 389.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/128114

1452.Hubler, J., et al. Methylene blue as a means of treatment for priapism caused by intracavernous injection to combat erectile dysfunction. Int Urol Nephrol, 2003. 35: 519.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15198160

1453.Martinez Portillo, F., et al. Methylene blue as a successful treatment alternative for pharmacologically induced priapism. Eur Urol, 2001. 39: 20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11173934

1454.Keskin, D., et al. Intracavernosal adrenalin injection in priapism. Int J Impot Res, 2000. 12: 312.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11416834

1455.van Driel, M.F., et al. Treatment of priapism by injection of adrenaline into the corpora cavernosa penis. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1991. 25: 251.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1780699

1456.Gupta, A., et al. Successful use of terbutaline in persistent priapism in a 12-year-old boy with chronic myeloid leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2009. 26: 70.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19206011

1457.Lowe, F.C., et al. Placebo-controlled study of oral terbutaline and pseudoephedrine in management of prostaglandin E1-induced prolonged erections. Urology, 1993. 42: 51.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8392235

1458.Priyadarshi, S. Oral terbutaline in the management of pharmacologically induced prolonged erection. Int J Impot Res, 2004. 16: 424.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14999218

1459.Govier, F.E., et al. Oral terbutaline for the treatment of priapism. J Urol, 1994. 151: 878.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8126815

1460.Habous, M., et al. Noninvasive treatments for iatrogenic priapism: Do they really work? A prospective multicenter study. Urol Ann, 2016. 8: 193.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27141191

1461.Attar, F.S., et al. Long-term outcome of sexual function in sickle cell disease men with ischemic priapism: A systematic review. J Clin Urol, 2022. 15: 114.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/20514158211014051

1462.Bartolucci, P., et al. Clinical management of adult sickle-cell disease. Curr Opin Hematol, 2012. 19: 149.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22357165

1463.Levey, H.R., et al. Medical management of ischemic stuttering priapism: a contemporary review of the literature. Asian J Androl, 2012. 14: 156.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22057380

1464.Rogers, Z.R. Priapism in sickle cell disease. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am, 2005. 19: 917.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214652

1465.Morrison, B.F., et al. Priapism in hematological and coagulative disorders: an update. Nat Rev Urol, 2011. 8: 223.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21403660

1466.Ballas, S.K., et al. Safety and efficacy of blood exchange transfusion for priapism complicating sickle cell disease. J Clin Apher, 2016. 31: 5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25809639

1467.Marouf, R. Blood transfusion in sickle cell disease. Hemoglobin, 2011. 35: 495.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21981466

1468.Merritt, A.L., et al. Myth: blood transfusion is effective for sickle cell anemia-associated priapism. CJEM, 2006. 8: 119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17175874

1469.Howard, J., et al. The Transfusion Alternatives Preoperatively in Sickle Cell Disease (TAPS) study: a randomised, controlled, multicentre clinical trial. Lancet, 2013. 381: 930.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23352054

1470.Pyrgidis, N., et al. Trends and outcomes of hospitalized patients with priapism in Germany: results from the GRAND study. Int J Impot Res, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38778152

1471.Mekontso Dessap, A., et al. Guidelines for the management of emergencies and critical illness in pediatric and adult patients with sickle cell disease. Ann Intensive Care, 2025. 15: 74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40439782

1472.Kanter, J., et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and efficacy of crizanlizumab in patients with sickle cell disease: final results from the phase II SOLACE-adults study. Ther Adv Hematol, 2024. 15: 20406207241292508.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39497751

1473.Johnson, M.J., et al. The surgical management of ischaemic priapism. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31570823

1474.Palka, J., et al. Factors Associated With Corporoglandular Shunting for Patients With First-time Ischemic Priapism. Urology, 2021. 154: 191.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33823171

1475.Burnett, A.L. Surgical management of ischemic priapism. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 114.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221308

1476.Bennett, N., et al. Sickle cell disease status and outcomes of African-American men presenting with priapism. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 1244.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18312286

1477.Nixon, R.G., et al. Efficacy of shunt surgery for refractory low flow priapism: a report on the incidence of failed detumescence and erectile dysfunction. J Urol, 2003. 170: 883.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12913722

1478.Lue, T.F., et al. Distal cavernosum-glans shunts for ischemic priapism. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 749.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16839333

1479.Ortac, M., et al. Anatomic and Functional Outcome Following Distal Shunt and Tunneling for Treatment Ischemic Priapism: A Single-Center Experience. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1290.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31230939

1480.Yucel, O.B., et al. Penile Prosthesis Implantation in Priapism. Sex Med Rev, 2018. 6: 310.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28916463

1481.Zacharakis, E., et al. The efficacy of the T-shunt procedure and intracavernous tunneling (snake maneuver) for refractory ischemic priapism. J Urol, 2014. 191: 164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23892191

1482.Licari, L.C., et al. Contemporary management of ischemic priapism: A 12-year population-based analysis from a large US database. Andrology, 2025. 13: 811.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39142706

1483.Ramstein, J.J., et al. Clinical Outcomes of Periprocedural Antithrombotic Therapy in Ischemic Priapism Management. J Sex Med, 2020. 17: 2260.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32800740

1484.Kohn, T.P., et al. Clinical Practice Patterns for Surgical Shunts and Penile Prosthesis Placement in Men With Priapism: A Retrospective Large Claims Database Analysis. Urol Pract, 2024. 11: 507.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38526420

1485.Winter, C.C. Cure of idiopathic priapism: new procedure for creating fistula between glans penis and corpora cavernosa. Urology, 1976. 8: 389.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/973296

1486.Macaluso, J.N., Jr., et al. Priapism: review of 34 cases. Urology, 1985. 26: 233.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4035837

1487.Ebbehoj, J. A new operation for priapism. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg, 1974. 8: 241.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4458048

1488.Lund, K., et al. Results of glando-cavernous anastomosis in 18 cases of priapism. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg, 1980. 14: 269.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7209413

1489.Brant, W.O., et al. T-shaped shunt and intracavernous tunneling for prolonged ischemic priapism. J Urol, 2009. 181: 1699.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19233430

1490.Ercole, C.J., et al. Changing surgical concepts in the treatment of priapism. J Urol, 1981. 125: 210.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7206057

1491.Hanafy, H.M., et al. Ancient Egyptian medicine: contribution to urology. Urology, 1974. 4: 114.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21323001

1492.Juskiewenski, S., et al. A study of the arterial blood supply to the penis. Anatomia Clinica, 1982. 4: 101.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01800618

1493.Burnett, A.L., et al. Corporal "snake" maneuver: corporoglanular shunt surgical modification for ischemic priapism. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 1171.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207268

1494.Segal, R.L., et al. Corporal Burnett "Snake" surgical maneuver for the treatment of ischemic priapism: long-term followup. J Urol, 2013. 189: 1025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23017524

1495.Unal, S., et al. Clinical outcomes of the Burnett "snake" maneuver shunt modification for ischemic priapism. J Sex Med, 2024. 21: 723.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38971576

1496.Quackels, R. Treatment of a Case of Priapism by Cavernospongious Anastomosis. Acta Urol Belg, 1964. 32: 5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14111379

1497.Baumgarten, A.S., et al. Favourable multi-institutional experience with penoscrotal decompression for prolonged ischaemic priapism. BJU Int, 2020. 126: 441.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32501654

1498.Mubarak, M., et al. The efficacy of penoscrotal decompression for refractory ischaemic priapism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Impot Res, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40075165

1499.Basile, G., et al. Penoscrotal decompression should be considered for prolonged ischaemic priapism. J Sex Med, 2025. 22: 2072.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40981759

1500.Grayhack, J.T., et al. Venous Bypass to Control Priapism. Invest Urol, 1964. 1: 509.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14130594

1501.Kandel, G.L., et al. Pulmonary embolism: a complication of corpus-saphenous shunt for priapism. J Urol, 1968. 99: 196.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5641077

1502.Kihl, B., et al. Priapsim: evaluation of treatment with special reference to saphenocavernous shunting in 26 patients. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1980. 14: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7375831

1503.Ralph, D.J., et al. The immediate insertion of a penile prosthesis for acute ischaemic priapism. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 1033.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930579

1504.Salem, E.A., et al. Management of ischemic priapism by penile prosthesis insertion: prevention of distal erosion. J Urol, 2010. 183: 2300.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20400140

1505.Sedigh, O., et al. Early insertion of inflatable prosthesis for intractable ischemic priapism: our experience and review of the literature. Int J Impot Res, 2011. 23: 158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21654814

1506.Upadhyay, J., et al. Penile implant for intractable priapism associated with sickle cell disease. Urology, 1998. 51: 638.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9586621

1507.Elmarasi, M., et al. Early vs delayed insertion of penile prosthesis in patients with refractory priapism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Med Rev, 2024. 12: 528.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38465856

1508.Zacharakis, E., et al. Early insertion of a malleable penile prosthesis in ischaemic priapism allows later upsizing of the cylinders. Scand J Urol, 2015. 49: 468.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26116193

1509.Miller, J.A., et al. Factors Affecting Implant Length in Primary Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement. Urology, 2024. 193: 240.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38972393

1510.Abou Chawareb, E., et al. Early Inflatable penile prosthesis implantation offers superior outcomes compared to delayed insertion following ischemic priapism: a narrative review. Int J Impot Res, 2025. 37: 27.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38720138

1511.Bella, A., et al. 1859 3-Piece Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Insertion Post T-Shunt for Priapism with Dilation/Corporal Snake Maneuver and Comparison to Post Al-Ghorab Shunt Ipp Outcomes. Journal of Urology, 2012. 187: e751.
https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.1971

1512.Tsambarlis, P.N., et al. Successful Placement of Penile Prostheses in Men With Severe Corporal Fibrosis Following Vacuum Therapy Protocol. J Sex Med, 2017. 14: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27938991

1513.Burnett, A.L., et al. Evaluation of erectile function in men with sickle cell disease. Urology, 1995. 45: 657.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7716848

1514.Datta, N.S. Megalophallus in sickle cell disease. J Urol, 1977. 117: 672.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/859210

1515.Broderick, G.A., et al. Pharmacologic erection: time-dependent changes in the corporal environment. Int J Impot Res, 1994. 6: 9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8019618

1516.Monga, M., et al. Priapism in sickle cell disease: the case for early implantation of the penile prosthesis. Eur Urol, 1996. 30: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8854068

1517.Morrison, B.F., et al. Stuttering priapism: insights into pathogenesis and management. Curr Urol Rep, 2012. 13: 268.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22648304

1518.Johnson, M., et al. Differences in polysomnographic, nocturnal penile tumescence and penile doppler ultrasound findings in men with stuttering priapism and sleep-related painful erections. Int J Impot Res, 2022. 34: 603.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34389802

1519.Adeyoju, A.B., et al. Priapism in sickle-cell disease; incidence, risk factors and complications - an international multicentre study. BJU Int, 2002. 90: 898.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12460353

1520.Virag, R., et al. Preventive treatment of priapism in sickle cell disease with oral and self-administered intracavernous injection of etilefrine. Urology, 1996. 47: 777.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8650886

1521.Fowler, J.E., Jr., et al. Priapism associated with the sickle cell hemoglobinopathies: prevalence, natural history and sequelae. J Urol, 1991. 145: 65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1984102

1522.Mantadakis, E., et al. Prevalence of priapism in children and adolescents with sickle cell anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 1999. 21: 518.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10598664

1523.Roizenblatt, M., et al. Priapism is associated with sleep hypoxemia in sickle cell disease. J Urol, 2012. 188: 1245.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22902014

1524.Champion, H.C., et al. Phosphodiesterase-5A dysregulation in penile erectile tissue is a mechanism of priapism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2005. 102: 1661.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15668387

1525.Bivalacqua, T.J., et al. Attenuated RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling in penis of transgenic sickle cell mice. Urology, 2010. 76: 510 e7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20538321

1526.Phatarpekar, P.V., et al. Role of adenosine signaling in penile erection and erectile disorders. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 3553.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19889148

1527.Traish, A.M., et al. Are androgens critical for penile erections in humans? Examining the clinical and preclinical evidence. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 382.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16681465

1528.Liguori, G., et al. The management of stuttering priapism. Minerva Urol Nefrol, 2020. 72: 173.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30957473

1529.Mocniak, M., et al. The use of sudafed for priapism in pediatric patients with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Nurs, 2012. 27: 82.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22041221

1530.Gbadoe, A.D., et al. Management of sickle cell priapism with etilefrine. Arch Dis Child, 2001. 85: 52.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11420201

1531.Okpala, I., et al. Etilefrine for the prevention of priapism in adult sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol, 2002. 118: 918.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12181066

1532.Olujohungbe, A.B., et al. A prospective diary study of stuttering priapism in adolescents and young men with sickle cell anemia: report of an international randomized control trial--the priapism in sickle cell study. J Androl, 2011. 32: 375.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127308

1533.Yuan, J., et al. Insights of priapism mechanism and rationale treatment for recurrent priapism. Asian J Androl, 2008. 10: 88.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18087648

1534.Levine, L.A., et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in the treatment of sickle cell anemia-associated priapism. J Urol, 1993. 150: 475.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8326584

1535.Alshahrani, A. Using cyproterone acetate to treat recurrent ischemic priapism in a patient with sickle cell anemia as a comorbidity: a case report. J Med Case Rep, 2020. 14: 197.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33081822

1536.Rachid-Filho, D., et al. Treatment of recurrent priapism in sickle cell anemia with finasteride: a new approach. Urology, 2009. 74: 1054.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19616292

1537.Baker, R.C., et al. Dutasteride in the long-term management of stuttering priapism. Transl Androl Urol, 2020. 9: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32055472

1538.DeCastro, B.J., et al. Oral ketoconazole for prevention of postoperative penile erection: a placebo controlled, randomized, double-blind trial. J Urol, 2008. 179: 1930.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18353393

1539.Gupta, S., et al. A possible mechanism for alteration of human erectile function by digoxin: inhibition of corpus cavernosum sodium/potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity. J Urol, 1998. 159: 1529.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9554348

1540.Daoud, A.S., et al. The effect of Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine and Gabapentin on the fertility, weights, sex hormones and biochemical profiles of male rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett, 2004. 25: 178.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15349082

1541.Perimenis, P., et al. Gabapentin in the management of the recurrent, refractory, idiopathic priapism. Int J Impot Res, 2004. 16: 84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963477

1542.D'Aleo, G., et al. Favorable response to intrathecal, but not oral, baclofen of priapism in a patient with spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 2009. 34: E127.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19179913

1543.Moreira, D.M., et al. Recurrent priapism in the young patient treated with baclofen. J Pediatr Urol, 2006. 2: 590.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18947688

1544.Vaidyanathan, S., et al. Management of recurrent priapism in a cervical spinal cord injury patient with oral baclofen therapy. Spinal Cord, 2004. 42: 134.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14765150

1545.Kato, G.J. Priapism in sickle-cell disease: a hematologist's perspective. J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 70.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21554552

1546.Meier, E.R., et al. Sickle cell disease in children. Drugs, 2012. 72: 895.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22519940

1547.Saad, S.T., et al. Follow-up of sickle cell disease patients with priapism treated by hydroxyurea. Am J Hematol, 2004. 77: 45.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15307105

1548.Idris, I.M., et al. A controlled trial for preventing priapism in sickle cell anemia: hydroxyurea plus placebo vs hydroxyurea plus tadalafil. Blood, 2025. 145: 3101.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40073378

1549.Bivalacqua, T.J., et al. Establishment of a transgenic sickle-cell mouse model to study the pathophysiology of priapism. J Sex Med, 2009. 6: 2494.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19523035

1550.Burnett, A.L., et al. Long-term oral phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor therapy alleviates recurrent priapism. Urology, 2006. 67: 1043.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16698365

1551.Burnett, A.L., et al. Feasibility of the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in a pharmacologic prevention program for recurrent priapism. J Sex Med, 2006. 3: 1077.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17100941

1552.Pierorazio, P.M., et al. Daily phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor therapy as rescue for recurrent ischemic priapism after failed androgen ablation. J Androl, 2011. 32: 371.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127306

1553.Hou, L.T., et al. Regimented Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Use Reduces Emergency Department Visits for Recurrent Ischemic Priapism. J Urol, 2021. 205: 545.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32915079

1554.Rutchik, S., et al. Successful treatment of recalcitrant priapism using intercorporeal injection of tissue plasminogen activator. J Urol, 2001. 166: 628.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11458096

1555.Welliver, R.C., Jr., et al. Autoinflation leading to failure of two-piece ambicor implantable penile prosthesis: an outcome from a methodical treatment of recalcitrant stuttering priapism. Case Rep Urol, 2014. 2014: 529037.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24864222

1556.Anele, U.A., et al. How I treat priapism. Blood, 2015. 125: 3551.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25810489

1557.Guner, E., et al. Analysis of the Causes of Newborn Priapism: A Retrospective Clinical Study. Prague Med Rep, 2023. 124: 58.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36763832

1558.Burnett, A.L., et al. Priapism: current principles and practice. Urol Clin North Am, 2007. 34: 631.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983902

1559.Jesus, L.E., et al. Priapism in children: review of pathophysiology and treatment. J Pediatr (Rio J), 2009. 85: 194.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19455267

1560.Patel, S.R., et al. Is urgent surgical management necessary for priapism in pediatric patients with hematologic conditions? J Pediatr Urol, 2022. 18: 528.e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35843787

1561.Donaldson, J.F., et al. Priapism in children: a comprehensive review and clinical guideline. J Pediatr Urol, 2014. 10: 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24135215

1562.Bastuba, M.D., et al. Arterial priapism: diagnosis, treatment and long-term followup. J Urol, 1994. 151: 1231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8158765

1563.Hatzichristou, D., et al. Management strategy for arterial priapism: therapeutic dilemmas. J Urol, 2002. 168: 2074.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12394712

1564.Witt, M.A., et al. Traumatic laceration of intracavernosal arteries: the pathophysiology of nonischemic, high flow, arterial priapism. J Urol, 1990. 143: 129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2294241

1565.Kuefer, R., et al. Changing diagnostic and therapeutic concepts in high-flow priapism. Int J Impot Res, 2005. 17: 109.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15229624

1566.Steers, W.D., et al. Use of methylene blue and selective embolization of the pudendal artery for high flow priapism refractory to medical and surgical treatments. J Urol, 1991. 146: 1361.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1942293

1567.Ricciardi, R., Jr., et al. Delayed high flow priapism: pathophysiology and management. J Urol, 1993. 149: 119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8417190

1568.Ingram, A.R., et al. An Update on Non-Ischemic Priapism. Sex Med Rev, 2020. 8: 140.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30987934

1569.Hudnall, M., et al. Advances in the understanding of priapism. Transl Androl Urol, 2017. 6: 199.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28540227

1570.Todd, N.V. Priapism in acute spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 2011. 49: 1033.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21647168

1571.Karagiannis, A.A., et al. High flow priapism secondary to internal urethrotomy treated with embolization. J Urol, 2004. 171: 1631.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15017242

1572.Liguori, G., et al. High-flow priapism (HFP) secondary to Nesbit operation: management by percutaneous embolization and colour Doppler-guided compression. Int J Impot Res, 2005. 17: 304.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15690066

1573.Tang, M., et al. Intracavernosal metaraminol bitartrate for treatment of priapism resulting from circumcision: a case report. Springerplus, 2016. 5: 436.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27104124

1574.Boscolo-Berto, R., et al. Determinism and liabilities in a complicated transrectal prostate biopsy: what is what. Urologia, 2011. 78: 176.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21786228

1575.Oshima, J., et al. [Nonischemic Priapism Following Brachytherapy : A Case Report and a Review]. Hinyokika Kiyo, 2016. 62: 605.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27919141

1576.Lutz, A., et al. Conversion of low-flow to high-flow priapism: a case report and review (CME). J Sex Med, 2012. 9: 951. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22462585

1577.McMahon, C.G. High flow priapism due to an arterial-lacunar fistula complicating initial veno-occlusive priapism. Int J Impot Res, 2002. 14: 195.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12058247

1578.Vagnoni, V., et al. High-flow priapism after T-shunt and tunneling in a patient with ischemic priapism. Turk J Urol, 2020. 46: 488.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32966205

1579.Ramos, C.E., et al. High flow priapism associated with sickle cell disease. J Urol, 1995. 153: 1619.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7714988

1580.Dubocq, F.M., et al. High flow malignant priapism with isolated metastasis to the corpora cavernosa. Urology, 1998. 51: 324.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9495721

1581.Inamoto, T., et al. A rare case of penile metastasis of testicular cancer presented with priapism. Hinyokika Kiyo, 2005. 51: 639.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16229380

1582.Bertolotto, M., et al. Sonography of the penis/erectile dysfunction. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2020. 45: 1973.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32285181

1583.Jung, D.C., et al. Penile Doppler ultrasonography revisited. Ultrasonography, 2018. 37: 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28736428

1584.Abdulsattar, O.A., et al. The Role of Color Doppler Ultrasound in Initial Evaluation of Patients with Priapism: A Cross Sectional Study. IJOUR, 2019. 10: 1102.
https://www.ijour.net/article/ijphrd-10-1-210

1585.Kang, B.C., et al. Post-traumatic arterial priapism: colour Doppler examination and superselective arterial embolization. Clin Radiol, 1998. 53: 830.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9833787

1586.Kolbenstvedt, A., et al. Arterial high flow priapism role of radiology in diagnosis and treatment. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl, 1996. 179: 143.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8908681

1587.Eracleous, E., et al. Use of Doppler ultrasound and 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced MR angiography in the diagnosis and follow-up of post-traumatic high-flow priapism in a child. Pediatr Radiol, 2000. 30: 265.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10789908

1588.Surgery, B.S.o.A.G., et al. BAUS consensus document for the management of male genital emergencies: priapism. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 835.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29357203

1589.Arango, O., et al. Complete resolution of post-traumatic high-flow priapism with conservative treatment. Int J Impot Res, 1999. 11: 115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10356672

1590.Ilkay, A.K., et al. Conservative management of high-flow priapism. Urology, 1995. 46: 419.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7660524

1591.Mwamukonda, K.B., et al. Androgen blockade for the treatment of high-flow priapism. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 2532.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20456623

1592.Cakan, M., et al. Is the combination of superselective transcatheter autologous clot embolization and duplex sonography-guided compression therapy useful treatment option for the patients with high-flow priapism? Int J Impot Res, 2006. 18: 141.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16079900

1593.Kim, K.R., et al. Treatment of high-flow priapism with superselective transcatheter embolization in 27 patients: a multicenter study. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 2007. 18: 1222.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17911511

1594.Numan, F., et al. Posttraumatic nonischemic priapism treated with autologous blood clot embolization. J Sex Med, 2008. 5: 173.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18173765

1595.von Stempel, C., et al. Therapeutic outcomes and analysis of Doppler findings in 25 patients with non-ischemic priapism. Int J Impot Res, 2024. 36: 55.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37311966

1596.Gorich, J., et al. Interventional treatment of traumatic priapism. J Endovasc Ther, 2002. 9: 614.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12431145

1597.Wan, X., et al. Posttraumatic Arterial Priapism Treated with Superselective Embolization: Our Clinical Experience and a Review of the Literature. Adv Ther, 2019. 36: 684.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30684137

1598.Kerlan, R.K., Jr., et al. Superselective microcoil embolization in the management of high-flow priapism. J Vasc Interv Radiol, 1998. 9: 85.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9468400

1599.Liu, B.X., et al. High-flow priapism: superselective cavernous artery embolization with microcoils. Urology, 2008. 72: 571.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18619653

1600.Numan, F., et al. Posttraumatic high-flow priapism treated by N-butyl-cyanoacrylate embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 1996. 19: 278.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8755084

1601.Sandock, D.S., et al. Perineal abscess after embolization for high-flow priapism. Urology, 1996. 48: 308.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8753749

1602.Shapiro, R.H., et al. Post-traumatic priapism treated with selective cavernosal artery ligation. Urology, 1997. 49: 638.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9111644

1603.De Rose, A.F., et al. Cycling Trauma as a Cause of Arterial Priapism in Children and Teenagers. Rev Urol, 2017. 19: 273.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29472833

1604.Hacker, H.W., et al. Nonischemic Priapism in Childhood: A Case Series and Review of Literature. Eur J Pediatr Surg, 2018. 28: 255.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28346955

1605.Corbetta, J.P., et al. High flow priapism: diagnosis and treatment in pediatric population. Pediatr Surg Int, 2011. 27: 1217.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21544645

1606.Nabinger, G.B., et al. Child non-ischemic priapism, a conservative approach: case report and updated review. J Pediatr Urol, 2013. 9: e99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23287647

1607.Cantasdemir, M., et al. Posttraumatic high-flow priapism in children treated with autologous blood clot embolization: long-term results and review of the literature. Pediatr Radiol, 2011. 41: 627.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21127852

1608.World Health Organization, WHO Manual for the Standardized Investigation and Diagnosis of the Infertile Couple. 2000, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9780521431361

1609.Agarwal, A., et al. Male Oxidative Stress Infertility (MOSI): Proposed Terminology and Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Idiopathic Male Infertility. World J Mens Health, 2019. 37: 296.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31081299

1610.Thoma, M.E., et al. Prevalence of infertility in the United States as estimated by the current duration approach and a traditional constructed approach. Fertil Steril, 2013. 99: 1324.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23290741

1611.Greenhall, E., et al. The prevalence of subfertility: a review of the current confusion and a report of two new studies. Fertil Steril, 1990. 54: 978.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2245856

1612.Brandt, J.S., et al. Advanced paternal age, infertility, and reproductive risks: A review of the literature. Prenat Diagn, 2019. 39: 81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30520056

1613.Avellino, G., et al. Common urologic diseases in older men and their treatment: how they impact fertility. Fertil Steril, 2017. 107: 305.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073432

1614.Jennings, M.O., et al. Management and counseling of the male with advanced paternal age. Fertil Steril, 2017. 107: 324.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28069174

1615.Ramasamy, R., et al. Male biological clock: a critical analysis of advanced paternal age. Fertil Steril, 2015. 103: 1402.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25881878

1616.Starosta, A., et al. Predictive factors for intrauterine insemination outcomes: a review. Fertil Res Pract, 2020. 6: 23.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33308319

1617.Van Opstal, J., et al. Male age interferes with embryo growth in IVF treatment. Hum Reprod, 2021. 36: 107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33164068

1618.Vaughan, D.A., et al. DNA fragmentation of sperm: a radical examination of the contribution of oxidative stress and age in 16 945 semen samples. Hum Reprod, 2020. 35: 2188.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32976601

1619.du Fosse, N.A., et al. Advanced paternal age is associated with an increased risk of spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2020. 26: 650.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32358607

1620.Wennberg, A.L., et al. Effect of maternal age on maternal and neonatal outcomes after assisted reproductive technology. Fertil Steril, 2016. 106: 1142.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27399261

1621.Sunderam, S., et al. Comparing fertilization rates from intracytoplasmic sperm injection to conventional in vitro fertilization among women of advanced age with non-male factor infertility: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2020. 113: 354.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32106989

1622.Guideline Group on Unexplained, I., et al. Evidence-based guideline: unexplained infertilitydagger. Hum Reprod, 2023. 38: 1881.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37599566

1623.American College of, O., et al. Female age-related fertility decline. Committee Opinion No. 589. Fertil Steril, 2014. 101: 633.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24559617

1624.Carson, S.A., et al. Diagnosis and Management of Infertility: A Review. JAMA, 2021. 326: 65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34228062

1625.Boeri, L., et al. Normal sperm parameters per se do not reliably account for fertility: A case-control study in the real-life setting. Andrologia, 2021. 53: e13861.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33125742

1626.Campbell, M.J., et al. Distribution of semen examination results 2020 - A follow up of data collated for the WHO semen analysis manual 2010. Andrology, 2021. 9: 817.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33528873

1627.Fallara, G., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Impact of Infertility on Men's General Health. Eur Urol Focus, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37573151

1628.Pozzi, E., et al. Infertile couples still undergo assisted reproductive treatments without initial andrological evaluation in the real-life setting: A failure to adhere to guidelines? Andrology, 2021. 9: 1843.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34169669

1629.Ferlin, A., et al. Sperm Count and Hypogonadism as Markers of General Male Health. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 205.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31427194

1630.Fallara, G., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Impact of Infertility on Men's General Health. Eur Urol Focus, 2024. 10: 98.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37573151

1631.Bjorndahl, L., et al. Standards in semen examination: publishing reproducible and reliable data based on high-quality methodology. Hum Reprod, 2022. 37: 2497.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36112046

1632.World Health Organization. WHO Laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, sixth edition. 2021.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030787

1633.Pozzi, E., et al. Initial Andrological Evaluation of the Infertile Male. Eur Urol Focus, 2023. 9: 51.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36210297

1634.Lotti, F., et al. Ultrasound of the male genital tract in relation to male reproductive health. Hum Reprod Update, 2015. 21: 56.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25038770

1635.Bahk, J.Y., et al. Cut-off value of testes volume in young adults and correlation among testes volume, body mass index, hormonal level, and seminal profiles. Urology, 2010. 75: 1318.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299083

1636.Jorgensen, N., et al. East-West gradient in semen quality in the Nordic-Baltic area: a study of men from the general population in Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland. Hum Reprod, 2002. 17: 2199.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12151459

1637.Jensen, T.K., et al. Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries. Am J Epidemiol, 2004. 159: 49.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14693659

1638.Boeri, L., et al. Testicular volume in infertile versus fertile white-European men: a case-control investigation in the real-life setting. Asian J Androl, 2021. 23: 501.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33723100

1639.Yifu, P., et al. Sperm DNA fragmentation index with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod, 2020: 101740.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32348878

1640.McQueen, D.B., et al. Sperm DNA fragmentation and recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2019. 112: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31056315

1641.World Health Organization, WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, 5th Edition. 2010.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240030787

1642.Grimes, D.A., et al. "Oligozoospermia," "azoospermia," and other semen-analysis terminology: the need for better science. Fertil Steril, 2007. 88: 1491.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17582404

1643.Agarwal, A., et al. Sperm DNA damage assessment: a test whose time has come. Fertil Steril, 2005. 84: 850.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16213833

1644.Zini, A., et al. Correlations between two markers of sperm DNA integrity, DNA denaturation and DNA fragmentation, in fertile and infertile men. Fertil Steril, 2001. 75: 674.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11287017

1645.Iommiello, V.M., et al. Ejaculate oxidative stress is related with sperm DNA fragmentation and round cells. Int J Endocrinol, 2015. 2015: 321901.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25802519

1646.Bisht, S., et al. Oxidative stress and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol, 2017. 14: 470.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28508879

1647.Agarwal, A., et al. Oxidation-reduction potential as a new marker for oxidative stress: Correlation to male infertility. Investig Clin Urol, 2017. 58: 385.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29124237

1648.Marinaro, J.A. Sperm DNA fragmentation and its interaction with female factors. Fertil Steril, 2023. 120: 715.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37290553

1649.Simon, L., et al. Sperm DNA Fragmentation: Consequences for Reproduction. Adv Exp Med Biol, 2019. 1166: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31301048

1650.Nicopoullos, J., et al. Novel use of COMET parameters of sperm DNA damage may increase its utility to diagnose male infertility and predict live births following both IVF and ICSI. Hum Reprod, 2019. 34: 1915.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31585464

1651.Tan, J., et al. Association between sperm DNA fragmentation and idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online, 2019. 38: 951.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30979611

1652.Szabo, A., et al. Lifestyle-, environmental-, and additional health factors associated with an increased sperm DNA fragmentation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 2023. 21: 5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36653793

1653.Dahan, M.H., et al. Three hour abstinence as a treatment for high sperm DNA fragmentation: a prospective cohort study. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2021. 38: 227.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33179134

1654.Behdarvandian, P., et al. Sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA((R))) and flow cytometry-assisted TUNEL assay provide a concordant assessment of sperm DNA fragmentation as a function of age in a large cohort of approximately 10,000 patients. Basic Clin Androl, 2023. 33: 33.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38030992

1655.Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive, M. The clinical utility of sperm DNA integrity testing: a guideline. Fertil Steril, 2013. 99: 673.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23391408

1656.Cissen, M., et al. Measuring Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Clinical Outcomes of Medically Assisted Reproduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One, 2016. 11: e0165125.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27832085

1657.Kim, G.Y. What should be done for men with sperm DNA fragmentation? Clin Exp Reprod Med, 2018. 45: 101.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30202739

1658.Evenson, D.P. Sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA(R)). Methods Mol Biol, 2013. 927: 147.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22992911

1659.Evenson, D.P., et al. Sperm chromatin structure assay: its clinical use for detecting sperm DNA fragmentation in male infertility and comparisons with other techniques. J Androl, 2002. 23: 25.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11780920

1660.Tarozzi, N., et al. Clinical relevance of sperm DNA damage in assisted reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online, 2007. 14: 746.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17579991

1661.Esteves, S.C., et al. Reproductive outcomes of testicular versus ejaculated sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection among men with high levels of DNA fragmentation in semen: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2017. 108: 456.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28865546

1662.Esteves, S.C., et al. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection for male infertility and consequences for offspring. Nat Rev Urol, 2018. 15: 535.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29967387

1663.Abhyankar, N., et al. Use of testicular versus ejaculated sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection among men with cryptozoospermia: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2016. 105: 1469.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26930617

1664.Kendall Rauchfuss, L.M., et al. Testicular sperm extraction vs. ejaculated sperm use for nonazoospermic male factor infertility. Fertil Steril, 2021. 116: 963.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34233843

1665.Khoo, C.C., et al. Does Testicular Sperm Improve Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcomes for Nonazoospermic Infertile Men with Elevated Sperm DNA Fragmentation? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2023.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37709593

1666.Martin-du-Pan, R.C., et al. Increased follicle stimulating hormone in infertile men. Is increased plasma FSH always due to damaged germinal epithelium? Hum Reprod, 1995. 10: 1940.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8567817

1667.Ishikawa, T., et al. Clinical and hormonal findings in testicular maturation arrest. BJU Int, 2004. 94: 1314.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15610112

1668.Ramasamy, R., et al. High serum FSH levels in men with nonobstructive azoospermia does not affect success of microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril, 2009. 92: 590.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18973887

1669.Zeadna, A., et al. Prediction of sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia patients: a machine-learning perspective. Hum Reprod, 2020. 35: 1505.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32538428

1670.Pozzi, E., et al. Anti-Mullerian hormone predicts positive sperm retrieval in men with idiopathic non-obstructive azoospermia-findings from a multi-centric cross-sectional study. Hum Reprod, 2023. 38: 1464.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37322566

1671.Benderradji, H., et al. Contribution of serum anti-Mullerian hormone in the management of azoospermia and the prediction of testicular sperm retrieval outcomes: a study of 155 adult men. Basic Clin Androl, 2021. 31: 15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34134632

1672.Carrell, D.T. The clinical implementation of sperm chromosome aneuploidy testing: pitfalls and promises. J Androl, 2008. 29: 124.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17881765

1673.Aran, B., et al. Screening for abnormalities of chromosomes X, Y, and 18 and for diploidy in spermatozoa from infertile men participating in an in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection program. Fertil Steril, 1999. 72: 696.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10521113

1674.Kohn, T.P., et al. Genetic counseling for men with recurrent pregnancy loss or recurrent implantation failure due to abnormal sperm chromosomal aneuploidy. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2016. 33: 571.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27020275

1675.Cheng, X., et al. Preimplantation Genetic Testing for Aneuploidy With Comprehensive Chromosome Screening in Patients Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol, 2022. 140: 769.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36201787

1676.Zheng, W., et al. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnancies resulting from preimplantation genetic testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2021. 27: 989.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34473268

1677.Dviri, M., et al. Is there an association between paternal age and aneuploidy? Evidence from young donor oocyte-derived embryos: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2021. 27: 486.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33355342

1678.Cornelisse, S., et al. Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidies (abnormal number of chromosomes) in in vitro fertilisation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020. 9: CD005291.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32898291

1679.Johnson, M.D. Genetic risks of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of male infertility: recommendations for genetic counseling and screening. Fertil Steril, 1998. 70: 397.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9757865

1680.Clementini, E., et al. Prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in 2078 infertile couples referred for assisted reproductive techniques. Hum Reprod, 2005. 20: 437.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15567875

1681.Vincent, M.C., et al. Cytogenetic investigations of infertile men with low sperm counts: a 25-year experience. J Androl, 2002. 23: 18.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11780918

1682.Deebel, N.A., et al. Age-related presence of spermatogonia in patients with Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2020. 26: 58.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31822886

1683.Vockel, M., et al. The X chromosome and male infertility. Hum Genet, 2021. 140: 203.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31875237

1684.Dul, E.C., et al. The prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in subgroups of infertile men. Hum Reprod, 2012. 27: 36.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22081244

1685.Davila Garza, S.A., et al. Reproductive outcomes in patients with male infertility because of Klinefelter's syndrome, Kartagener's syndrome, round-head sperm, dysplasia fibrous sheath, and 'stump' tail sperm: an updated literature review. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 2013. 25: 229.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23587797

1686.Pozzi, E., et al. Rates of hypogonadism forms in Klinefelter patients undergoing testicular sperm extraction: A multicenter cross-sectional study. Andrology, 2020. 8: 1705.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32558292

1687.Wang, C., et al. Hormonal studies in Klinefelter's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1975. 4: 399.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1157343

1688.Calogero, A.E., et al. Klinefelter syndrome: cardiovascular abnormalities and metabolic disorders. J Endocrinol Invest, 2017. 40: 705.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258556

1689.Aksglaede, L., et al. Testicular function and fertility in men with Klinefelter syndrome: a review. Eur J Endocrinol, 2013. 168: R67.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23504510

1690.Corona, G., et al. Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in Klinefelter syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2017. 23: 265.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28379559

1691.Okada, H., et al. Age as a limiting factor for successful sperm retrieval in patients with nonmosaic Klinefelter's syndrome. Fertil Steril, 2005. 84: 1662.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16359961

1692.Groth, K.A., et al. Clinical review: Klinefelter syndrome--a clinical update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2013. 98: 20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118429

1693.Gravholt, C.H., et al. Klinefelter Syndrome: Integrating Genetics, Neuropsychology, and Endocrinology. Endocr Rev, 2018. 39: 389.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29438472

1694.Glueck, C.J., et al. Thrombophilia in Klinefelter Syndrome With Deep Venous Thrombosis, Pulmonary Embolism, and Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis on Testosterone Therapy: A Pilot Study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2017. 23: 973.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27582022

1695.Gies, I., et al. Spermatogonial stem cell preservation in boys with Klinefelter syndrome: to bank or not to bank, that's the question. Fertil Steril, 2012. 98: 284.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22608314

1696.Franik, S., et al. Klinefelter syndrome and fertility: sperm preservation should not be offered to children with Klinefelter syndrome. Hum Reprod, 2016. 31: 1952.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27412247

1697.Nguyen, M.H., et al. Balanced complex chromosome rearrangement in male infertility: case report and literature review. Andrologia, 2015. 47: 178.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24612408

1698.Siffroi, J.P., et al. Assisted reproductive technology and complex chromosomal rearrangements: the limits of ICSI. Mol Hum Reprod, 1997. 3: 847.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9395262

1699.De Boeck, K. Cystic fibrosis in the year 2020: A disease with a new face. Acta Paediatr, 2020. 109: 893.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31899933

1700.McBride, J.A., et al. Sperm retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes in men with cystic fibrosis disease versus congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. Asian J Androl, 2021. 23: 140.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32930103

1701.Donat, R., et al. The incidence of cystic fibrosis gene mutations in patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens in Scotland. Br J Urol, 1997. 79: 74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9043501

1702.Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive, M. Diagnostic evaluation of the infertile male: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril, 2015. 103: e18.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25597249

1703.Oates, R. Evaluation of the azoospermic male. Asian J Androl, 2012. 14: 82.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22179510

1704.Daudin, M., et al. Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: clinical characteristics, biological parameters, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene mutations, and implications for genetic counseling. Fertil Steril, 2000. 74: 1164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11119745

1705.Chillon, M., et al. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene in patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens. N Engl J Med, 1995. 332: 1475.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7739684

1706.De Braekeleer, M., et al. Mutations in the cystic fibrosis gene in men with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens. Mol Hum Reprod, 1996. 2: 669.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9239681

1707.Nathanson, K.L., et al. The Y deletion gr/gr and susceptibility to testicular germ cell tumor. Am J Hum Genet, 2005. 77: 1034.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16380914

1708.Krausz, C., et al. Genetic risk factors in male infertility. Arch Androl, 2007. 53: 125.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17612870

1709.Augarten, A., et al. Congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens in the absence of cystic fibrosis. Lancet, 1994. 344: 1473.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7968122

1710.Schlegel, P.N., et al. Urogenital anomalies in men with congenital absence of the vas deferens. J Urol, 1996. 155: 1644.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8627844

1711.Drake, M.J., et al. Absent vas deferens and ipsilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney in a child. Br J Urol, 1996. 77: 756.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8689131

1712.Vogt, P.H., et al. Human Y chromosome azoospermia factors (AZF) mapped to different subregions in Yq11. Hum Mol Genet, 1996. 5: 933.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8817327

1713.Krausz, C., et al. Spermatogenic failure and the Y chromosome. Hum Genet, 2017. 136: 637.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28456834

1714.Skaletsky, H., et al. The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes. Nature, 2003. 423: 825.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12815422

1715.Krausz, C., et al. The Y chromosome and male fertility and infertility. Int J Androl, 2003. 26: 70.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12641824

1716.Hinch, A.G., et al. Recombination in the human Pseudoautosomal region PAR1. PLoS Genet, 2014. 10: e1004503.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25033397

1717.Colaco, S., et al. Genetics of the human Y chromosome and its association with male infertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 2018. 16: 14.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29454353

1718.Kohn, T.P., et al. The Prevalence of Y-chromosome Microdeletions in Oligozoospermic Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of European and North American Studies. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 626.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31400948

1719.Ferlin, A., et al. Molecular and clinical characterization of Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile men: a 10-year experience in Italy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007. 92: 762.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17213277

1720.Hopps, C.V., et al. Detection of sperm in men with Y chromosome microdeletions of the AZFa, AZFb and AZFc regions. Hum Reprod, 2003. 18: 1660.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12871878

1721.Park, S.H., et al. Success rate of microsurgical multiple testicular sperm extraction and sperm presence in the ejaculate in korean men with y chromosome microdeletions. Korean J Urol, 2013. 54: 536.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23956830

1722.Abur, U., et al. Chromosomal and Y-chromosome microdeletion analysis in 1,300 infertile males and the fertility outcome of patients with AZFc microdeletions. Andrologia, 2019. 51: e13402.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31650616

1723.Krausz, C., et al. Y chromosome and male infertility: update, 2006. Front Biosci, 2006. 11: 3049.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16720375

1724.Li, X., et al. Effect of Y Chromosome Microdeletions on the Pregnancy Outcome of Assisted Reproduction Technology: a Meta-analysis. Reprod Sci, 2021. 28: 2413.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33409872

1725.Krausz, C., et al. EAA/EMQN best practice guidelines for molecular diagnosis of Y-chromosomal microdeletions: state-of-the-art 2013. Andrology, 2014. 2: 5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357628

1726.Alhathal, N., et al. A genomics approach to male infertility. Genet Med, 2020. 22: 1967.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32719396

1727.Sieper, M.H., et al. Scrutinizing the human TEX genes in the context of human male infertility. Andrology, 2024. 12: 570.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37594251

1728.Cannarella, R., et al. Next-generation sequencing: toward an increase in the diagnostic yield in patients with apparently idiopathic spermatogenic failure. Asian J Androl, 2021. 23: 24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32655042

1729.Ignatieva, E.V., et al. A Catalog of Human Genes Associated With Pathozoospermia and Functional Characteristics of These Genes. Front Genet, 2021. 12: 662770.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34290736

1730.Xavier, M.J., et al. Disease gene discovery in male infertility: past, present and future. Hum Genet, 2021. 140: 7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32638125

1731.Aliakbari, F., et al. Association of the MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C polymorphisms and male infertility risk: a meta-analysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 2020. 18: 93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32912251

1732.Garcia Rodriguez, A., et al. Association of polymorphisms in genes coding for antioxidant enzymes and human male infertility. Ann Hum Genet, 2019. 83: 63.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30191955

1733.Lv, M.Q., et al. Association between X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 Arg399Gln polymorphism and male infertility: An update meta-analysis. Andrologia, 2020. 52: e13700.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32535968

1734.Lenz, S., et al. Ultrasonic testicular texture and size in 444 men from the general population: correlation to semen quality. Eur Urol, 1993. 24: 231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8104150

1735.Lenz, S., et al. Ultrasonic texture and volume of testicles in infertile men. Hum Reprod, 1994. 9: 878.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7929736

1736.Bieniek, J.M., et al. Prevalence and Management of Incidental Small Testicular Masses Discovered on Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Male Infertility. J Urol, 2018. 199: 481.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28789946

1737.Tournaye, H., et al. Novel concepts in the aetiology of male reproductive impairment. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2017. 5: 544.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27395771

1738.Behboudi-Gandevani, S., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Male Infertility and the Subsequent Risk of Cancer. Front Oncol, 2021. 11: 696702.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34722244

1739.Hanson, H.A., et al. Subfertility increases risk of testicular cancer: evidence from population-based semen samples. Fertil Steril, 2016. 105: 322.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26604070

1740.Barbonetti, A., et al. Testicular Cancer in Infertile Men With and Without Testicular Microlithiasis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2019. 10: 164.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30949131

1741.Ager, M., et al. Radiological features characterising indeterminate testes masses: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 288.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35980855

1742.Eifler, J.B., Jr., et al. Incidental testicular lesions found during infertility evaluation are usually benign and may be managed conservatively. J Urol, 2008. 180: 261.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18499177

1743.Kirkham, A.P., et al. Targeted testicular excision biopsy: when and how should we try to avoid radical orchidectomy? Clin Radiol, 2009. 64: 1158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19913124

1744.Dell'Atti, L., et al. Are ultrasonographic measurements a reliable parameter to choose non-palpable testicular masses amenable to treatment with sparing surgery? J BUON, 2018. 23: 439.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29745090

1745.Esen, B., et al. Should we rely on Doppler ultrasound for evaluation of testicular solid lesions? World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1263.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29572727

1746.Shtricker, A., et al. The value of testicular ultrasound in the prediction of the type and size of testicular tumors. Int Braz J Urol, 2015. 41: 655.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26401856

1747.Sriprasad S, et al. High frequency colour doppler ultrasound of focal testicular lesion: Crossing vessels (criss-cross) pattern identifies primary malignant tumour. Eur Urol Suppl. , 2003. 2(1): 155.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1569905603806139

1748.Elert, A., et al. Accuracy of frozen section examination of testicular tumors of uncertain origin. Eur Urol, 2002. 41: 290.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12180230

1749.Gokhale, S., et al. Epididymal Appearance in Congenital Absence of Vas Deferens. J Ultrasound Med, 2021. 40: 1085.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32955739

1750.Du, J., et al. Differential diagnosis of azoospermia and etiologic classification of obstructive azoospermia: role of scrotal and transrectal US. Radiology, 2010. 256: 493.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20515977

1751.McQuaid, J.W., et al. Ejaculatory duct obstruction: current diagnosis and treatment. Curr Urol Rep, 2013. 14: 291.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23733548

1752.Berkowitz, G.S., et al. Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism. Pediatrics, 1993. 92: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8100060

1753.van Brakel, J., et al. Scrotal ultrasound findings in previously congenital and acquired unilateral undescended testes and their contralateral normally descended testis. Andrology, 2015. 3: 888.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26216342

1754.van Brakel, J., et al. Fertility potential in a cohort of 65 men with previously acquired undescended testes. J Pediatr Surg, 2014. 49: 599.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24726121

1755.Varela-Cives, R., et al. A cross-sectional study of cryptorchidism in children: testicular volume and hormonal function at 18 years of age. Int Braz J Urol, 2015. 41: 57.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25928530

1756.Skakkebaek, N.E., et al. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod, 2001. 16: 972.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11331648

1757.Zhang, L., et al. Maternal gestational smoking, diabetes, alcohol drinking, pre-pregnancy obesity and the risk of cryptorchidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One, 2015. 10: e0119006.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25798927

1758.Bergbrant, S., et al. Cryptorchidism in Sweden: A Nationwide Study of Prevalence, Operative Management, and Complications. J Pediatr, 2018. 194: 197.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29331326

1759.Gracia, J., et al. Clinical and anatomopathological study of 2000 cryptorchid testes. Br J Urol, 1995. 75: 697.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7613821

1760.Hadziselimovic, F., et al. Infertility in cryptorchidism is linked to the stage of germ cell development at orchidopexy. Horm Res, 2007. 68: 46.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17356291

1761.Bu, Q., et al. The Effectiveness of hCG and LHRH in Boys with Cryptorchidism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Horm Metab Res, 2016. 48: 318.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27050251

1762.Wei, Y., et al. Efficacy and safety of human chorionic gonadotropin for treatment of cryptorchidism: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Paediatr Child Health, 2018. 54: 900.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29655188

1763.Cortes, D., et al. Hormonal treatment may harm the germ cells in 1 to 3-year-old boys with cryptorchidism. J Urol, 2000. 163: 1290.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10737531

1764.Radmayr, C., et al., EAU Guidelines on Paediatric Urology, in EAU Guidelines edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress, London 2026. 2026, European Association of Urology: Arnhem, The Netherlands.
https://uroweb.org/guideline/paediatric-urology/

1765.Verkauskas, G., et al. Histopathology of Unilateral Cryptorchidism. Pediatr Dev Pathol, 2019. 22: 53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30012073

1766.Yavetz, H., et al. Cryptorchidism: incidence and sperm quality in infertile men. Andrologia, 1992. 24: 293.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1356318

1767.Wilkerson, M.L., et al. Fertility potential: a comparison of intra-abdominal and intracanalicular testes by age groups in children. Horm Res, 2001. 55: 18.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423737

1768.Lee, P.A. Fertility after cryptorchidism: epidemiology and other outcome studies. Urology, 2005. 66: 427.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16098371

1769.Rohayem, J., et al. Delayed treatment of undescended testes may promote hypogonadism and infertility. Endocrine, 2017. 55: 914.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28070708

1770.Giwercman, A., et al. Prevalence of carcinoma in situ and other histopathological abnormalities in testes of men with a history of cryptorchidism. J Urol, 1989. 142: 998.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2571738

1771.Pettersson, A., et al. Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer. N Engl J Med, 2007. 356: 1835.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17476009

1772.Chan, E., et al. Ideal timing of orchiopexy: a systematic review. Pediatr Surg Int, 2014. 30: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24232174

1773.Loebenstein, M., et al. Cryptorchidism, gonocyte development, and the risks of germ cell malignancy and infertility: A systematic review. J Pediatr Surg, 2020. 55: 1201.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31327540

1774.Bloom, D.A. Two-step orchiopexy with pelviscopic clip ligation of the spermatic vessels. J Urol, 1991. 145: 1030.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1673160

1775.Koni, A., et al. Histopathological evaluation of orchiectomy specimens in 51 late postpubertal men with unilateral cryptorchidism. J Urol, 2014. 192: 1183.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24840535

1776.Giwercman, A., et al. Initiation of sperm production after bilateral orchiopexy: clinical and biological implications. J Urol, 2000. 163: 1255.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10737515

1777.Jones, P.F. Approaches to orchidopexy. Br J Urol, 1995. 75: 693.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7613820

1778.Heidenreich, A. Contralateral testicular biopsy in testis cancer: current concepts and controversies. BJU Int, 2009. 104: 1346.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840011

1779.Peng, X., et al. The association risk of male subfertility and testicular cancer: a systematic review. PLoS One, 2009. 4: e5591.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19440348

1780.Skakkebaek, N.E. Carcinoma in situ of the testis: frequency and relationship to invasive germ cell tumours in infertile men. Histopathology, 1978. 2: 157.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27442

1781.von der Maase, H., et al. Carcinoma in situ of contralateral testis in patients with testicular germ cell cancer: study of 27 cases in 500 patients. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1986. 293: 1398.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3026550

1782.Montironi, R. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the testis: testicular intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur Urol, 2002. 41: 651.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074783

1783.Jacobsen, R., et al. Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. BMJ, 2000. 321: 789.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11009515

1784.van Casteren, N.J., et al. Testicular microlithiasis and carcinoma in situ overview and proposed clinical guideline. Int J Androl, 2009. 32: 279.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207616

1785.Huyghe, E., et al. Increasing incidence of testicular cancer worldwide: a review. J Urol, 2003. 170: 5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12796635

1786.Li, D.K., et al. Relationship between urine bisphenol-A level and declining male sexual function. J Androl, 2010. 31: 500.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20467048

1787.Nassan, F.L., et al. A crossover-crossback prospective study of dibutyl-phthalate exposure from mesalamine medications and semen quality in men with inflammatory bowel disease. Environ Int, 2016. 95: 120.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27575365

1788.Giwercman, A., et al. Carcinoma in situ of the undescended testis. Semin Urol, 1988. 6: 110.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2903524

1789.Hoei-Hansen, C.E., et al. Current approaches for detection of carcinoma in situ testis. Int J Androl, 2007. 30: 398.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17705812

1790.Tan, I.B., et al. Testicular microlithiasis predicts concurrent testicular germ cell tumors and intratubular germ cell neoplasia of unclassified type in adults: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Cancer, 2010. 116: 4520.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20578177

1791.Oktay, K., et al. Fertility Preservation in Patients With Cancer: ASCO Clinical Practice Guideline Update. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36: 1994.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29620997

1792.Lambertini, M., et al. Cancer and fertility preservation: international recommendations from an expert meeting. BMC Med, 2016. 14: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26728489

1793.Petersen, P.M., et al. Semen quality and reproductive hormones before orchiectomy in men with testicular cancer. J Clin Oncol, 1999. 17: 941.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10071288

1794.Moody, J.A., et al. Fertility managment in testicular cancer: the need to establish a standardized and evidence-based patient-centric pathway. BJU Int, 2019. 123: 160.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29920910

1795.Kenney, L.B., et al. Improving Male Reproductive Health After Childhood, Adolescent, and Young Adult Cancer: Progress and Future Directions for Survivorship Research. J Clin Oncol, 2018. 36: 2160.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29874140

1796.Furuhashi, K., et al. Onco-testicular sperm extraction: testicular sperm extraction in azoospermic and very severely oligozoospermic cancer patients. Andrologia, 2013. 45: 107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22690948

1797.Tsutsumi, S., et al. Onco-testicular sperm extraction (onco-TESE) for bilateral testicular tumors: two case reports. J Med Case Rep, 2017. 11: 139.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28511670

1798.Arnon, J., et al. Genetic and teratogenic effects of cancer treatments on gametes and embryos. Hum Reprod Update, 2001. 7: 394.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11476352

1799.Eberhard, J., et al. Impact of therapy and androgen receptor polymorphism on sperm concentration in men treated for testicular germ cell cancer: a longitudinal study. Hum Reprod, 2004. 19: 1418.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105386

1800.Chatziparasidou, A., et al. Sperm aneuploidy in infertile male patients: a systematic review of the literature. Andrologia, 2015. 47: 847.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25352353

1801.Paoli, D., et al. Fatherhood and Sperm DNA Damage in Testicular Cancer Patients. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018. 9: 506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30271379

1802.Kryukov, G.V., et al. Genetic Effect of Chemotherapy Exposure in Children of Testicular Cancer Survivors. Clin Cancer Res, 2016. 22: 2183.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26631610

1803.Willemse, P.H., et al. Altered Leydig cell function in patients with testicular cancer: evidence for bilateral testicular defect. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1983. 102: 616.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6133401

1804.La Vignera, S., et al. Hypogonadism and Sexual Dysfunction in Testicular Tumor Survivors: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2019. 10: 264.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31133982

1805.Skinner, R., et al. Recommendations for gonadotoxicity surveillance in male childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors: a report from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group in collaboration with the PanCareSurFup Consortium. Lancet Oncol, 2017. 18: e75.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28214419

1806.Richenberg, J., et al. Testicular microlithiasis imaging and follow-up: guidelines of the ESUR scrotal imaging subcommittee. Eur Radiol, 2015. 25: 323.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25316054

1807.Pedersen, M.R., et al. Testicular microlithiasis and testicular cancer: review of the literature. Int Urol Nephrol, 2016. 48: 1079.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007613

1808.Pierik, F.H., et al. Is routine scrotal ultrasound advantageous in infertile men? J Urol, 1999. 162: 1618.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10524881

1809.Derogee, M., et al. Testicular microlithiasis, a premalignant condition: prevalence, histopathologic findings, and relation to testicular tumor. Urology, 2001. 57: 1133.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11377326

1810.Miller, F.N., et al. Does testicular microlithiasis matter? A review. Clin Radiol, 2002. 57: 883.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12413911

1811.Giwercman, A., et al. Prevalence of carcinoma in situ and other histopathological abnormalities in testes from 399 men who died suddenly and unexpectedly. J Urol, 1991. 145: 77.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1984105

1812.de Gouveia Brazao, C.A., et al. Bilateral testicular microlithiasis predicts the presence of the precursor of testicular germ cell tumors in subfertile men. J Urol, 2004. 171: 158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14665866

1813.Leblanc, L., et al. Testicular microlithiasis and testicular tumor: a review of the literature. Basic Clin Androl, 2018. 28: 8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30002831

1814.DeCastro, B.J., et al. A 5-year followup study of asymptomatic men with testicular microlithiasis. J Urol, 2008. 179: 1420.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18289592

1815.Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive, M., et al. Report on varicocele and infertility: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril, 2014. 102: 1556.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25458620

1816.Freeman, S., et al. Ultrasound evaluation of varicoceles: guidelines and recommendations of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) for detection, classification, and grading. Eur Radiol, 2020. 30: 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31332561

1817.Bertolotto, M., et al. Ultrasound evaluation of varicoceles: systematic literature review and rationale of the ESUR-SPIWG Guidelines and Recommendations. J Ultrasound, 2020. 23: 487.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32720266

1818.Sakamoto, H., et al. Testicular volume measurement: comparison of ultrasonography, orchidometry, and water displacement. Urology, 2007. 69: 152.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17270639

1819.Baazeem, A., et al. Varicocele and male factor infertility treatment: a new meta-analysis and review of the role of varicocele repair. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 796.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21733620

1820.Damsgaard, J., et al. Varicocele Is Associated with Impaired Semen Quality and Reproductive Hormone Levels: A Study of 7035 Healthy Young Men from Six European Countries. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 1019.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27423503

1821.Jensen, C.F.S., et al. Varicocele and male infertility. Nat Rev Urol, 2017. 14: 523.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28675168

1822.Pallotti, F., et al. Varicocele and semen quality: a retrospective case-control study of 4230 patients from a single centre. J Endocrinol Invest, 2018. 41: 185.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28647897

1823.Elzanaty, S. Varicocele repair in non-obstructive azoospermic men: diagnostic value of testicular biopsy - a meta-analysis. Scand J Urol, 2014. 48: 494.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25001949

1824.Esteves, S.C., et al. Outcome of varicocele repair in men with nonobstructive azoospermia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl, 2016. 18: 246.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26680033

1825.Kim, H.J., et al. Clinical significance of subclinical varicocelectomy in male infertility: systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia, 2016. 48: 654.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26589369

1826.Kim, K.H., et al. Impact of surgical varicocele repair on pregnancy rate in subfertile men with clinical varicocele and impaired semen quality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Korean J Urol, 2013. 54: 703.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24175046

1827.Agarwal, A., et al. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in improving semen parameters: new meta-analytical approach. Urology, 2007. 70: 532.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17905111

1828.Birowo, P., et al. The benefits of varicocele repair for achieving pregnancy in male infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon, 2020. 6: e05439.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33204888

1829.Cannarella, R., et al. Does Varicocele Repair Improve Conventional Semen Parameters? A Meta-Analytic Study of Before-After Data. World J Mens Health, 2024. 42: 92.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37382284

1830.Baek, S.R., et al. Comparison of the clinical characteristics of patients with varicocele according to the presence or absence of scrotal pain. Andrologia, 2019. 51: e13187.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30357879

1831.Asafu-Adjei, D., et al. Systematic Review of the Impact of Varicocele Grade on Response to Surgical Management. J Urol, 2020. 203: 48.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31042452

1832.Yamamoto, M., et al. Effect of varicocelectomy on sperm parameters and pregnancy rate in patients with subclinical varicocele: a randomized prospective controlled study. J Urol, 1996. 155: 1636.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8627841

1833.Fallara, G., et al. The Effect of Varicocele Treatment on Fertility in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Published Prospective Trials. Eur Urol Focus, 2023. 9: 154.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36151030

1834.Agarwal, A., et al. Impact of Varicocele Repair on Semen Parameters in Infertile Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Mens Health, 2023. 41: 289.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36326166

1835.Kroese, A.C., et al. Surgery or embolization for varicoceles in subfertile men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012. 10: CD000479.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23076888

1836.Persad, E., et al. Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021. 4: CD000479.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33890288

1837.Machen, G.L., et al. Time to improvement of semen parameters after microscopic varicocelectomy: When it occurs and its effects on fertility. Andrologia, 2020. 52: e13500.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31840291

1838.Pazir, Y., et al. Determination of the time for improvement in semen parameters after varicocelectomy. Andrologia, 2021. 53: e13895.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33141946

1839.Cayan, S., et al. Can varicocelectomy significantly change the way couples use assisted reproductive technologies? J Urol, 2002. 167: 1749.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11912402

1840.Peng, J., et al. Spontaneous pregnancy rates in Chinese men undergoing microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy and possible preoperative factors affecting the outcomes. Fertil Steril, 2015. 103: 635.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25624191

1841.Kirby, E.W., et al. Undergoing varicocele repair before assisted reproduction improves pregnancy rate and live birth rate in azoospermic and oligospermic men with a varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2016. 106: 1338.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27526630

1842.Ding, H., et al. Open non-microsurgical, laparoscopic or open microsurgical varicocelectomy for male infertility: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 1536.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22642226

1843.Locke, J.A., et al. Treatment of varicocele in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr Urol, 2017. 13: 437.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28851509

1844.Silay, M.S., et al. Treatment of Varicocele in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis from the European Association of Urology/European Society for Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 448.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316583

1845.Sajadi, H., et al. Varicocelectomy May Improve Results for Sperm Retrieval and Pregnancy Rate in Non-Obstructive Azoospermic Men. Int J Fertil Steril, 2019. 12: 303.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30291690

1846.Jensen, S., et al. Varicocele treatment in non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review. Arab J Urol, 2021. 19: 221. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34552773

1847.Chen, X., et al. Efficacy of varicocelectomy in the treatment of hypogonadism in subfertile males with clinical varicocele: A meta-analysis. Andrologia, 2017. 49.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28378913

1848.Soetandar, A., et al. Microsurgical varicocelectomy effects on sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm parameters in infertile male patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of more recent evidence. Arch Ital Urol Androl, 2022. 94: 360.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36165486

1849.Zhang, Y., et al. Effect of varicocele on sperm DNA damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia, 2022. 54: e14275.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34658054

1850.Cannarella, R., et al. Effects of Varicocele Repair on Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Seminal Malondialdehyde Levels in Infertile Men with Clinical Varicocele: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Mens Health, 2024. 42: 321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38164034

1851.Lira Neto, F.T., et al. Effect of varicocelectomy on sperm deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation rates in infertile men with clinical varicocele: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2021. 116: 696.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33985792

1852.Yan, S., et al. Should the current guidelines for the treatment of varicoceles in infertile men be re-evaluated? Hum Fertil (Camb), 2021. 24: 78.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30905210

1853.Machen, G.L., et al. Extended indications for varicocelectomy. F1000Res, 2019. 8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31543949

1854.Cayan, S., et al. Treatment of palpable varicocele in infertile men: a meta-analysis to define the best technique. J Androl, 2009. 30: 33.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772487

1855.Wang, H., et al. Microsurgery Versus Laparoscopic Surgery for Varicocele: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Invest Surg, 2020. 33: 40.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30339469

1856.Bryniarski, P., et al. The comparison of laparoscopic and microsurgical varicocoelectomy in infertile men with varicocoele on paternity rate 12 months after surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Andrology, 2017. 5: 445.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28346969

1857.Fabiani, A., et al. Do sclero-embolization procedures have advantages over surgical ligature in treating varicocele in children, adolescents and adults? Results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia, 2022. 54: e14510.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35750057

1858.McCullough, A., et al. A retrospective review of single-institution outcomes with robotic-assisted microsurgical varicocelectomy. Asian J Androl, 2018. 20: 189.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29086759

1859.Chan, P., et al. Pros and cons of robotic m icrosurgery as an appropriate approach to male reproductive surgery for vasectomy reversal and varicocele repair. Fertil Steril, 2018. 110: 816.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316417

1860.Crestani, A., et al. Antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy of internal spermatic veins for varicocele treatment: technique, complications, and results. Asian J Androl, 2016. 18: 292.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26763550

1861.Tauber, R., et al. Antegrade scrotal sclerotherapy for the treatment of varicocele: technique and late results. J Urol, 1994. 151: 386.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8283530

1862.Makris, G.C., et al. Safety and effectiveness of the different types of embolic materials for the treatment of testicular varicoceles: a systematic review. Br J Radiol, 2018. 91: 20170445.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29493263

1863.Sigmund, G., et al. Idiopathic varicoceles: feasibility of percutaneous sclerotherapy. Radiology, 1987. 164: 161.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3588899

1864.Seyferth, W., et al. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of varicocele. Radiology, 1981. 139: 335.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7220877

1865.Goldstein, M., et al. Microsurgical inguinal varicocelectomy with delivery of the testis: an artery and lymphatic sparing technique. J Urol, 1992. 148: 1808.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1433614

1866.Ivanissevich, O. Left varicocele due to reflux; experience with 4,470 operative cases in forty-two years. J Int Coll Surg, 1960. 34: 742.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13718224

1867.Palomo, A. Radical cure of varicocele by a new technique; preliminary report. J Urol, 1949. 61: 604.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18114752

1868.Jungwirth, A., et al. Clinical outcome of microsurgical subinguinal varicocelectomy in infertile men. Andrologia, 2001. 33: 71.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11350369

1869.Rotker, K., et al. Recurrent varicocele. Asian J Androl, 2016. 18: 229.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26806078

1870.Miersch, W.D., et al. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy: indication, technique and surgical results. Br J Urol, 1995. 76: 636.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8535687

1871.Tan, S.M., et al. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy: technique and results. Br J Urol, 1995. 75: 523.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7788264

1872.World Health Organization, WHO Manual for the Standardized Investigation, Diagnosis and Management of the Infertile Male. 2000, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9780521774741

1873.Purvis, K., et al. Infection in the male reproductive tract. Impact, diagnosis and treatment in relation to male infertility. Int J Androl, 1993. 16: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8468091

1874.Weidner, W., et al. Relevance of male accessory gland infection for subsequent fertility with special focus on prostatitis. Hum Reprod Update, 1999. 5: 421.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10582781

1875.Gimenes, F., et al. Male infertility: a public health issue caused by sexually transmitted pathogens. Nat Rev Urol, 2014. 11: 672.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25330794

1876.Fode, M., et al. Sexually Transmitted Disease and Male Infertility: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus, 2016. 2: 383.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28723470

1877.Rusz, A., et al. Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility. World J Urol, 2012. 30: 23.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21748371

1878.Liversedge, N.H., et al. Antibiotic treatment based on seminal cultures from asymptomatic male partners in in-vitro fertilization is unnecessary and may be detrimental. Hum Reprod, 1996. 11: 1227.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8671429

1879.Taylor-Robinson, D. Evaluation and comparison of tests to diagnose Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections. Hum Reprod, 1997. 12: 113.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9433967

1880.Khoshakhlagh, A., et al. Comparison the diagnostic value of serological and molecular methods for screening and detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in semen of infertile men: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed, 2017. 15: 763.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29492473

1881.Paez-Canro, C., et al. Antibiotics for treating urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection in men and non-pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019. 1: CD010871.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30682211

1882.Liang, Y., et al. Comparison of rRNA-based and DNA-based nucleic acid amplifications for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum in urogenital swabs. BMC Infect Dis, 2018. 18: 651.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30541468

1883.Weidner, W., et al. Ureaplasmal infections of the male urogenital tract, in particular prostatitis, and semen quality. Urol Int, 1985. 40: 5.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3883615

1884.Taylor-Robinson, D. Infections due to species of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma: an update. Clin Infect Dis, 1996. 23: 671.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8909826

1885.Huang, C., et al. Mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection and male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology, 2015. 3: 809.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26311339

1886.Moreno-Sepulveda, J., et al. Seminal human papillomavirus infection and reproduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology, 2021. 9: 478.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33220146

1887.Lyu, Z., et al. Human papillomavirus in semen and the risk for male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis, 2017. 17: 714.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29121862

1888.Xiong, Y.Q., et al. The risk of human papillomavirus infection for male fertility abnormality: a meta-analysis. Asian J Androl, 2018. 20: 493.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29623908

1889.Depuydt, C.E., et al. Infectious human papillomavirus virions in semen reduce clinical pregnancy rates in women undergoing intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril, 2019. 111: 1135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31005311

1890.Aitken, R.J., et al. Seminal leukocytes: passengers, terrorists or good samaritans? Hum Reprod, 1995. 10: 1736.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8582971

1891.Trum, J.W., et al. Value of detecting leukocytospermia in the diagnosis of genital tract infection in subfertile men. Fertil Steril, 1998. 70: 315.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9696227

1892.Krieger, J.N., et al. Seminal fluid findings in men with nonbacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia. J Androl, 1996. 17: 310.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8792222

1893.Weidner, W., et al. Semen parameters in men with and without proven chronic prostatitis. Arch Androl, 1991. 26: 173.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1872650

1894.Castellini, C., et al. Relationship between leukocytospermia, reproductive potential after assisted reproductive technology, and sperm parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Andrology, 2020. 8: 125.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31250986

1895.Jung, J.H., et al. Treatment of Leukocytospermia in Male Infertility: A Systematic Review. World J Mens Health, 2016. 34: 165.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28053945

1896.Condorelli, R.A., et al. Chronic prostatitis and its detrimental impact on sperm parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest, 2017. 40: 1209.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28488229

1897.Boeri, L., et al. Semen infections in men with primary infertility in the real-life setting. Fertil Steril, 2020. 113: 1174.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32299615

1898.Foresta, C., et al. HPV-DNA sperm infection and infertility: from a systematic literature review to a possible clinical management proposal. Andrology, 2015. 3: 163.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25270519

1899.Boeri, L., et al. High-risk human papillomavirus in semen is associated with poor sperm progressive motility and a high sperm DNA fragmentation index in infertile men. Hum Reprod, 2019. 34: 209.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30517657

1900.Wolff, H. The biologic significance of white blood cells in semen. Fertil Steril, 1995. 63: 1143.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7750580

1901.Wolff, H., et al. Impact of clinically silent inflammation on male genital tract organs as reflected by biochemical markers in semen. J Androl, 1991. 12: 331.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1765569

1902.Dousset, B., et al. Seminal cytokine concentrations (IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-6, sR IL-2, sR IL-6), semen parameters and blood hormonal status in male infertility. Hum Reprod, 1997. 12: 1476.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9262280

1903.Huleihel, M., et al. Distinct expression levels of cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors in seminal plasma of fertile and infertile men. Fertil Steril, 1996. 66: 135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8752625

1904.Shimonovitz, S., et al. High concentration of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in ejaculate with low sperm motility. Hum Reprod, 1994. 9: 653.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8046017

1905.Zalata, A., et al. Evaluation of beta-endorphin and interleukin-6 in seminal plasma of patients with certain andrological diseases. Hum Reprod, 1995. 10: 3161.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8822435

1906.Alexander, R.B., et al. Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the semen of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology, 1998. 52: 744.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9801092

1907.La Vignera, S., et al. Markers of semen inflammation: supplementary semen analysis? J Reprod Immunol, 2013. 100: 2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23850173

1908.Ahmadi, M.H., et al. Association of asymptomatic Chlamydia trachomatis infection with male infertility and the effect of antibiotic therapy in improvement of semen quality in infected infertile men. Andrologia, 2018.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29292525

1909.Depuydt, C.E., et al. The relation between reactive oxygen species and cytokines in andrological patients with or without male accessory gland infection. J Androl, 1996. 17: 699.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9016401

1910.Weidner, W., et al. Therapy in male accessory gland infection--what is fact, what is fiction? Andrologia, 1998. 30 Suppl 1: 87.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9629448

1911.Comhaire, F.H., et al. The effect of doxycycline in infertile couples with male accessory gland infection: a double blind prospective study. Int J Androl, 1986. 9: 91.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3539821

1912.Berger, R., Epididymitis. In: Holmes KK, Mardh PA, Sparling PF et al. (eds). Sexually Transmitted Diseases, in Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 1984, McGraw-Hill: New York.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2700655/

1913.Berger, R.E., et al. Etiology, manifestations and therapy of acute epididymitis: prospective study of 50 cases. J Urol, 1979. 121: 750.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/379366

1914.Weidner, W., et al. Acute nongonococcal epididymitis. Aetiological and therapeutic aspects. Drugs, 1987. 34 Suppl 1: 111.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3481311

1915.National guideline for the management of epididymo-orchitis. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). Sex Transm Infect, 1999. 75 Suppl 1: S51.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10616385

1916.Skinner, M., Encyclopedia of Reproduction. 2025.
https://shop.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-reproduction/skinner/978-0-443-21477-6

1917.Robinson, A.J., et al. Acute epididymitis: why patient and consort must be investigated. Br J Urol, 1990. 66: 642.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2265337

1918.Rastrelli, G., et al. Metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity in erectile dysfunction and male infertility. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab, 2019. 14: 321.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31464531

1919.Hakonsen, L.B., et al. Does weight loss improve semen quality and reproductive hormones? Results from a cohort of severely obese men. Reprod Health, 2011. 8: 24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21849026

1920.Lee, Y., et al. Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Male Sex Hormones and Sperm Quality: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obes Surg, 2019. 29: 334.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30382463

1921.Ibanez-Perez, J., et al. An update on the implication of physical activity on semen quality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 2019. 299: 901.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30671700

1922.Sharma, R., et al. Cigarette Smoking and Semen Quality: A New Meta-analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 635.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27113031

1923.Ricci, E., et al. Semen quality and alcohol intake: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Biomed Online, 2017. 34: 38.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28029592

1924.National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, The Physicians’ guide to helping patients with alcohol problems. 1995.
https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/

1925.Sidorkiewicz, I., et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals-Mechanisms of action on male reproductive system. Toxicol Ind Health, 2017. 33: 601.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28464759

1926.Agarwal, A., et al. Correlation of reactive oxygen species levels with the fertilization rate after in vitro fertilization: a qualified meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2005. 84: 228.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16009190

1927.Showell, M.G., et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014: CD007411.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25504418

1928.Smits, R.M., et al. Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019. 3: CD007411.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30866036

1929.Steiner, A.Z., et al. The effect of antioxidants on male factor infertility: the Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility (MOXI) randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril, 2020. 113: 552.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32111479

1930.Abbasi, B., et al. Synbiotic (FamiLact) administration in idiopathic male infertility enhances sperm quality, DNA integrity, and chromatin status: A triple-blinded randomized clinical trial. Int J Reprod Biomed, 2021. 19: 235.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33842820

1931.Asadi, M., et al. Effects of probiotic supplementation on semen parameters after varicocelectomy: A randomized controlled trial. J Res Med Sci, 2023. 28: 74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38152072

1932.Cannarella, R., et al. Effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulators for the treatment of male infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Pharmacother, 2019. 20: 1517.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31120775

1933.Chua, M.E., et al. Revisiting oestrogen antagonists (clomiphene or tamoxifen) as medical empiric therapy for idiopathic male infertility: a meta-analysis. Andrology, 2013. 1: 749.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23970453

1934.Kamischke, A., et al. Analysis of medical treatment of male infertility. Hum Reprod, 1999.
14 Suppl 1: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10573021

1935.Cooke, P.S., et al. Estrogens in Male Physiology. Physiol Rev, 2017. 97: 995.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28539434

1936.Schulster, M., et al. The role of estradiol in male reproductive function. Asian J Androl, 2016. 18: 435.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26908066

1937.Ring, J.D., et al. Current medical management of endocrine-related male infertility. Asian J Androl, 2016. 18: 357.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27098657

1938.Xu, X., et al. The Effect of Aromatase on the Reproductive Function of Obese Males. Horm Metab Res, 2017. 49: 572.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28679145

1939.Del Giudice, F., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials implementing aromatase inhibitors to treat male infertility. Asian J Androl, 2020. 22: 360.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31621654

1940.Liu, P.Y., et al. Induction of spermatogenesis and fertility during gonadotropin treatment of gonadotropin-deficient infertile men: predictors of fertility outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2009. 94: 801.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19066302

1941.Ribeiro, R.S., et al. Clomiphene fails to revert hypogonadism in most male patients with conventionally treated nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol, 2011. 55: 266.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21779629

1942.Simoni, M., et al. Prospects for FSH Treatment of Male Infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020. 105.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32374828

1943.Zhang, X., et al. FSH can improve semen parameters in patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrologia, 2022. 54: e14596.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36104938

1944.Colacurci, N., et al. Recombinant FSH Improves Sperm DNA Damage in Male Infertility: A Phase II Clinical Trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2018. 9: 383.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30042737

1945.Ding, Y.M., et al. Treatment of idiopathic oligozoospermia with recombinant human follicle-stimulating hormone: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study in Chinese population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2015. 83: 866.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25761129

1946.Shinjo, E., et al. The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin-based hormonal therapy on intratesticular testosterone levels and spermatogonial DNA synthesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Andrology, 2013. 1: 929.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24123916

1947.Simoni, M., et al. Treatment with human, recombinant FSH improves sperm DNA fragmentation in idiopathic infertile men depending on the FSH receptor polymorphism p.N680S: a pharmacogenetic study. Hum Reprod, 2016. 31: 1960.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27329968

1948.Cannarella, R., et al. FSH dosage effect on conventional sperm parameters: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Asian J Androl, 2020. 22: 309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31274479

1949.Attia, A.M., et al. Gonadotrophins for idiopathic male factor subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013. 8: CD005071.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23970458

1950.Santi, D., et al. FSH treatment of male idiopathic infertility improves pregnancy rate: a meta-analysis. Endocr Connect, 2015. 4: R46.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26113521

1951.Cocci, A., et al. Effectiveness of highly purified urofollitropin treatment in patients with idiopathic azoospermia before testicular sperm extraction. Urologia, 2018. 85: 19.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28799634

1952.Hussein, A., et al. Optimization of spermatogenesis-regulating hormones in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia and its impact on sperm retrieval: a multicentre study. BJU Int, 2013. 111: E110.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22958644

1953.Gul, U., et al. The Effect of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Treatment Before Testicular Sperm Extraction in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia. ACAM, 2016. 07: 55.
http://www.jcam.com.tr/files/JCAM-3332.pdf

1954.El Osta, R., et al. Anabolic steroids abuse and male infertility. Basic Clin Androl, 2016. 26: 2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26855782

1955.Wosnitzer, M.S., et al. Obstructive azoospermia. Urol Clin North Am, 2014. 41: 83.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286769

1956.Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine in collaboration with the Society for Male, R., et al. The management of obstructive azoospermia: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril, 2019. 111: 873.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31029241

1957.Schoor, R.A., et al. The role of testicular biopsy in the modern management of male infertility. J Urol, 2002. 167: 197.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743304

1958.Adamopoulos, D.A., et al. 'Value of FSH and inhibin-B measurements in the diagnosis of azoospermia'--a clinician's overview. Int J Androl, 2010. 33: e109.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19703093

1959.Radpour, R., et al. Genetic investigations of CFTR mutations in congenital absence of vas deferens, uterus, and vagina as a cause of infertility. J Androl, 2008. 29: 506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18567645

1960.Kalsi, J., et al. In the era of micro-dissection sperm retrieval (m-TESE) is an isolated testicular biopsy necessary in the management of men with non-obstructive azoospermia? BJU Int, 2012. 109: 418.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21883824

1961.Kalsi JS, et al. Salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction; outcome in men with Non obstructive azoospermia. BJU Int, 2011.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25220441/

1962.Silber, S.J., et al. Pregnancy with sperm aspiration from the proximal head of the epididymis: a new treatment for congenital absence of the vas deferens. Fertil Steril, 1988. 50: 525.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3410105

1963.Esteves, S.C., et al. Sperm retrieval techniques for assisted reproduction. Int Braz J Urol, 2011. 37: 570.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22099268

1964.Esteves, S.C., et al. Reproductive potential of men with obstructive azoospermia undergoing percutaneous sperm retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection according to the cause of obstruction. J Urol, 2013. 189: 232.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23174251

1965.Shih, K.W., et al. Testicular versus percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration for patients with obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Androl Urol, 2019. 8: 631.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32038959

1966.Schroeder-Printzen, I., et al. Microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration: aspirate analysis and straws available after cryopreservation in patients with non-reconstructable obstructive azoospermia. MESA/TESE Group Giessen. Hum Reprod, 2000. 15: 2531.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11098022

1967.Van Peperstraten, A., et al. Techniques for surgical retrieval of sperm prior to ICSI for azoospermia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006: CD002807.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16855991

1968.Van Peperstraten, A., et al. Techniques for surgical retrieval of sperm prior to intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for azoospermia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2008. 2008: CD002807.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18425884

1969.Yoon, Y.E., et al. The role of vasoepididymostomy for treatment of obstructive azoospermia in the era of in vitro fertilization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl, 2018. 21: 67.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30106012

1970.Peng, J., et al. Pregnancy and live birth rates after microsurgical vasoepididymostomy for azoospermic patients with epididymal obstruction. Hum Reprod, 2017. 32: 284.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28057874

1971.Farber, N.J., et al. The Kinetics of Sperm Return and Late Failure Following Vasovasostomy or Vasoepididymostomy: A Systematic Review. J Urol, 2019. 201: 241.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30130545

1972.Schroeder-Printzen, I., et al. Surgical therapy in infertile men with ejaculatory duct obstruction: technique and outcome of a standardized surgical approach. Hum Reprod, 2000. 15: 1364.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10831570

1973.Kolettis, P.N., et al. Vasoepididymostomy for vasectomy reversal: a critical assessment in the era of intracytoplasmic sperm injection. J Urol, 1997. 158: 467.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9224325

1974.Matthews, G.J., et al. Patency following microsurgical vasoepididymostomy and vasovasostomy: temporal considerations. J Urol, 1995. 154: 2070.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7500460

1975.Wan, B., et al. Current progress on the curative effects of vasoepididymostomy for patients with obstructive azoospermia: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies. Andrology, 2023. 11: 103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36116029

1976.Wang, S.Y., et al. Outcomes of microsurgical vasoepididymostomy using intussusception technique: a systematic review and meta1397645928analysis. Sci Rep, 2023. 13: 3340.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36849574

1977.Etafy, M., et al. Review of the role of robotic surgery in male infertility. Arab J Urol, 2018. 16: 148.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29713546

1978.Ramasamy, R., et al. Microscopic visualization of intravasal spermatozoa is positively associated with patency after bilateral microsurgical vasovasostomy. Andrology, 2015. 3: 532.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25914288

1979.Ostrowski, K.A., et al. Impact on Pregnancy of Gross and Microscopic Vasal Fluid during Vasectomy Reversal. J Urol, 2015. 194: 156.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25595861

1980.Scovell, J.M., et al. Association between the presence of sperm in the vasal fluid during vasectomy reversal and postoperative patency: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urology, 2015. 85: 809.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25697786

1981.Ruiz-Romero, J., et al. A new device for microsurgical sperm aspiration. Andrologia, 1994. 26: 119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8042769

1982.Avellino, G.J., et al. Transurethral resection of the ejaculatory ducts: etiology of obstruction and surgical treatment options. Fertil Steril, 2019. 111: 427.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30827517

1983.R Hayden, et al. Detection and Management of Obstructive Azoospermia. Urology Practice, 2015. 2: 33.
https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1016/j.urpr.2014.08.002

1984.Jiang, H.T., et al. Multiple advanced surgical techniques to treat acquired seminal duct obstruction. Asian J Androl, 2014. 16: 912.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337841

1985.Ozturk, H., et al. Asymptomatic Sertoli cell tumour diagnosed during azoospermia work-up. Asian J Androl, 2013. 15: 845.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24121977

1986.Fallick, M.L., et al. Leydig cell tumors presenting as azoospermia. J Urol, 1999. 161: 1571.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10210406

1987.Dieckmann, K.P., et al. Clinical epidemiology of testicular germ cell tumors. World J Urol, 2004. 22: 2.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15034740

1988.Eisenberg, M.L., et al. Increased risk of cancer among azoospermic men. Fertil Steril, 2013. 100: 681.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23790640

1989.Salonia, A., et al. Are infertile men less healthy than fertile men? Results of a prospective case-control survey. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 1025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19297076

1990.Ventimiglia, E., et al. Infertility as a proxy of general male health: results of a cross-sectional survey. Fertil Steril, 2015. 104: 48.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26006735

1991.Guo, D., et al. Hypertension and Male Fertility. World J Mens Health, 2017. 35: 59.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28868816

1992.Del Giudice, F., et al. Increased Mortality Among Men Diagnosed With Impaired Fertility: Analysis of US Claims Data. Urology, 2021. 147: 143.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33017614

1993.Glazer, C.H., et al. Male factor infertility and risk of death: a nationwide record-linkage study. Hum Reprod, 2019. 34: 2266.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31725880

1994.Choy, J.T., et al. Male infertility as a window to health. Fertil Steril, 2018. 110: 810.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30316415

1995.Bobjer, J., et al. High prevalence of androgen deficiency and abnormal lipid profile in infertile men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Int J Androl, 2012. 35: 688.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22519695

1996.Patel, D.P., et al. Sperm concentration is poorly associated with hypoandrogenism in infertile men. Urology, 2015. 85: 1062.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735445

1997.Ventimiglia, E., et al. Primary, secondary and compensated hypogonadism: a novel risk stratification for infertile men. Andrology, 2017. 5: 505.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28409903

1998.Nowroozi, M.R., et al. Assessment of testicular perfusion prior to sperm extraction predicts success rate and decreases the number of required biopsies in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia. Int Urol Nephrol, 2015. 47: 53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25331197

1999.Jensen, C.F.S., et al. A Refined View on the Association Between Y-chromosome Microdeletions and Sperm Concentration. Eur Urol, 2019. 76: 637.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31447078

2000.Donoso, P., et al. Which is the best sperm retrieval technique for non-obstructive azoospermia? A systematic review. Hum Reprod Update, 2007. 13: 539.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17895238

2001.Bernie, A.M., et al. Comparison of microdissection testicular sperm extraction, conventional testicular sperm extraction, and testicular sperm aspiration for nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril, 2015. 104: 1099.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26263080

2002.Abdel Raheem, A., et al. Testicular histopathology as a predictor of a positive sperm retrieval in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. BJU Int, 2013. 111: 492.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22583840

2003.Caroppo, E., et al. Testicular histology may predict the successful sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia undergoing conventional TESE: a diagnostic accuracy study. J Assist Reprod Genet, 2017. 34: 149.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27655389

2004.Cetinkaya, M., et al. Evaluation of Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction Results in Patients with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia: Independent Predictive Factors and Best Cutoff Values for Sperm Retrieval. Urol J, 2015. 12: 2436.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26706742

2005.Cissen, M., et al. Prediction model for obtaining spermatozoa with testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod, 2016. 31: 1934.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27406950

2006.Guler, I., et al. Impact of testicular histopathology as a predictor of sperm retrieval and pregnancy outcome in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia: correlation with clinical and hormonal factors. Andrologia, 2016. 48: 765.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26688565

2007.Yildirim, M.E., et al. The association between serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels and the success of microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with azoospermia. Urol J, 2014. 11: 1825.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25194084

2008.Ramasamy, R., et al. A comparison of models for predicting sperm retrieval before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol, 2013. 189: 638.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23260551

2009.Yang, Q., et al. Follicle-stimulating hormone as a predictor for sperm retrieval rate in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl, 2015. 17: 281.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25337843

2010.Corona, G., et al. Sperm recovery and ICSI outcomes in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2019. 25: 733.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31665451

2011.Kim, S.W., et al. Azoospermic Men with a History of Cryptorchidism Treated by Orchiopexy Have Favorable Outcomes after Testicular Sperm Extraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World J Mens Health, 2023. 41: 81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35274507

2012.Bachelot, G., et al. A Machine Learning Approach for the Prediction of Testicular Sperm Extraction in Nonobstructive Azoospermia: Algorithm Development and Validation Study. J Med Internet Res, 2023. 25: e44047.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3734207

2013.Beliveau, M.E., et al. The value of testicular 'mapping' in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Asian J Androl, 2011. 13: 225.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21258355

2014.Ezeh, U.I., et al. A prospective study of multiple needle biopsies versus a single open biopsy for testicular sperm extraction in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod, 1998. 13: 3075.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9853859

2015.Rosenlund, B., et al. A comparison between open and percutaneous needle biopsies in men with azoospermia. Hum Reprod, 1998. 13: 1266.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9647558

2016.Hauser, R., et al. Comparison of efficacy of two techniques for testicular sperm retrieval in nonobstructive azoospermia: multifocal testicular sperm extraction versus multifocal testicular sperm aspiration. J Androl, 2006. 27: 28.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400074

2017.Jensen, C.F., et al. Multiple needle-pass percutaneous testicular sperm aspiration as first-line treatment in azoospermic men. Andrology, 2016. 4: 257.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789006

2018.Schlegel, P.N. Testicular sperm extraction: microdissection improves sperm yield with minimal tissue excision. Hum Reprod, 1999. 14: 131.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10374109

2019.Sacca, A., et al. Conventional testicular sperm extraction (TESE) and non-obstructive azoospermia: is there still a chance in the era of microdissection TESE? Results from a single non-academic community hospital. Andrology, 2016. 4: 425.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26872565

2020.Amer, M., et al. Prospective comparative study between microsurgical and conventional testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia: follow-up by serial ultrasound examinations. Hum Reprod, 2000. 15: 653.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10686214

2021.Deruyver, Y., et al. Outcome of microdissection TESE compared with conventional TESE in non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review. Andrology, 2014. 2: 20.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24193894

2022.Billa, E., et al. Endocrine Follow-Up of Men with Non-Obstructive Azoospermia Following Testicular Sperm Extraction. J Clin Med, 2021. 10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34362107

2023.Ramasamy, R., et al. Structural and functional changes to the testis after conventional versus microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Urology, 2005. 65: 1190.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15922422

2024.Kalsi, J.S., et al. Salvage micro-dissection testicular sperm extraction; outcome in men with non-obstructive azoospermia with previous failed sperm retrievals. BJU Int, 2015. 116: 460.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25220441

2025.Achermann, A.P.P., et al. Microdissection testicular sperm extraction (micro-TESE) in men with infertility due to nonobstructive azoospermia: summary of current literature. Int Urol Nephrol, 2021. 53: 2193.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34410586

2026.Caroppo, E., et al. Intrasurgical parameters associated with successful sperm retrieval in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia undergoing salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction. Andrology, 2021. 9: 1864.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34289247

2027.Zhang, F., et al. Predictors of successful salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) after failed initial TESE in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Andrology, 2024. 12: 30.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37172416

2028.Ozman, O., et al. Efficacy of the second micro-testicular sperm extraction after failed first micro-testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. Fertil Steril, 2021. 115: 915.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33358250

2029.Yucel, C., et al. Predictive factors of successful salvage microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE) after failed mTESE in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia: Long-term experience at a single institute. Arch Ital Urol Androl, 2018. 90: 136.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29974724

2030.Eliveld, J., et al. The risk of TESE-induced hypogonadism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2018. 24: 442.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726895

2031.Jensen, C.F.S., et al. Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction Versus Multiple Needle-pass Percutaneous Testicular Sperm Aspiration in Men with Nonobstructive Azoospermia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 377.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35599183

2032.Ernandez, J., et al. Evaluating the quality of reported outcomes for microsurgical TESE in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: A methodological analysis. Andrology, 2021. 9: 1108.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33675583

2033.Foresta, C., et al. Suppression of the high endogenous levels of plasma FSH in infertile men are associated with improved Sertoli cell function as reflected by elevated levels of plasma inhibin B. Hum Reprod, 2004. 19: 1431.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15117900

2034.Oka, S., et al. Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin on testicular interstitial tissues in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Andrology, 2017. 5: 232.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27860441

2035.Hussein, A., et al. Clomiphene administration for cases of nonobstructive azoospermia: a multicenter study. J Androl, 2005. 26: 787.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16291975

2036.Tharakan, T., et al. The Role of Hormone Stimulation in Men With Nonobstructive Azoospermia Undergoing Surgical Sperm Retrieval. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020. 105.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32810280

2037.Tharakan, T., et al. Does hormonal therapy improve sperm retrieval rates in men with non-obstructive azoospermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2022. 28: 609.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35526153

2038.Shiraishi, K., et al. Salvage hormonal therapy after failed microdissection testicular sperm extraction: A multi-institutional prospective study. Int J Urol, 2016. 23: 496.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26989893

2039.Shiraishi, K., et al. Human chorionic gonadotrophin treatment prior to microdissection testicular sperm extraction in non-obstructive azoospermia. Hum Reprod, 2012. 27: 331.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22128297

2040.Reifsnyder, J.E., et al. Role of optimizing testosterone before microdissection testicular sperm extraction in men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J Urol, 2012. 188: 532.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22704105

2041.Gameiro, S., et al. Long-term adjustment to unmet parenthood goals following ART: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update, 2017. 23: 322.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28164236

2042.Patel, A., et al. Role of Mental Health Practitioner in Infertility Clinics: A Review on Past, Present and Future Directions. J Hum Reprod Sci, 2018. 11: 219. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30568350

2043.Sylvest, R., et al. Attitudes towards family formation among men attending fertility counselling. Reprod Biomed Soc Online, 2018. 6: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30182067

2044.Hammarberg, K., et al. Men's knowledge, attitudes and behaviours relating to fertility. Hum Reprod Update, 2017. 23: 458.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28333354

2045.Tharakan, T., et al. Male Sexual and Reproductive Health-Does the Urologist Have a Role in Addressing Gender Inequality in Life Expectancy? Eur Urol Focus, 2020. 6: 791.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31711931

2046.World Health Organization. The health and well-being of men in the WHO European Region: better health through a gender approach. 2018.
http://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/abstracts/the-health-and-well-being-of-men-in-the-who-european-region-better-health-through-a-gender-approach-2018

2047.Salonia, A., et al. SARS-CoV-2, testosterone and frailty in males (PROTEGGIMI): A multidimensional research project. Andrology, 2021. 9: 19.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32369678

2048.Kasman, A.M., et al. Male Infertility and Future Cardiometabolic Health: Does the Association Vary by Sociodemographic Factors? Urology, 2019. 133: 121.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31377255

2049.Hanson, B.M., et al. Male infertility: a biomarker of individual and familial cancer risk. Fertil Steril, 2018. 109: 6.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29307404

2050.Brubaker, W.D., et al. Increased risk of autoimmune disorders in infertile men: analysis of US claims data. Andrology, 2018. 6: 94.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29179258

2051.Glazer, C.H., et al. Male factor infertility and risk of multiple sclerosis: A register-based cohort study. Mult Scler, 2018. 24: 1835.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29027840

2052.Wang, N.N., et al. The association between varicocoeles and vascular disease: an analysis of U.S. claims data. Andrology, 2018. 6: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29195012

2053.Warchol-Biedermann, K. The Risk of Psychiatric Morbidity and Course of Distress in Males Undergoing Infertility Evaluation Is Affected by Their Factor of Infertility. Am J Mens Health, 2019. 13: 1557988318823904.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30819064

2054.Mottet, N., et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 618.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27568654

2055.Cornford, P., et al. EAU-ESTRO-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Part II: Treatment of Relapsing, Metastatic, and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 630.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27591931

2056.Punnen, S., et al. Long-term health-related quality of life after primary treatment for localized prostate cancer: results from the CaPSURE registry. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 600.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25242555

2057.Walker, L.M., et al. On the Relationship Between Erectile Function and Sexual Distress in Men with Prostate Cancer. Arch Sex Behav, 2020. 49: 1575.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32072396

2058.Rosser, B.R.S., et al. The Sexual Functioning of Gay and Bisexual Men Following Prostate Cancer Treatment: Results from the Restore Study. Arch Sex Behav, 2020. 49: 1589.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31016492

2059.Walsh, T.J., et al. Increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer among infertile men. Cancer, 2010. 116: 2140.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20309846

2060.Al-Jebari, Y., et al. Risk of prostate cancer for men fathering through assisted reproduction: nationwide population based register study. BMJ, 2019. 366: l5214.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31554611

2061.Salonia, A., et al. Sperm banking is of key importance in patients with prostate cancer. Fertil Steril, 2013. 100: 367.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23651627

2062.Le Bihan-Benjamin, C., et al. Fertility preservation and cancer: How many persons are concerned? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2018. 225: 232.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29754073

2063.Falk, A.T., et al. Brachytherapy and fertility. Hum Fertil (Camb), 2016. 19: 85.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27308857

2064.Terrier, J.E., et al. Decrease in Intercourse Satisfaction in Men Who Recover Erections After Radical Prostatectomy. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 1133.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30033192

2065.McInnis, M.K., et al. Sex After Prostate Cancer in Gay and Bisexual Men: A Review of the Literature. Sex Med Rev, 2020. 8: 466.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32169431

2066.Vlachopoulos, C.V., et al. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 2013. 6: 99.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23300267

2067.Dong, J.Y., et al. Erectile dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2011. 58: 1378.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21920268

2068.Zhao, B., et al. Erectile Dysfunction Predicts Cardiovascular Events as an Independent Risk Factor: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Sex Med, 2019. 16: 1005.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31104857

2069.Guo, W., et al. Erectile dysfunction and risk of clinical cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of seven cohort studies. J Sex Med, 2010. 7: 2805.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20367771

2070.Yamada, T., et al. Erectile dysfunction and cardiovascular events in diabetic men: a meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One, 2012. 7: e43673.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22962586

2071.Osondu, C.U., et al. The relationship of erectile dysfunction and subclinical cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vasc Med, 2018. 23: 9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29243995

2072.Fan, Y., et al. Erectile dysfunction and risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the general population: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1681.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29725807

2073.Wilkins, E., et al., European Heart Network - Cardiovascular Disease Statistics 2017, Brussels.
http://www.ehnheart.org/images/CVD-statistics-report-August-2017.pdf

2074.van Bussel, E.F., et al. Predictive value of traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease in older people: A systematic review. Prev Med, 2020. 132: 105986.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31958478

2075.Gerdts, E., et al. Sex differences in cardiometabolic disorders. Nat Med, 2019. 25: 1657.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31700185

2076.World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2019: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. 2019.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565707

2077.Sandberg, K., et al. Sex differences in primary hypertension. Biol Sex Differ, 2012. 3: 7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22417477

2078.Everett, B., et al. Gender differences in hypertension and hypertension awareness among young adults. Biodemography Soc Biol, 2015. 61: 1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25879259

2079.World Health Organization. Gender, Women And the Tobacco Epidemic. 2010.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240004849

2080.Navar-Boggan, A.M., et al. Hyperlipidemia in early adulthood increases long-term risk of coronary heart disease. Circulation, 2015. 131: 451.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25623155

2081.Stamler, J., et al. The Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)--importance then and now. JAMA, 2008. 300: 1343.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18799447

2082.Seidell, J.C., et al. Fat distribution and gender differences in serum lipids in men and women from four European communities. Atherosclerosis, 1991. 87: 203.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1854366

2083.Hazzard, W.R. Atherogenesis: why women live longer than men. Geriatrics, 1985. 40: 42.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3965355

2084.Burnett, A.L., et al. Erectile Dysfunction: AUA Guideline. J Urol, 2018. 200: 633.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29746858

2085.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Evaluation and Management of Testosterone Deficiency: AUA Guideline. J Urol, 2018. 200: 423.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29601923

2086.Fode, M., et al. Late-onset Hypogonadism and Testosterone Therapy - A Summary of Guidelines from the American Urological Association and the European Association of Urology. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 539. 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30858073